1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
1.2 FPKE的制备
表1 FPKE制作所需原料及其添加量Table 1 Raw materials and additive amounts required for FPKE preparation |
| 项目 Items | 添加量 Additive amount |
|---|---|
| 棕榈粕PKE/kg | 36.98 |
| 红糖Brown sugar/kg | 0.36 |
| 水Water/kg | 22.02 |
| 酵母菌Yeast/g | 3.60 |
| 枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis/g | 3.60 |
| 乳酸菌Lactic acid bacteria/g | 0.36 |
表2 PKE和FPKE营养成分含量(干物质基础)Table 2 Nutrient contents in PKE and FPKE (DM basis) % |
| 项目Items | 棕榈粕PKE | 发酵棕榈粕FPKE | 均值标准误SEM | P值P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 粗蛋白质CP | 17.18b | 18.93a | 0.62 | 0.048 |
| 粗脂肪EE | 10.03 | 9.11 | 0.34 | 0.096 |
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF | 64.08a | 56.46b | 1.00 | 0.017 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF | 39.63a | 35.47b | 0.89 | 0.043 |
| 粗灰分Ash | 5.44 | 5.86 | 0.14 | 0.094 |
同行数据肩标无字母或相同小写字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。表4至表9同 。 | |
In the same row, values with no letter or the same small letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), and with different capital letter superscripts mean extremely significant difference (P<0.01). The same as Table 4 to Table 9. |
1.3 原位尼龙袋法试验设计
1.4 饲养试验设计
表3 饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)Table 3 Composition and nutrient levels of diets (DM basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | |
|---|---|---|
| CON | SUB | |
| 原料Ingredients | ||
| 玉米青贮Corn silage | 29.09 | 29.09 |
| 玉米秸秆Corn stalk | 10.91 | 10.91 |
| 玉米Corn | 30.00 | 27.00 |
| 枣粉Jujube powder | 8.50 | 7.65 |
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 7.50 | 6.75 |
| 棕榈粕Palm kernel expeller | 7.50 | 6.75 |
| 发酵棕榈粕Fermentation palm kernel expeller | 6.00 | |
| 预混料Premix1) | 4.50 | 4.05 |
| 小苏打NaHCO3 | 1.00 | 0.90 |
| 食盐NaCl | 1.00 | 0.90 |
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | ||
| 总可消化养分TDN | 68.77 | 68.15 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 11.09 | 11.25 |
| 粗脂肪EE | 3.15 | 3.49 |
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF | 32.38 | 34.17 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF | 20.19 | 21.30 |
| 钙Ca | 0.43 | 0.36 |
| 总磷TP | 0.26 | 0.25 |
1)每千克预混料含有 Each kilogram of the premix contained the following:维生素A乙酸酯 vitamin A acetate 150 000~450 000 IU,VD3 40 000~120 000 IU,DL-α-生育酚乙酸酯 DL-α-tocopherol acetate 400 mg,Cu 250~750 mg,Fe 1 000~5 000 mg,Mn 1 000~3 000 mg,Zn 1 500~3 700 mg,Ca 100~250 g,总磷 TP 3 g,氯化钠 NaCl 150~300 g。 2)总可消化养分为计算值,其余为实测值。TDN was a calculated value, while the others were measured values. |
1.5 测定指标及方法
1.5.1 饲粮营养成分含量
1.5.2 瘤胃瞬时降解率及降解参数
1.5.3 生长性能和采食行为
1.5.4 营养物质表观消化率
1.5.5 经济效益
1.6 数据统计分析
2 结果
2.1 FPKE替代部分精料对肉牛瘤胃降解特性的影响
表4 FPKE替代部分精料对肉牛瘤胃瞬时降解率的影响Table 4 Effects of partial concentrate substituted by FPKE on instantaneous rumen degradation rate of beef cattle % |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | 均值 标准误 SEM | P值P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | SUB10 | SUB20 | 处理 Treatment | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | ||
| 干物质DM | |||||||
| 12 h | 54.52 | 51.07 | 49.11 | 1.49 | 0.345 | 0.143 | 0.817 |
| 24 h | 53.08 | 58.26 | 53.33 | 1.41 | 0.251 | 0.962 | 0.106 |
| 36 h | 61.72 | 59.46 | 61.81 | 1.19 | 0.685 | 0.975 | 0.392 |
| 48 h | 67.15 | 70.28 | 68.56 | 1.05 | 0.513 | 0.646 | 0.296 |
| 72 h | 76.68 | 77.79 | 77.37 | 0.79 | 0.864 | 0.737 | 0.675 |
| 有机物OM | |||||||
| 12 h | 53.67 | 50.82 | 47.86 | 1.53 | 0.318 | 0.124 | 0.985 |
| 24 h | 52.30 | 58.35 | 52.26 | 1.47 | 0.153 | 0.995 | 0.061 |
| 36 h | 61.51 | 59.27 | 61.38 | 1.19 | 0.716 | 0.966 | 0.422 |
| 48 h | 67.13 | 71.30 | 68.76 | 1.07 | 0.304 | 0.614 | 0.151 |
| 72 h | 77.87 | 79.65 | 78.47 | 0.76 | 0.648 | 0.758 | 0.386 |
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF | |||||||
| 12 h | 33.51 | 28.77 | 27.46 | 1.50 | 0.233 | 0.107 | 0.939 |
| 24 h | 38.36Aa | 40.76Aa | 29.04Bb | 1.79 | 0.009 | 0.159 | 0.065 |
| 36 h | 39.64 | 44.09 | 39.56 | 1.34 | 0.091 | 0.993 | 0.104 |
| 48 h | 39.68 | 44.77 | 43.32 | 1.36 | 0.137 | 0.995 | 0.319 |
| 72 h | 54.53 | 59.58 | 56.15 | 1.28 | 0.231 | 0.611 | 0.068 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF | |||||||
| 12 h | 31.61a | 28.63ab | 21.21b | 3.80 | 0.018 | 0.008 | 0.529 |
| 24 h | 38.25a | 39.82a | 30.59b | 3.55 | 0.033 | 0.015 | 0.014 |
| 36 h | 38.49 | 41.00 | 35.05 | 3.48 | 0.379 | 0.042 | 0.184 |
| 48 h | 43.12 | 43.11 | 38.45 | 4.89 | 0.142 | 0.534 | 0.347 |
| 72 h | 48.21 | 54.64 | 48.12 | 2.38 | 0.164 | 0.856 | 0.067 |
表5 FPKE替代部分精料对肉牛瘤胃降解参数的影响Table 5 Effects of partial concentrate substituted by FPKE on rumen degradation parameters of beef cattle |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | 均值 标准误 SEM | P值P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | SUB10 | SUB20 | 处理 Treatment | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | ||
| 干物质DM | |||||||
| 快速降解部分a/% | 29.83 | 29.83 | 28.61 | 0.97 | 0.874 | 0.641 | 0.801 |
| 慢速降解部分b/% | 54.35 | 52.63 | 59.80 | 2.64 | 0.576 | 0.436 | 0.478 |
| 慢速降解部分的降解速率 c/(%/h) | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.411 | 0.601 | 0.235 |
| 理论最大可降解部分 a+b/% | 84.18 | 82.46 | 88.41 | 2.55 | 0.681 | 0.535 | 0.537 |
| 有效降解率ED/% | 48.98 | 50.21 | 47.87 | 0.69 | 0.438 | 0.546 | 0.271 |
| 有机物OM | |||||||
| 快速降解部分a/% | 26.84 | 27.90 | 25.86 | 1.02 | 0.771 | 0.723 | 0.542 |
| 慢速降解部分b/% | 58.49 | 56.51 | 64.73 | 2.69 | 0.490 | 0.378 | 0.417 |
| 慢速降解部分的降解速率 c/(%/h) | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.388 | 0.521 | 0.238 |
| 理论最大可降解部分 a+b/% | 85.33 | 84.42 | 90.59 | 2.54 | 0.629 | 0.435 | 0.561 |
| 有效降解率ED/% | 47.66 | 49.67 | 46.39 | 0.77 | 0.229 | 0.534 | 0.122 |
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF | |||||||
| 快速降解部分a/% | 12.81 | 13.33 | 11.86 | 0.82 | 0.805 | 0.663 | 0.624 |
| 慢速降解部分b/% | 41.49Bb | 44.55Bb | 55.64Aa | 2.29 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.084 |
| 慢速降解部分的降解速率 c/(%/h) | 0.04Aa | 0.04Aa | 0.02Bb | 0.01 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.065 |
| 理论最大可降解部分 a+b/% | 54.30C | 57.88B | 67.50A | 1.98 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 |
| 有效降解率ED/% | 31.22b | 32.26a | 27.69c | 0.83 | 0.031 | 0.081 | 0.049 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF | |||||||
| 快速降解部分a/% | 9.77 | 11.09 | 4.69 | 1.55 | 0.222 | 0.200 | 0.240 |
| 慢速降解部分b/% | 36.67b | 40.31b | 50.96a | 2.61 | 0.034 | 0.011 | 0.373 |
| 慢速降解部分的降解速率 c/(%/h) | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.164 | 0.078 | 0.398 |
| 理论最大可降解部分 a+b/% | 46.43 | 51.40 | 55.64 | 2.35 | 0.314 | 0.113 | 0.942 |
| 有效降解率ED/% | 30.15Aa | 30.91Aa | 21.76Bb | 1.63 | 0.007 | 0.022 | 0.030 |
2.2 FPKE替代10%精料对肉牛生长性能和采食行为的影响
表6 FPKE替代10%精料对肉牛生长性能的影响Table 6 Effects of 10% concentrate substituted by FPKE on growth performance of beef cattle |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | SUB | |||
| 初始体重IBW/kg | 465.41 | 457.91 | 7.00 | 0.605 |
| 终末体重FBW/kg | 610.04 | 623.75 | 7.38 | 0.368 |
| 平均日增重ADG/(kg/d) | 1.03b | 1.19a | 0.04 | 0.042 |
| 干物质采食量DMI/(kg/d) | 11.21 | 11.00 | 0.16 | 0.529 |
| 料重比F/G | 10.97a | 9.48b | 0.32 | 0.015 |
表7 FPKE替代10%精料对肉牛采食行为的影响Table 7 Effects of 10% concentrate substituted by FPKE on feeding behavior of beef cattle |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | SUB | |||
| 平均日采食量(鲜重) Average daily feed intake (fresh weight)/(kg/d) | 21.24 | 21.19 | 0.64 | 0.941 |
| 平均日采食时间 Average daily feeding duration/(min/d) | 125.60 | 123.80 | 9.99 | 0.860 |
| 平均日采食次数 Average daily feeding frequency/(次/d) | 43.27B | 57.18A | 4.29 | 0.003 |
| 平均采食速率 Average feeding rate/(kg/min) | 0.18 | 0.17 | 0.01 | 0.896 |
| 平均干物质采食速率 Average dry matter feeding rate/(kg/min) | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.01 | 0.686 |
| 平均单次采食量 Average intake per feeding/(kg/次) | 0.52a | 0.39b | 0.05 | 0.012 |
| 平均单次干物质采食量 Average dry matter intake per feeding/(kg/次) | 0.27A | 0.20B | 0.02 | 0.005 |
| 平均单次采食时间 Average feeding duration per feeding/(min/次) | 3.06a | 2.25b | 0.33 | 0.024 |
2.3 FPKE替代10%精料对肉牛营养物质表观消化率的影响
表8 FPKE替代10%精料对肉牛营养物质表观消化率的影响Table 8 Effects of 10% concentrate substituted by FPKE on nutrient apparent digestibility of beef cattle % |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | SUB | |||
| 干物质DM | 63.81 | 63.71 | 1.48 | 0.974 |
| 有机物OM | 66.41 | 66.06 | 1.51 | 0.912 |
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF | 56.10 | 57.89 | 1.74 | 0.652 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 56.69 | 56.07 | 1.73 | 0.862 |
2.4 FPKE替代10%精料对肉牛经济效益的影响
表9 FPKE替代10%精料对肉牛经济效益的影响Table 9 Effects of 10% concentrate substituted by FPKE on economic benefits of beef cattle |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | SUB | |||
| 每日饲粮成本Daily diet cost/(元/d) | 25.77 | 24.64 | 0.75 | 0.147 |
| 单位增重饲粮成本 Diet cost per unit weight gain/(元/kg) | 25.21A | 21.24B | 1.28 | 0.005 |
| 平均每日毛利润 Average daily gross profit/(元/d) | 3.15B | 8.86A | 1.79 | 0.005 |
