1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
表1 薏苡米糠营养成分(风干基础)Table 1 Nutrients in coix rice bran (air-dry basis) |
| 项目Items | 含量Content | 项目Items | 含量Content | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 赖氨酸Lys*/% | 0.72 | 谷氨酸Glu/% | 2.17 | |
| 蛋氨酸Met*/% | 0.22 | 脯氨酸Pro/% | 0.68 | |
| 半胱氨酸Cys*/% | 0.34 | 丝氨酸Ser/% | 0.71 | |
| 苏氨酸Thr*/% | 0.57 | 干物质DM/% | 93.43 | |
| 精氨酸Arg*/% | 1.39 | 粗脂肪EE/% | 18.44 | |
| 亮氨酸Leu*/% | 1.25 | 粗蛋白质CP/% | 18.29 | |
| 异亮氨酸Ile*/% | 0.46 | 钙Ca/% | 0.31 | |
| 苯丙氨酸Phe*/% | 0.65 | 总磷TP/% | 1.75 | |
| 酪氨酸Tyr*/% | 0.36 | 粗灰分Ash/% | 7.71 | |
| 组氨酸His*/% | 0.45 | 粗纤维CF/% | 2.93 | |
| 缬氨酸Val/% | 0.97 | 薏苡素Coixol/(mg/kg) | 1.00 | |
| 甘氨酸Gly/% | 0.93 | 薏苡仁酯Coixenolide/(mg/kg) | 11 226.03 | |
| 丙氨酸Ala/% | 0.98 | 表观代谢能AME/(MJ/kg) | 13.21 | |
| 天冬氨酸Asp/% | 1.24 |
*:必需氨基酸 essential amino acids。 |
1.2 试验设计和饲粮
表2 饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 2 Composition and nutrient levels of diets (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 薏苡米糠添加比例Coix rice bran supplemental proportion/% | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照Control) | 2.5 | 5.0 | |
| 原料Ingredients | |||
| 玉米Corn | 64.70 | 62.72 | 60.70 |
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 24.58 | 24.01 | 23.48 |
| 大豆油Soybean oil | 0.20 | 0.25 | 0.30 |
| 薏苡米糠Coix rice bran | 2.50 | 5.00 | |
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 0.90 | 0.90 | 0.90 |
| 石粉Limestone | 8.91 | 8.91 | 8.91 |
| 食盐NaCl | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 |
| DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 |
| L-苏氨酸L-Thr | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
| 预混料Premix1) | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 |
| 氯化胆碱Choline chloride | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 |
| 植酸酶Phytase | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |||
| 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) | 12.54 | 12.54 | 12.54 |
| 干物质DM | 89.71 | 89.38 | 89.62 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 16.17 | 16.37 | 16.84 |
| 粗脂肪EE | 3.61 | 4.03 | 4.45 |
| 粗纤维CF | 2.89 | 4.22 | 3.53 |
| 粗灰分Ash | 11.11 | 11.57 | 12.29 |
| 钙Ca | 3.55 | 3.66 | 5.67 |
| 总磷TP | 0.34 | 0.33 | 0.32 |
| 有效磷AP | 0.47 | 0.50 | 0.53 |
| 蛋氨酸Met | 0.34 | 0.34 | 0.33 |
| 赖氨酸Lys | 0.76 | 0.74 | 0.71 |
| 苏氨酸Thr | 0.55 | 0.54 | 0.52 |
| 色氨酸Try | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.16 |
| 蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸Met+Cys | 0.63 | 0.61 | 0.60 |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kilogram of diets:VA 12 500 IU,VB1 1 mg,VB2 8.5 mg,VB3 32.5 mg,VB6 8 mg,VB12 5 mg,VD3 4 125 IU,VE 15 IU,VK 2 mg,生物素 biotin 2 mg,叶酸 folic acid 5 mg,泛酸钙 calcium pantothenate 50 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 32.5 mg,复合酶 composite enzyme 200 mg,Cu 8 mg,Fe 60 mg,Mn 65 mg,Zn 66 mg,I 1 mg。 2)干物质(GB/T 6435—2014)、粗蛋白质(GB/T 6432—2018)、粗脂肪(GB/T 6433—2006)、粗纤维(GB/T 6434—2022)、粗灰分(GB/T 6438—2007)、钙(GB/T 6436—2018)和总磷(GB/T 6437—2018)为实测值,其他营养水平为参照NY/T 33—2004的计算值。DM (GB/T 6435—2014), CP (GB/T 6432—2018), EE (GB/T 6433—2006), CF (GB/T 6434—2022), Ash (GB/T 6438—2007), Ca (GB/T 6436—2018) and TP (GB/T 6437—2018) were measured values, while the other nutrient levels were calculated values referred to NY/T 33—2004. |
1.3 饲养管理
1.4 测定指标及方法
1.4.1 生产性能
1.4.2 蛋品质
1.4.3 血清生化指标
1.4.4 回肠形态
1.4.5 血清免疫指标
1.4.6 免疫器官指数
1.4.7 肝脏炎症细胞因子基因表达
表3 cDNA合成和PCR反应体系Table 3 cDNA synthesis and PCR reaction system |
| 项目 Items | 反应成分及反应条件 Reaction components and reaction conditions | 剂量 Dosage |
|---|---|---|
| cDNA合成体系 cDNA synthesis system | 总RNA | 1 μg |
| 5×DNA Buffer | 2 μg | |
| RNAase-Free水 | 补足至10 μg | |
| 42 ℃孵育3 min,冰浴 | ||
| 10×Fast RT Buffer | 2 μg | |
| RT Enzyme Mix | 1 μg | |
| FQ-RT Primer Mix | 2 μg | |
| RNase-Free水 | 补足至20 μg | |
| 42 ℃孵育15 min;95 ℃孵育3 min,冰浴 | ||
| PCR反应体系 PCR reaction system | cDNA模板 | 2 μg |
| 2×SuperReal PreMix Plus | 10 μg | |
| 正向引物(10 μmol/L) | 0.6 μg | |
| 反向引物(10 μmol/L) | 0.6 μg | |
| RNase-Free水 | 6.8 μg |
表4 引物序列Table 4 Primer sequences |
| 基因 Genes | 引物序列 Primer sequences (5'—3') | 登录号 Accession No. | 片段大小 Fragment size/bp |
|---|---|---|---|
| β-肌动蛋白β-actin | F:GAGAAATTGTGCGTGACATC R:CCTGAACCTCTCATTGCC | NM_205518.2 | 152 |
| 肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α | F:GAGCGTTGACTTGGCTGT R:AAGCAACAACCAGCTATGCA | NM_204267.2 | 64 |
| 干扰素-γ IFN-γ | F:AGCTGACGGTGGACCTATT R:GGCTTTGCGCTGGATTC | NM_205149 | 259 |
| 诱导型一氧化氮合酶iNOS | F:CAGCTGATTGGGTGTGGA R:TTTCTTTGGCCTACGGGT | U46504 | 158 |
| 禽类β-防御素3 AVBD3 | F:CCACTCAGTGCAGAATAAGAG R:AATTCAGGGCATCAACCTC | NM_204650.2 | 131 |
| 禽类β-防御素10 AVBD10 | F:TGGGGCACGCAGTCCACAAC R:CATGCCCCAGCACGGCAGAA | NM_001001609.3 | 157 |
| 白细胞介素-1β IL-1β | F:ACTGGGCATCAAGGGCTA R:GGTAGAAGATGAAGCGGG | AJAJ009800 | 131 |
| 白细胞介素-10 IL-10 | F:AGCAGATCAAGGAGACGTTC R:ATCAGCAGGTACTCCTCGAT | NM_001004414.4 | 104 |
1.5 数据统计与分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 饲粮中添加薏苡米糠对蛋鸡生产性能的影响
表5 饲粮中添加薏苡米糠对蛋鸡生产性能的影响Table 5 Effects of dietary coix rice bran on performance of laying hens |
| 项目 Items | 薏苡米糠添加比例 Coix rice bran supplemental proportion/% | SEM | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照Control) | 2.5 | 5.0 | |||
| 产蛋率Laying rate/% | |||||
| 第1~4周Weeks 1 to 4 | 88.64b | 93.27a | 87.88b | 0.007 | 0.002 |
| 第5~8周Weeks 5 to 8 | 88.36b | 92.05a | 86.80b | 0.008 | 0.007 |
| 第9~12周Weeks 9 to 12 | 83.86b | 89.88a | 84.85b | 0.008 | 0.014 |
| 第1~12周Weeks 1 to 12 | 87.61b | 90.39a | 85.55b | 0.008 | 0.017 |
| 平均蛋重Average egg weight/g | |||||
| 第1~4周Weeks 1 to 4 | 62.13 | 62.21 | 62.19 | 0.178 | 0.981 |
| 第5~8周Weeks 5 to 8 | 61.49 | 61.45 | 60.62 | 0.252 | 0.291 |
| 第9~12周Weeks 9 to 12 | 60.32 | 60.77 | 59.66 | 0.339 | 0.431 |
| 第1~12周Weeks 1 to 12 | 61.31 | 61.73 | 61.35 | 0.197 | 0.751 |
| 平均日采食量ADFI/(g/d) | |||||
| 第1~4周Weeks 1 to 4 | 119.98a | 118.83a | 115.46b | 0.722 | 0.018 |
| 第5~8周Weeks 5 to 8 | 114.82 | 115.77 | 114.75 | 0.511 | 0.685 |
| 第9~12周Weeks 9 to 12 | 106.47 | 105.70 | 103.67 | 1.043 | 0.554 |
| 第1~12周Weeks 1 to 12 | 113.76a | 114.45a | 111.03b | 0.603 | 0.038 |
| 料蛋比F/E | |||||
| 第1~4周Weeks 1 to 4 | 2.10 | 2.05 | 2.12 | 0.168 | 0.172 |
| 第5~8周Weeks 5 to 8 | 2.11 | 2.15 | 2.15 | 0.028 | 0.833 |
| 第9~12周Weeks 9 to 12 | 2.09 | 2.10 | 2.12 | 0.027 | 0.904 |
| 第1~12周Weeks 1 to 12 | 2.10 | 2.10 | 2.13 | 0.187 | 0.673 |
同行数据肩标不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same letter or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 饲粮中添加薏苡米糠对蛋鸡蛋品质的影响
表6 饲粮中添加薏苡米糠对蛋鸡蛋品质的影响Table 6 Effects of dietary coix rice bran on egg quality of laying hens |
| 项目 Items | 薏苡米糠添加比例 Coix rice bran supplemental proportion/% | SEM | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照Control) | 2.5 | 5.0 | |||
| 第4周Week 4 | |||||
| 蛋形指数Egg shape index | 1.36 | 1.37 | 1.39 | 0.005 | 0.274 |
| 蛋壳厚度Eggshell thickness/(×10-2 mm) | 40.84 | 40.86 | 41.36 | 0.457 | 0.884 |
| 蛋壳强度Eggshell strength/N | 42.67 | 41.57 | 42.47 | 0.664 | 0.862 |
| 蛋白高度Albumen height/mm | 6.69 | 6.87 | 6.60 | 0.136 | 0.663 |
| 蛋黄颜色Egg yolk color | 5.60 | 7.17 | 7.63 | 0.168 | 0.545 |
| 哈氏单位Haugh unit | 78.65 | 80.87 | 80.16 | 0.911 | 0.321 |
| 蛋黄比例Yolk ratio/% | 24.61 | 25.67 | 25.95 | 0.003 | 0.091 |
| 蛋壳比例Eggshell ratio/% | 10.08 | 10.27 | 10.09 | 0.001 | 0.640 |
| 蛋清比例Albumen ratio/% | 64.95 | 64.06 | 63.96 | 0.002 | 0.170 |
| 第8周Week 8 | |||||
| 蛋形指数Egg shape index | 1.38 | 1.37 | 1.36 | 0.006 | 0.646 |
| 蛋壳厚度Eggshell thickness/(×10-2 mm) | 40.72 | 44.53 | 42.74 | 1.054 | 0.625 |
| 蛋壳强度Eggshell strength/N | 43.58 | 42.36 | 40.64 | 0.785 | 0.327 |
| 蛋白高度Albumen height/mm | 6.69 | 6.82 | 6.15 | 0.149 | 0.152 |
| 蛋黄颜色Egg yolk color | 7.47 | 6.83 | 6.80 | 0.139 | 0.388 |
| 哈氏单位Haugh unit | 80.45 | 80.82 | 76.25 | 1.086 | 0.239 |
| 蛋黄比例Yolk ratio/% | 24.69 | 24.93 | 24.98 | 0.004 | 0.961 |
| 蛋壳比例Eggshell ratio/% | 10.10 | 10.67 | 9.94 | 0.002 | 0.459 |
| 蛋清比例Albumen ratio/% | 64.47 | 65.21 | 65.21 | 0.004 | 0.739 |
| 第12周Week 12 | |||||
| 蛋形指数Egg shape index | 1.37 | 1.38 | 1.38 | 0.004 | 0.694 |
| 蛋壳厚度Eggshell thickness/(×10-2 mm) | 40.68 | 41.32 | 42.86 | 0.700 | 0.453 |
| 蛋壳强度Eggshell strength/N | 39.46 | 38.09 | 39.92 | 0.622 | 0.485 |
| 蛋白高度Albumen height/mm | 7.28 | 7.18 | 7.04 | 0.093 | 0.714 |
| 蛋黄颜色Egg yolk color | 7.00 | 5.83 | 5.92 | 0.105 | 0.473 |
| 哈氏单位Haugh unit | 83.79 | 81.89 | 82.43 | 0.698 | 0.546 |
| 蛋黄比例Yolk ratio/% | 24.60 | 24.72 | 24.88 | 0.003 | 0.936 |
| 蛋壳比例Eggshell ratio/% | 9.95 | 9.32 | 9.59 | 0.002 | 0.268 |
| 蛋清比例Albumen ratio/% | 65.45 | 65.96 | 65.53 | 0.004 | 0.863 |
2.3 饲粮中添加薏苡米糠对蛋鸡血清生化指标的影响
表7 饲粮中添加薏苡米糠对蛋鸡血清生化指标的影响Table 7 Effects of dietary coix rice bran on serum biochemical indices of laying hens |
| 项目 Items | 薏苡米糠添加比例 Coix rice bran supplemental proportion/% | SEM | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照Control) | 2.5 | 5.0 | |||
| 谷丙转氨酶ALT/(U/L) | 5.50 | 5.67 | 5.33 | 0.218 | 0.840 |
| 谷草转氨酶AST/(U/L) | 261.67 | 265.00 | 253.50 | 8.722 | 0.872 |
| 总蛋白TP/(g/L) | 56.19b | 58.86a | 55.50b | 0.515 | 0.009 |
| 白蛋白ALB/(g/L) | 19.38 | 19.51 | 19.21 | 0.392 | 0.956 |
| 球蛋白GLB/(g/L) | 36.82b | 39.35a | 36.30b | 0.486 | 0.012 |
| 甘油三酯TG/(mmol/L) | 28.35 | 30.80 | 31.84 | 3.260 | 0.914 |
| 总胆固醇TC/(mmol/L) | 2.18 | 2.14 | 2.11 | 0.090 | 0.968 |
| 高密度脂蛋白胆固醇HDL-C/(mmol/L) | 21.11b | 25.41a | 23.21ab | 0.670 | 0.021 |
| 低密度脂蛋白胆固醇LDL-C/(mmol/L) | 0.29a | 0.26b | 0.31a | 0.008 | 0.018 |
2.4 饲粮中添加薏苡米糠对蛋鸡回肠形态的影响
图1 饲粮中添加薏苡米糠对蛋鸡回肠形态的影响Control:对照组 control group;2.5%:2.5%薏苡米糠添加组 2.5% coix rice bran supplemental group;5.0%:5.0%薏苡米糠添加组 5.0% coix rice bran supplemental group。 数据柱标注不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。Value columns with different letters mean significant difference (P<0.05). Fig.1 Effects of dietary coix rice bran on ileal morphology of laying hens (40×) |
2.5 饲粮中添加薏苡米糠对蛋鸡血清免疫指标的影响
表8 饲粮中添加薏苡米糠对蛋鸡血清免疫指标的影响Table 8 Effects of dietary coix rice bran on serum immune indices of laying hens |
| 项目 Items | 薏苡米糠添加比例 Coix rice bran supplemental proportion/% | SEM | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照Control) | 2.5 | 5.0 | |||
| 免疫球蛋白A IgA/(μg/mL) | 76.26 | 75.99 | 74.20 | 0.981 | 0.674 |
| 免疫球蛋白G IgG/(μg/mL) | 5 209.13ab | 5 359.13a | 5 093.18b | 45.510 | 0.046 |
| 免疫球蛋白M IgM/(μg/mL) | 819.44 | 835.83 | 800.54 | 15.999 | 0.693 |
| 肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α/(pg/mL) | 35.03a | 28.64b | 29.41b | 1.128 | 0.029 |
| 白细胞介素-1β IL-1β/(pg/mL) | 217.80 | 214.08 | 211.53 | 6.200 | 0.937 |
2.6 饲粮中添加薏苡米糠对蛋鸡免疫器官指数的影响
表9 饲粮中添加薏苡米糠对蛋鸡免疫器官指数的影响Table 9 Effects of dietary coix rice bran on immune organ indices of laying hens g/kg |
| 项目 Items | 薏苡米糠添加比例 Coix rice bran supplemental proportion/% | SEM | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照Control) | 2.5 | 5.0 | |||
| 胸腺指数Thymus index | 0.455 | 0.487 | 0.541 | 0.051 | 0.803 |
| 脾脏指数Spleen index | 1.118 | 1.256 | 1.361 | 0.074 | 0.429 |
| 法氏囊指数Bursa of Fabricius index | 0.660 | 0.727 | 0.599 | 0.070 | 0.780 |
2.7 饲粮中添加薏苡米糠对蛋鸡肝脏炎症细胞因子基因表达的影响
表10 饲粮中添加薏苡米糠对蛋鸡肝脏炎症细胞因子基因表达的影响Table 10 Effects of dietary coix rice bran on inflammatory cytokine gene expression in liver of laying hens |
| 项目 Items | 薏苡米糠添加比例 Coix rice bran supplemental proportion/% | SEM | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照Control) | 2.5 | 5.0 | |||
| 肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α | 1.00a | 0.84ab | 0.71b | 0.046 | 0.023 |
| 干扰素-γ IFN-γ | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.07 | 0.123 | 0.965 |
| 诱导型一氧化氮合酶iNOS | 1.00a | 0.46b | 0.43b | 0.105 | 0.022 |
| 禽β-防御素3 AVBD3 | 1.00 | 0.96 | 0.90 | 0.114 | 0.947 |
| 禽β-防御素10 AVBD10 | 1.00 | 1.97 | 1.25 | 0.186 | 0.055 |
| 白细胞介素-1β IL-1β | 1.00a | 0.59b | 0.57b | 0.080 | 0.028 |
| 白细胞介素-10 IL-10 | 1.00b | 2.18a | 1.69ab | 0.183 | 0.024 |
