Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2025 , Vol. 37 >Issue 3: 1963 - 1971

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2025.166

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Nisin on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestion, Immunity and Antioxidant Capacity of Meat Rabbits

  • FAN Huimin , 1, 2 ,
  • JIA Zifan 1 ,
  • HAN Wenxiao 1 ,
  • ZHAO Guichun 3 ,
  • CHEN Baojiang 1 ,
  • TIAN Jianxing 4, 5 ,
  • GU Zilin 1 ,
  • CHEN Saijuan , 1, 2, *
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  • 1 College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
  • 2 Agricultural Technology Innovation Centre in Mountainous Areas of Hebei Province, Baoding 071001, China
  • 3 Haixing County Agriculture and Rural Bureau, Cangzhou 061299, China
  • 4 Liaoning Weilan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenyang 110034, China
  • 5 Worui Biotechnology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201799, China
*associate professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2024-09-05

  Online published: 2025-03-13

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Abstract

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of Nisin on growth performance, nutrient digestion, immunity and antioxidant capacity of meat rabbits, and to provide theoretical basis for rational use of Nisin in meat rabbit production. A total of 144 Ila commercial meat rabbits at 35 days of age with similar body weight [(957.12±71.42 ) g] were randomly divided into 4 groups with 6 replicates per group and 6 rabbits (half male and half female) per replicate. Rabbits in the control group were fed a basal diet, and rabbits in test groups 1, 2 and 3 were fed the basal diet supplemented with 200, 350 and 500 g/t Nisin, respectively. The experiment lasted for 35 days, with days 1 to 7 as pre-feeding period and days 8 to 35 as formal experiment period. The results were as follows: 1) compared with the control group, final body weight (FBW) and average daily gain (ADG) were significantly increased in all experimental groups (P<0.05), and with the increase of Nisin supplemental level, FBW and ADG showed linear and quadratic changes (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, dietary supplementation of 350 and 500 g/t Nisin significantly decreased the feed/gain ratio (F/G) (P<0.05), and with the increase of dietary Nisin supplemental level, F/G had linear and quadratic changes (P<0.05). There was no death of meat rabbits in test groups 2 and 3. 2) Compared with the control group, dietary supplementation of 350 and 500 g/t Nisin significantly increased the apparent digestibility of ether extract of meat rabbits (P<0.05), and it showed a linear change with the increase of Nisin supplemental level (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, dietary supplementation of 500 g/t Nisin significantly increased the apparent digestibility of crude protein, crude fibre and crude ash of meat rabbits, and the apparent digestibility of crude ash showed linear and quadratic changes with the increase of Nisin supplemental level (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the apparent digestibility of acid detergent fiber of meat rabbits in all experimental groups was significantly increased (P<0.05). 3) Compared with the control group, the lipase activity in jejunum chyme of meat rabbits in test group 3 was significantly increased (P<0.05), the trypsin activity in jejunum chyme of meat rabbits in test groups 1, 2 and 3 were significantly increased (P<0.05), and with the increase of dietary Nisin supplemental level, the lipase and trypsin activities in jejunum chyme of meat rabbits showed linear and quadratic changes (P<0.05). Dietary Nisin supplementation had no significant effects on the pepsin and α-amylase activities in jejunum chyme of meat rabbits (P>0.05). 4) Compared with the control group, dietary supplementation of 200 and 500 g/t Nisin could significantly decrease the serum interleukin-6 content of meat rabbits (P<0.05). 5) Compared with the control group, dietary supplemented with 500 g/t Nisin significantly increased the serum glutathione peroxidase activity of meat rabbits (P<0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation of Nisin can reduce the F/G and mortality of meat rabbits, promote nutrient digestion and absorption, reduce inflammatory response, and increase antioxidant capacity. Under the conditions of this experiment, the optimal supplemental level of Nisin in the diet of meat rabbits is 500 g/t.

Key words： Nisin; meat rabbits; growth performance; nutrient digestion; immunity; antioxidant capacity

Cite this article

FAN Huimin , JIA Zifan , HAN Wenxiao , ZHAO Guichun , CHEN Baojiang , TIAN Jianxing , GU Zilin , CHEN Saijuan . Effects of Nisin on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestion, Immunity and Antioxidant Capacity of Meat Rabbits[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2025 , 37(3) : 1963 -1971 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2025.166

肉兔断奶后消化功能尚不健全,母源抗体减弱,仔兔免疫力下降,在换料、分笼等因素的影响下极易出现胀气、腹泻甚至死亡等情况。因此,现代肉兔养殖面临着巨大挑战。以前通常是通过在饲粮中添加抗生素来减少肉兔腹泻的发生,但抗生素的过度使用导致了细菌耐药性的增加[1]。因此,在抗生素耐药菌株数量不断增加以及饲料端全面禁抗的背景下,亟需找到有效的替抗饲料添加剂来替代动物饲粮中常用的抗生素。
抗菌肽是宿主免疫系统不可或缺的一部分,具有广谱抗菌性,其通过破坏细菌细胞结构、增加细菌细胞膜通透性和调节宿主免疫功能来抑制有害微生物的增殖,因此,抗菌肽产生的耐药性可以忽略不计[2],近年来抗菌肽成为动物营养与饲料科学研究人员关注的热点。乳酸链球菌素(Nisin)是一种具有热稳定性、抗菌活性和抗蛋白质降解等性质的两亲性抗菌肽[3-4]。前人研究发现,在肉鸡饲粮中添加Nisin可显著降低料重比(F/G)[5]。另有报道指出,肉鸡饲粮中添加Nisin可调节肠道菌群,增强肠道黏膜免疫机能,改善空肠形态,促进肉鸡对饲粮中养分的消化吸收,提高饲料转化率[6-7]。
目前,Nisin的研究方向主要聚焦在食品工业上,在畜禽生产上的应用研究仅见作为肉鸡饲料添加剂的报道,关于Nisin作为肉兔饲料添加剂的研究尚未有报道。故本试验选择Nisin作为饲料添加剂添加于肉兔饲粮中,研究其对肉兔生长性能、养分表观消化率、消化酶活性、免疫性能和抗氧化能力的影响,探索其在肉兔上的应用效果,为Nisin作为饲料添加剂在肉兔饲粮中的应用提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 伦理声明

本研究的动物试验经河北农业大学实验动物伦理委员会批准(批准号:2023123)。

1.2 试验设计

选取144只体重[(957.12±71.42) g]相近的健康35日龄伊拉商品代肉兔,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复6只(公母各占1/2)。对照组饲喂基础饲粮[参照《肉兔营养需要量》(NY/T 4049—2021)[8]配制的配合饲料],基础饲粮组成及营养水平见表1。在基础饲粮中分别添加200、350、500 g/t的Nisin(有效含量2 000 IU/mg),制成3种试验饲粮,用于饲喂试验1、2、3组肉兔,饲养试验共持续35 d,第1~7天为预备试验期,第8~35天为正式试验期。试验期间单笼饲养,肉兔自由采食和饮水,正式试验期第3天进行免疫接种。
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis) %

项目Items 含量Content
原料Ingredients
玉米Corn 15.00
小麦麸Wheat bran 15.50
豆粕Soybean meal 15.00
乳清粉Dried whey 3.00
花生秧粉Peanut powder 8.00
玉米胚芽粕Corn germ meal 3.00
花生壳Peanut shells 20.00
稻壳Rice husk 4.00
辣椒杆粉Chilli stick powder 12.00
豆油Soybean oil 1.00
石粉Limestone 1.00
磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 0.50
氯化钠NaCl 0.50
L-赖氨酸盐酸盐L-Lys·HCl (98.5%) 0.35
DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met 0.15
预混料Premix1) 1.00
合计Total 100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels2)
消化能DE/(MJ/kg) 10.06
粗蛋白质CP 16.28
粗脂肪EE 2.70
粗纤维CF 16.63
中性洗涤纤维NDF 31.51
酸性洗涤纤维ADF 19.05
酸性洗涤木质素ADL 5.67
钙Ca 1.69
总磷TP 0.63
赖氨酸Lys 0.83
蛋氨酸+胱氨酸Met+Cys 0.58

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of the diet:Fe 70 mg,Cu 20 mg,Zn 70 mg,Mn 10 mg,Co 0.15 mg,I 0.2 mg,Se 0.25 mg,VE 50 mg,VK 2 mg,VB1 2 mg,VB2 6 mg,VB5 50 mg,VB6 2 mg,VB12 0.02 mg,VB3 50 mg,烟酸 niacin 20 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 12.5 mg,VA 10 000 IU,VD 900 IU,胆碱 choline 1 000 mg,生物素 biotin 0.2 mg。

2)消化能为计算值,其他为实测值。DE was a calculated value, while the rest were measured values.

1.3 测定指标与方法

1.3.1 饲粮养分含量测定

参照NY/T 4049—2021对饲粮消化能进行计算,参照GB/T 6432—2018、GB/T 6433—2006、GB/T 6434—2022、GB/T 20806—2022、NY/T 1459—2022、GB/T 20805—2006、GB/T 6436—2018、GB/T 6437—2018、GB/T 6438—2007和GB/T 18246—2019中描述的方法测定饲粮中粗蛋白质(CP)、粗脂肪(EE)、粗纤维(CF)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、酸性洗涤木质素(ADL)、钙(Ca)、总磷(TP)、粗灰分和氨基酸含量,饲粮中干物质(DM)含量采用直接烘干法(GB/T 6435—2014)测定,总能(GE)采用氧弹量热仪测定。

1.3.2 生长性能

预备试验期最后1天和正式试验期最后1天记录肉兔体重(禁食12 h后称重),分别记为初始体重(IBW)及终末体重(FBW)。试验过程中观察记录各组肉兔的采食、腹泻以及死亡情况,用于计算平均日增重(ADG)、平均日采食量(ADFI)、F/G、腹泻频率和死亡率,计算公式如下:
ADG=(FBW-IBW)/试验天数;
ADFI=总采食量/试验天数;
F/G=ADFI/ADG;
腹泻频率(%)=[∑(肉兔腹泻只数×肉兔腹泻天数)/(试验肉兔总只数×正试期天数)]×100;
死亡率(%)=(每组死亡只数/每组试验总只数)×100。

1.3.3 养分表观消化率

在饲养试验结束后,每个重复选取1只肉兔,在消化代谢实验室进行消化试验,单笼饲养,连续7 d收集新鲜兔粪,并置于-20 ℃环境下保存,试验过程中记录肉兔每日采食量和粪重。粪中养分含量测定方法同1.3.1,根据饲粮和粪中养分含量计算肉兔对饲粮养分的表观消化率。
养分表观消化率(%)=[(食入养分-粪中养分)/食入养分]×100。

1.3.4 胃肠道消化酶活性

饲养试验结束当日,每个重复选取1只肉兔采血3 mL后,采用注射戊巴比妥钠法将肉兔安乐死。采集肉兔胃内容物和空肠食糜,将其置于冻存管中,于-80 ℃环境下保存,胃内容物用于检测胃蛋白酶活性,空肠食糜用于检测脂肪酶、α-淀粉酶和胰蛋白酶活性。采用北京博锐长远科技有限公司生产的酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)试剂盒测定以上几种消化酶活性,严格按照说明书中的方法进行样品前处理及指标测定。

1.3.5 血清免疫指标

将1.3.4中采集到的血液样本在4 ℃离心机中以630×g的离心力离心10 min,分离出血清,将其转移至离心管中置于-20 ℃保存。使用北京博锐长远科技有限公司生产的ELISA试剂盒测定血清免疫指标,包括一氧化氮(NO)、溶菌酶(LYS)、免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)、补体4(C4)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)含量,严格按照说明书中的方法进行样品前处理及指标测定。

1.3.6 血清抗氧化指标

采用北京博锐长远科技有限公司生产的ELISA试剂盒测定血清抗氧化指标,包括谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC),严格按照说明书中的方法进行样品前处理及指标测定。

1.4 数据统计分析

死亡率数据使用SPSS 22.0软件进行卡方检验,其余数据进行单因素方差分析,并采用Duncan氏法进行组间多重比较检验,结果以平均值±标准误的形式表示,以P<0.05表示差异显著。对差异显著数据使用SPSS 22.0软件进行线性和二次回归分析。

2 结果

2.1 Nisin对肉兔生长性能的影响

由表2可知,与对照组相比,所有试验组肉兔FBW和ADG显著提高(P<0.05),且随着饲粮中Nisin添加量的增加,FBW和ADG呈线性和二次变化(P<0.05);与对照组相比,饲粮中添加200~500 g/t Nisin对ADFI、腹泻频率和死亡率无显著影响(P>0.05);与对照组相比,饲粮中添加350和500 g/t Nisin可显著降低肉兔的F/G(P<0.05),且随着饲粮中Nisin添加量的增加,F/G呈线性和二次变化(P<0.05)。试验2、3组肉兔均未出现死亡。饲粮中Nisin添加量(x)与肉兔生长性能(y)的回归分析见表3。
表2 Nisin对肉兔生长性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of Nisin on growth performance of meat rabbits

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 试验1组
Test group 1		 试验2组
Test group 2		 试验3组
Test group 3		 P值P-value
方差分析
ANOVA		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
初始体重IBW/g 950.34±10.43 962.41±11.32 962.84±14.34 952.71±14.09 0.853
终末体重FBW/g 2 067.63±30.35b 2 210.84±36.31a 2 199.48±19.28a 2 247.69±27.37a <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
平均日增重ADG/g 39.90±1.09b 44.59±1.31a 44.17±0.69a 46.25±0.99a <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
平均日采食量ADFI/g 142.67±2.68 152.57±3.50 146.74±2.98 149.55±2.49 0.112
料重比F/G 3.61±0.06a 3.48±0.09ab 3.33±0.07b 3.26±0.06b 0.003 <0.001 0.001
腹泻频率Diarrhea rate/% 0.51±0.21 0.41±0.12 0.41±0.10 0.34±0.03 0.839
死亡率Mortality rate/% 8.33 5.56 0.00 0.00 0.133

同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),无字母或有相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。

Values in the same row with different lowercase superscripts indicated significant difference (P<0.05), while without any letter superscripts or the same letter superscripts indicated no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below.

表3 饲粮中Nisin添加量(x)与肉兔生长性能(y)的回归分析

Table 3 Regression analysis of dietary Nisin supplemental level (x) and growth performance (y) of meat rabbits

项目
Items		 回归方程
Regression equation		 决定系数
R2		 P值
P-value
终末体重FBW/g y=2 074.284-0.001x2+0.705x 0.137 <0.001
平均日增重ADG/g y=40.145-0.000 020 13x2+0.022x 0.125 <0.001
料重比F/G y=0.000 000 139 4x2-0.001x+3.619 0.106 0.001

2.2 Nisin对肉兔养分表观消化率的影响

由表4可知,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加350和500 g/t Nisin能够提高肉兔对EE的表观消化率(P<0.05),且其随着饲粮中Nisin添加量的增加呈线性变化(P<0.05);饲粮中添加500 g/t Nisin时肉兔对CP、CF、Ash的表观消化率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),且肉兔对Ash的表观消化率随着饲粮中Nisin添加量的增加呈线性和二次变化(P<0.05),对CP的表观消化率呈线性变化(P<0.05);与对照组相比,所有试验组肉兔对ADF的表观消化率均显著提高(P<0.05);与对照组相比,饲粮中添加200~500 g/t Nisin时肉兔对DM、GE、NDF和Ca、TP的表观消化率均无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表4 Nisin对肉兔养分表观消化率的影响

Table 4 Effects of Nisin on nutrient apparent digestibility of meat rabbits %

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 试验1组
Test group 1		 试验2组
Test group 2		 试验3组
Test group 3		 P值P-value
方差分析
ANOVA		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
干物质DM 49.77±0.95 48.07±1.16 50.33±0.69 51.20±0.51 0.115
总能GE 53.88±0.79 54.93±0.92 54.15±0.98 56.62±0.86 0.168
粗脂肪EE 82.70±1.62b 84.68±2.86ab 89.56±1.11a 90.05±1.13a 0.028 0.027 0.061
粗蛋白质CP 74.09±0.85b 75.38±1.94b 78.94±2.73ab 82.39±1.57a 0.029 0.027 0.087
粗纤维CF 21.83±0.92b 22.11±1.03b 22.27±0.68b 26.11±1.59a 0.046 0.619 0.748
中性洗涤纤维NDF 33.49±1.09 32.79±1.64 35.86±0.62 34.71±1.56 0.381
酸性洗涤纤维ADF 23.10±1.08b 30.13±1.74a 29.05±0.83a 27.27±0.78a 0.003 0.172 0.290
粗灰分Ash 33.20±0.78c 36.14±1.05ab 35.25±0.79bc 37.88±0.53a 0.007 0.002 0.011
钙Ca 62.09±1.17 60.96±1.68 58.74±0.62 58.17±3.20 0.454
总磷TP 18.81±0.48 19.36±0.55 20.05±1.04 18.33±0.74 0.414

2.3 Nisin对肉兔胃肠道消化酶活性的影响

由表5可知,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加500 g/t Nisin可提高肉兔空肠食糜中脂肪酶活性(P<0.05),添加200~500 g/t Nisin可极显著升高肉兔空肠食糜中胰蛋白酶活性(P<0.05),且随着饲粮中Nisin添加量的增加,肉兔空肠食糜中脂肪酶和胰蛋白酶活性呈线性和二次变化(P<0.05);与对照组相比,饲粮中添加200~500 g/t Nisin对肉兔胃内容物种胃蛋白酶和空肠食糜中α-淀粉酶活性无显著影响(P>0.05)。
表5 Nisin对肉兔胃肠道消化酶活性的影响

Table 5 Effects of Nisin on gastrointestinal digestive enzyme activities of meat rabbits U/mg

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 试验1组
Test group 1		 试验2组
Test group 2		 试验3组
Test group 3		 P值P-value
方差分析
ANOVA		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
胃蛋白酶Pepsin 12.23±0.66 13.10±0.13 13.47±0.65 13.85±0.25 0.149
脂肪酶Lipase 369.19±32.05b 400.17±58.44ab 501.52±49.27ab 558.10±11.27a 0.019 0.009 0.031
α-淀粉酶α-amylase 252.86±19.83 277.43±11.85 295.02±12.66 277.83±5.63 0.216
胰蛋白酶Trypsin 103.65±4.80b 145.48±2.73a 155.24±4.24a 157.12±2.22a <0.001 <0.001 <0.001

2.4 Nisin对肉兔血清免疫指标的影响

由表6可知,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加200和500 g/t Nisin可使肉兔血清中IL-6含量显著降低(P<0.05);各组肉兔血清中NO、LYS、IgA、IgM和C4含量均无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表6 乳酸链球菌素对肉兔血清免疫指标的影响

Table 6 Effects of of Nisin on serum immune indexes of meat rabbits

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 试验1组
Test group 1		 试验2组
Test group 2		 试验3组
Test group 3		 P值P-value
方差分析
ANOVA		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
一氧化氮
NO/(μmol/L)		 353.71±18.56 352.47±38.60 355.31±8.57 334.17±17.19 0.910
溶菌酶
LYS/(ng/mL)		 162.55±8.61 160.83±4.74 149.55±3.24 159.29±6.02 0.441
免疫球蛋白A
IgA/(μg/mL)		 1 800.07±56.64 1 838.56±98.12 1 724.28±20.61 1 625.08±34.32 0.101
免疫球蛋白M
IgM/(μg/mL)		 1 300.04±47.01 1 307.09±58.31 1 244.15±27.97 1 229.16±60.04 0.615
补体4 C4/(mg/L) 704.67±42.53 686.54±25.56 690.67±17.72 638.11±33.94 0.484
白细胞介素-6
IL-6/(pg/mL)		 276.71±12.71a 233.02±9.54b 242.06±6.59ab 224.15±12.15b 0.015 0.151 0.320

2.5 Nisin对肉兔血清抗氧化指标的影响

由表7可知,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加500 g/t Nisin可显著提高肉兔血清中GSH-Px活性(P<0.05);与对照组相比,饲粮中添加200~500 g/t Nisin对肉兔血清中T-AOC、SOD活性和MDA含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。
表7 Nisin对肉兔血清抗氧化指标的影响

Table 7 Effects of Nisin on serum antioxidant indexes of meat rabbits

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 试验1组
Test group 1		 试验2组
Test group 2		 试验3组
Test group 3		 P值P-value
方差分析
ANOVA		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
总抗氧化能力
T-AOC/(U/mL)		 46.88±3.43 43.61±2.42 46.87±1.90 54.02±4.06 0.148
超氧化物歧化酶
SOD/(U/mL)		 366.88±24.12 334.30±17.88 356.45±20.70 387.55±22.15 0.386
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶
GSH-Px/(U/mL)		 275.88±11.03b 279.56±23.17b 283.03±16.72b 353.97±7.74a 0.008 0.168 0.374
丙二醛
MDA/(nmol/mL)		 16.17±1.60 19.92±3.38 14.82±1.65 16.45±0.75 0.379

3 讨论

3.1 Nisin对肉兔生长性能的影响

肠道病原体感染可使肠道菌群紊乱,导致动物肠道炎症和生长性能下降[6]。Nisin可抑制肠道有害菌的增殖,如产气荚膜梭菌、肉毒梭菌、金黄色葡萄球菌等,同时具有改善动物肠道形态、增强肠道屏障功能的作用[9-10],相关研究表明,Nisin有促进动物肠道健康、提高动物生长性能的作用[11-12],在饮水中添加Nisin可显著提高兔的ADG[13]。Kierończy等[7]研究发现,饲粮中添加Nisin可显著降低肉鸡的F/G。本研究结果表明,Nisin添加于肉兔饲粮中有显著提高肉兔生长性能的作用,这与上述报道一致。

3.2 Nisin对肉兔养分消化的影响

养分表观消化率是评价动物对饲粮养分消化吸收能力的关键指标,对生长性能有积极作用[14]。相关研究表明,肉鸡饲粮中添加Nisin可显著提高养分表观消化率[15-16],母羊饲粮中添加Nisin可显著提高母羊的养分表观消化率[17]。本研究结果表明,在肉兔饲粮中添加Nisin可以提高肉兔对饲粮中养分的表观消化率,与前人的研究结果基本一致。羊秀美等[5]推测,饲粮中添加Nisin可以显著提高肉鸡对饲粮中养分的表观消化率可能是由于Nisin提高了肉鸡空肠的绒毛高度,增加了养分与肠道的接触面积所致。
消化酶可以将蛋白质、脂肪等大分子营养物质水解成单体肠道吸收[18],消化酶活性与pH、温度及肠道菌群组成等环境因素有关,Nisin可能通过调节肠道pH和肠道菌群组成从而影响消化酶活性[7,9]。有研究表明,给孵化12 d的鸡蛋注射乳酸乳球菌可显著提高雏鸡出壳后淀粉酶、脂肪酶和胰蛋白酶活性[19]。本研究结果显示,饲粮中添加500 g/t Nisin可显著提高肉兔空肠食糜中脂肪酶和胰蛋白酶活性,与前人研究结果一致。Nisin可能通过提高肉兔空肠脂肪酶和胰蛋白酶活性增强肉兔对饲粮中养分的消化,从而提高生长性能。

3.3 Nisin对肉兔免疫性能的影响

白细胞介素是与免疫系统通信网络相关的重要介质,参与机体免疫反应[20]。IL-6是一种多效性细胞因子,在免疫反应、炎症、造血、内分泌和神经系统中发挥作用[21]。Nisin具有抗炎特性,接受Nisin作为辅助治疗手段的牙周炎小鼠和子宫炎大鼠血清中IL-6含量显著降低[22-23];Nisin可显著降低人角质形成细胞中IL-6的mRNA表达量[9]。本研究中,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加200和500 g/t Nisin可显著降低肉兔血清中IL-6含量。血清IL-6含量与肠道微生物种类有显著相关性[22,24],地衣芽孢杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、副干酪乳杆菌等可显著降低IL-6含量[24⇓-26]。以上研究结果表明,Nisin可能通过调节肠道菌群结构降低血清IL-6含量,提高机体免疫力。

3.4 Nisin对肉兔抗氧化能力的影响

活性氧(ROS)和自由基的过量形成会导致氧化应激,从而损害细胞、组织和器官[27]。在生理条件下,ROS浓度保持一定水平,并具有安全阈值;然而,当细胞暴露在非生理状态情况下时,ROS浓度可能会显著增加并突破安全阈值[28]。为了防御过多的ROS,抗氧化系统将迅速被激活,将ROS浓度降低到安全阈值。有报道指出,Nisin有提高细胞抗氧化能力的作用[29]。本研究发现,饲粮中添加500 g/t Nisin可使肉兔血清中GSH-Px活性显著提高。GSH-Px是一种重要的细胞抗氧化酶,在维持必需和有害的细胞氧化之间的平衡起着至关重要的作用[30]。相关研究表明,Nisin可缓解牙周炎小鼠线粒体功能障碍和氧化应激[31]。综上可知,Nisin可能通过提高血清GSH-Px活性缓解肉兔的氧化应激,改善抗氧化能力。

4 结论

① 饲粮中添加Nisin能提高肉兔的生长性能,增加部分消化酶的活性,提高养分表观消化率,并能降低死亡率。
② 饲粮中添加Nisin能降低肉兔血清中炎症因子IL-6的含量,提高血清中抗氧化酶GSH-Px的活性。
③ 本试验条件下,肉兔饲粮中Nisin的适宜添加量为500 g/t。

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