Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2025 , Vol. 37 >Issue 3: 1972 - 1981

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2025.167

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Fructus Sophorae and Flos Sophorae Crude Extract on Production Performance, Digestive Function and Immune Performance of Growing Meat Rabbits

  • HAN Wenxiao , 1 ,
  • FAN Jiaqi 1 ,
  • JIA Zifan 1 ,
  • FAN Huimin 1 ,
  • LIU Yajuan , 1, 2, * ,
  • CHEN Baojiang , 1, *
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  • 1 College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
  • 2 Agricultural Technology Innovation Center of Mountainous Areas of Hebei Province, Baoding 071001, China
*LIU Yajuan, associate professor, E-mail: ;
CHEN Baojiang, professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2024-09-30

  Online published: 2025-03-13

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Abstract

The aim of this experiment was to study the effect of Fructus Sophorae and Flos Sophorae crude extract on production performance, slaughter performance, nutrient apparent digestibility, intestinal digestive enzyme activities, immune organ indexes, serum biochemical and immune indexes and liver antioxidant capacity of growing meat rabbits. One hundred and sixty 35-day-old Ila meat rabbits with similar body weight were selected and randomly divided into four groups, each containing eight replicates with five rabbits in each replicate. Rabbits in control group were fed a basal diet, and those in test groups were supplemented with 100 (T1 group), 200 (T2 group) and 300 g/t (T3 group) of Fructus Sophorae and Flos Sophorae crude extract, respectively. The feeding trial lasted for 35 days with pre-trial period of 7 days and formal trial period of 28 days. The results showed as follows: 1) diets supplemented with different doses of Fructus Sophorae and Flos Sophorae crude extract significantly enhanced the final body weight (FBW) of meat rabbits compared with the control group (P<0.05), and the average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) in the T1 and T2 groups were significantly increased (P<0.05); no significant differences were found in the diarrhoea rate and mortality rate among groups (P>0.05), and those in the control group were the highest. 2) The live weight before slaughter, full eviscerated weight and half eviscerated rate in the T1 and T2 groups were all significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). 3) T2 group was significantly better than the control group in apparent digestibility of gross energy (GE) and crude protein (CP) (P<0.05). 4) The activities of α-amylase, lipase and trypsin in duodenum and jejunum in the T2 group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05), and cecum cellulase activity in the T2 and T3 groups were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). 5) Compared with the control group, the round vesicle index was significantly decreased in the test groups (P<0.05), whereas there were no significant differences in spleen and thymus indices (P>0.05). 6) Serum total protein (TP) content was significantly higher in the T1 and T2 groups than that in the control group (P<0.05), and serum lysozyme (LYS) content was significantly higher in T2 group than that in all other groups (P<0.05). 7) Liver superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was significantly increased in the T2 and T3 groups as compared to the control group (P<0.05). In conclusion, the production performance, digestive function and immune performance of growing meat rabbits can be enhanced by adding 200 g/t Fructus Sophorae and Flos Sophorae crude extract to the diet, and adding 200 g/t Fructus Sophorae and Flos Sophorae crude extract has no adverse effect on the slaughtering performance of growing meat rabbits.

Key words： Fructus Sophorae and Flos Sophorae crude extract; meat rabbits; production performance; digestive function; immune performance

Cite this article

HAN Wenxiao , FAN Jiaqi , JIA Zifan , FAN Huimin , LIU Yajuan , CHEN Baojiang . Effects of Fructus Sophorae and Flos Sophorae Crude Extract on Production Performance, Digestive Function and Immune Performance of Growing Meat Rabbits[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2025 , 37(3) : 1972 -1981 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2025.167

近年来,我国肉兔养殖业从传统养殖逐渐过渡到集约化养殖,高产的同时也受到环境等因素带来的应激,这导致其生产力和免疫力下降[1-2]。在饲料端全面禁抗的背景下,筛选能起到抗生素功效并能满足人们对畜产品安全要求的替抗类饲料添加剂逐渐成为畜禽营养研究的重要方向[3]。槐角、槐花在我国多用作中药材,含有丰富的黄酮类物质、类黄酮类物质(如芦丁)和生物碱[4-5],可以预防和治疗肛肠类疾病[6-7],具有安全性高、副作用小且资源丰富的特点。在现代养殖业生产过程中,应激容易导致动物食欲不振以及生长性能的降低[8]。李彩霞等[9]、辛晓芳等[10]研究发现,槐角提取物、槐花提取物对能够清除机体内的1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基、超氧阴离子自由基、过氧化氢等物质[9-10]。研究显示,饲粮中添加槐角提取物对三黄鸡的生长有明显的促进作用[11],改善了黄曲霉毒素诱导的肝毒性[12]。目前,槐角+槐花粗提物作为饲料添加剂使用的报道很少,在肉兔生产上的应用更是未见报道。为此,本试验以生长肉兔为研究对象,探究槐角+槐花粗提物对肉兔生长、消化以及免疫性能的影响,为槐角+槐花粗提物在肉兔生产中的广泛应用提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

槐角+槐花粗提物中总黄酮含量>20%(其中芦丁含量≥8 mg/g),苦参碱和氧化苦参碱含量≥0.8%。

1.2 试验设计

试验选取160只健康的35日龄伊拉商品代肉兔,随机分为4组,分别为对照组(饲喂基础饲粮)、T1组(饲喂基础饲粮+100 g/t槐角+槐花粗提物)、T2组(饲喂基础饲粮+200 g/t槐角+槐花粗提物)和T3组(饲喂基础饲粮+300 g/t槐角+槐花粗提物)。每组包含8个重复,每个重复5只肉兔。基础饲粮的配制参考《肉兔营养需要量》(NY/T 4049—2021)[13],其组成及营养水平见表1。饲养试验共进行35 d,其中预试期7 d,正试期28 d。以上动物试验经河北农业大学实验动物伦理委员会批准(批准号:2023059)。
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis) %

项目Items 含量Content
原料Ingredients
玉米Corn 15.00
小麦麸Wheat bran 15.50
豆粕Soybean meal 15.00
乳清粉Dried whey 3.00
花生秧粉Peanut powder 8.00
玉米胚芽粕Corn germ meal 3.00
花生壳Peanut shells 20.00
稻壳Rice husk 4.00
辣椒杆粉Chilli stick powder 12.00
豆油Soybean oil 1.00
石粉Limestone 1.00
磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 0.50
食盐NaCl 0.50
L-赖氨酸L-Lys 0.35
DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met 0.15
预混料Premix1) 1.00
合计Total 100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels2)
消化能DE/(MJ/kg) 10.06
粗蛋白质CP 16.28
粗脂肪EE 3.68
粗纤维CF 15.77
中性洗涤纤维NDF 38.59
酸性洗涤纤维ADF 22.78
酸性洗涤木质素ADL 5.67
钙Ca 1.41
总磷TP 0.72
赖氨酸Lys 0.83
蛋氨酸+胱氨酸Met+Cys 0.58

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of the diet:Cu 20 mg,Fe 70 mg,Zn 70 mg,Se 0.25 mg,Mn 10 mg,Co 0.15 mg,I 0.2 mg,VB1 2 mg,VB2 6 mg,VB5 50 mg,VB6 2 mg,VB12 0.02 mg,VB350 mg,氯化胆碱 choline chloride 1 000 mg,生物素 biotin 0.2 mg,VA 10 000 IU,VD 900 IU,VE 50 mg,VK 2 mg。

2)消化能为参照NY/T 4049—2021所得计算值,其他为实测值。DE was a calculated value according to NY/T 4049—2021, while the others were measured values.

1.3 饲养管理

试验前清理并消毒兔舍和笼具,试验兔单笼(长×宽×高:50 cm×34 cm×33 cm)饲养。试验过程中自由进食、饮水,保持充足的光照和通风条件,每日2次喂食。按正常免疫程序进行免疫接种。

1.4 测定指标及方法

1.4.1 生产性能

分别于正式试验的第1和28天清晨对所有试验兔进行空腹称重,记录起始、终末体重,并在试验过程中记录每只兔的日采食量,计算平均日增重、平均日采食量,并以此为基础计算出料重比;统计试验兔腹泻的只数和日数(以大便不成团、稀软、水样、后肢、肛门及尾巴上有排泄物判定为腹泻)以及死亡只数,计算腹泻频率和死亡率。计算公式如下:
平均日增重(g/d)=(终末体重-初始体重)/试验天数;
平均日采食量(g/d)=总采食量/试验天数;
料重比=总采食量/总增重;
腹泻频率(%)=[∑试验期内腹泻只日数/(试验天数×试验只数)]×100;
死亡率(%)=(试验期间该组死亡兔只数/该组初始兔只数)×100。

1.4.2 养分表观消化率

在饲养试验完成后,从各组中随机选择与平均体重相近的8只试验兔进行消化试验,通过全收粪方式采集7 d的粪便,干燥、粉碎后分别参照GB/T 6435—2014、GB/T 6432—2018、GB/T 6433—2006、GB/T 6434—2022、GB/T 20806—2022、NY/T 1459—2022进行干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗纤维、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维含量测定,并使用氧弹热量计测定总能,同时测定饲粮中上述指标。此外,饲粮中钙、总磷、酸性洗涤木质素和氨基酸含量分别参照GB/T 6436—2018、GB/T 6437—2018、GB/T 20805—2006和GB/T 18246—2019测定。
某养分表观消化率(%)=[(该养分摄入量-该养分排出量)/该养分摄入量]×100。

1.4.3 屠宰性能

在正式试验第28天,试验兔经过12 h禁食后,每重复挑选1只接近平均体重的试验兔进行屠宰,并记录其宰前活重、半净膛重以及全净膛重。全净膛指放血、去皮、头、尾、前脚(腕关节以下)、后脚(腑关节以下)及剥除内脏的屠体;半净膛指在全净膛的基础上保留肝脏、肾脏和腹壁脂肪。全净膛重与半净膛重分别占宰前活重的比率,即为全净膛率和半净膛率。

1.4.4 肠道消化酶活性

试验兔屠宰后迅速收集十二指肠、空肠、回肠和盲肠中的内容物,将其存放在冻存管中,于-80 ℃环境保存。使用酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)试剂盒测定十二指肠、空肠、回肠α-淀粉酶、脂肪酶、胰蛋白酶和盲肠纤维素酶活性。试剂盒均由北京博锐长远科技有限公司提供,操作步骤需严格遵循产品说明书的指导进行。

1.4.5 免疫器官指数

试验兔屠宰后取其免疫器官(脾脏、胸腺、圆小囊),去除附着组织,称重,计算免疫器官指数。
免疫器官指(g/kg)=免疫器官重/宰前活重。

1.4.6 血清生化与免疫指标

在正式试验第28天,从每组的每个重复中随机选取1只试验兔,耳缘静脉采血5 mL。将血液以630×g的离心力离心10 min,收集上清液,保存在-20 ℃备测。使用ELISA试剂盒测定血清中总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)、补体3(C3)、补体3(C4)和溶菌酶(LYS)含量。试剂盒由北京博瑞长远科技有限公司供提供,操作流程遵循产品说明书的指导。

1.4.7 肝脏抗氧化指标

试验兔屠宰后,取适量的肝脏组织,置于-80 ℃保存备测。测定时取适量肝脏样本于2 mL EP管内,按质量体积比1∶9加入生理盐水,经低温粉碎,制成10%肝脏组织匀浆。使用ELISA试剂盒测定肝脏谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性以及丙二醛(MDA)含量、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC),试剂盒由北京博瑞长远科技有限公司提供,操作流程遵循产品说明书的指导。

1.5 数据处理与分析

本项研究的原始数据首先使用Excel 2019软件进行整理,之后利用SPSS 26.0软件进行数据分析,包括单因素方差分析和Duncan氏法多重比较检验。分析结果以平均值和均值标准误(SEM)的形式呈现。此外,使用SPSS 26.0软件对腹泻频率和死亡率数据执行卡方检验,同样以平均值和SEM的形式呈现,当P值小于0.05时,判定结果具有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 槐角+槐花粗提物对生长肉兔生产性能的影响

由表2可知,与对照组相比,所有试验组的终末体重均有显著增加(P<0.05),且以T2组的最高,并显著高于T1和T3组(P<0.05);T1和T2组的平均日增重和平均日采食量显著高于对照组(P<0.05);各组之间料重比并没有显著差异(P>0.05);对照组腹泻频率为0.27%,3个试验组未发生腹泻;对照组死亡率最高,T3组未出现死亡。
表2 槐角+槐花粗提物对生长肉兔生产性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of Fructus Sophorae and Flos Sophorae crude extract on production performance of meat rabbits (n=8)

项目
Items		 组别Groups 均值标准误
SEM		 P值
P-value
对照Control T1 T2 T3
初始体重IBW/g 1 014.78 1 029.75 1 031.88 1 020.48 8.415 0.169
终末体重FBW/g 2 205.81d 2 245.11b 2 254.99a 2 217.38c 4.069 <0.001
平均日增重ADG/(g/d) 42.54b 43.41a 43.68a 42.75b 0.219 0.001
平均日采食量ADFI/(g/d) 157.34b 161.51a 162.31a 157.28b 1.651 0.005
料重比F/G 3.72 3.74 3.74 3.70 0.053 0.870
腹泻频率Diarrhea rate/% 0.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.068 0.180
死亡率Mortality rate/% 5.00 2.50 2.50 0.00 2.049 0.420

同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示显著差异(P<0.05),无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, data with different lowercase letter superscripts indicated significant difference (P<0.05), while with no letter or the same letter superscripts indicated no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below.

2.2 槐角+槐花粗提物对肉兔屠宰性能的影响

由表3可知,T1和T2组的宰前活重、半净膛重和全净膛重显著高于对照组(P<0.05);各组的半净膛率和全净膛率差异均不显著(P>0.05)。
表3 槐角+槐花粗提物对肉兔屠宰性能的影响

Table 3 Effects of Fructus Sophorae and Flos Sophorae crude extract on slaughter performance of meat rabbits (n=8)

项目
Items		 组别Groups 均值标准误
SEM		 P值
P-value
对照Control T1 T2 T3
宰前活重
Live weight before slaughter/g		 2 209.00b 2 244.38a 2 254.75a 2 215.10b 7.108 <0.001
半净膛重
Half eviscerated weight/g		 1 198.01c 1 220.85ab 1 230.14a 1 199.40bc 10.536 0.010
全净膛重
Full eviscerated weight/g		 1 087.34b 1 115.79a 1 112.91a 1 094.98ab 9.221 0.006
半净膛率
Half eviscerated rate/%		 54.19 54.40 54.55 54.20 0.416 0.791
全净膛率
Full eviscerated rate/%		 49.10 49.72 49.36 49.56 0.372 0.399

2.3 槐角+槐花粗提物对肉兔养分表观消化率的影响

由表4可知,T2组在总能和粗蛋白质的表观消化率方面显著优于对照组(P<0.05);对于干物质以及其他养分的表观消化率,各组之间的差异并未达到显著水平(P>0.05)。
表4 槐角+槐花粗提物对肉兔养分表观消化率的影响

Table 4 Effects of Fructus Sophorae and Flos Sophorae crude extract on nutrient apparent digestibility of meat rabbits (n=8) %

项目
Items		 组别Groups 均值标准误
SEM		 P值
P-value
对照Control T1 T2 T3
干物质DM 54.96 52.94 53.69 53.45 0.774 0.080
总能GE 54.34b 54.41b 56.37a 55.00b 0.640 0.013
粗蛋白质CP 75.77b 74.16c 77.24a 74.12c 0.697 <0.001
粗脂肪EE 91.15 91.58 90.68 91.34 0.836 0.742
粗纤维CF 22.02 22.65 22.81 23.33 1.029 0.655
中性洗涤纤维NDF 33.76 31.69 32.35 33.37 1.057 0.213
酸性洗涤纤维ADF 20.75 18.28 19.16 20.84 1.383 0.200

2.4 槐角+槐花粗提物对肉兔肠道消化酶活性的影响

由表5可知,T2组十二指肠和空肠α-淀粉酶、脂肪酶、胰蛋白酶活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05);回肠α-淀粉酶、脂肪酶、胰蛋白酶活性各组之间差异不显著(P>0.05);T2、T3组盲肠纤维素酶活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。
表5 槐角+槐花粗提物对肉兔肠道消化酶活性的影响

Table 5 Effects of Fructus Sophorae and Flos Sophorae crude extract on intestinal digestive enzyme activities of meat rabbits (n=8)

项目
Items		 组别groups 均值标准误
SEM		 P值
P-value
对照Control T1 T2 T3
十二指肠Duodenum
α-淀粉酶α-amylase/(U/mg) 3.83b 3.88b 5.27a 4.31b 0.262 <0.001
脂肪酶Lipase/(U/mg) 39.64b 40.25b 51.30a 42.91b 2.350 <0.001
胰蛋白酶Trypsin/(U/g) 1.70c 1.72c 2.44a 1.90b 0.071 <0.001
空肠Jejunum
α-淀粉酶α-amylase/(U/mg) 3.73b 3.04c 4.27a 3.59b 0.152 <0.001
脂肪酶Lipase/(U/mg) 38.28b 35.51b 44.89a 36.05b 1.649 <0.001
胰蛋白酶Trypsin/(U/g) 1.66b 1.41d 1.81a 1.55c 0.051 <0.001
回肠Ileum
α-淀粉酶α-amylase/(U/mg) 2.81 2.90 3.15 3.08 0.233 0.419
脂肪酶Lipase/(U/mg) 29.76 32.99 31.68 27.65 2.539 0.199
胰蛋白酶Trypsin/(U/g) 1.35 1.44 1.48 1.28 0.156 0.590
盲肠Cecum
纤维素酶Cellulase/(U/mg) 6.93c 7.33bc 7.70ab 8.10a 0.303 0.005

2.5 槐角+槐花粗提物对肉兔免疫器官指数的影响

由表6可知,对照组的圆小囊指数显著高于各试验组(P<0.05);各组之间脾脏指数和胸腺指数差异不显著(P>0.05)。
表6 槐角+槐花粗提物对肉兔免疫器官指数的影响

Table 6 Effects of Fructus Sophorae and Flos Sophorae crude extract on immune organ indexes of meat rabbits (n=8) g/kg

项目
Items		 组别Groups 均值标准误
SEM		 P值
P-value
对照Control T1 T2 T3
脾脏指数Spleen index 0.79 0.63 0.73 0.67 0.077 0.208
胸腺指数Thymus index 2.88 2.85 3.01 2.69 0.315 0.804
圆小囊指数Sacculus rotundus index 1.35a 1.15b 1.03b 1.08b 0.101 0.012

2.6 槐角+槐花粗提物对肉兔血清生化与免疫指标的影响

由表7可知,T1、T2组血清TP含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05);T2组血清LYS含量显著高于其他各组(P<0.05);各组之间血清ALB、IgG、IgA、IgM、C3和C4含量差异均不显著(P>0.05)。
表7 槐角+槐花粗提物对肉兔血清生化与免疫指标的影响

Table 7 Effects of Fructus Sophorae and Flos Sophorae crude extract on serum biochemical and immune indexes of meat rabbits (n=8)

项目
Items		 组别Groups 均值标准误
SEM		 P值
P-value
对照Control T1 T2 T3
总蛋白TP/(μg/mL) 108.98b 143.57a 147.61a 129.03ab 10.172 0.003
白蛋白ALB/(ng/mL) 100.77 101.93 106.84 99.56 6.941 0.737
免疫球蛋白G IgG/(mg/mL) 20.96 21.55 21.70 20.99 0.425 0.230
免疫球蛋白A IgA/(μg/mL) 1 081.98 1 066.79 1 017.27 1 061.35 36.076 0.333
免疫球蛋白M IgM/(μg/mL) 389.43 358.78 395.98 386.34 26.452 0.521
补体3 C3/(μg/mL) 73.43 75.54 74.71 70.60 3.454 0.513
补体4 C4/(μg/mL) 115.84 107.98 117.47 121.89 5.342 0.093
溶菌酶LYS/(ng/mL) 29.01b 28.34b 32.33a 27.22b 1.445 0.009

2.7 槐角+槐花粗提物对肉兔肝脏抗氧化指标的影响

由表8可知,T2和T3组肝脏SOD活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05);各组之间肝脏T-AOC、GSH-Px活性和MDA含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表8 槐角+槐花粗提物对肉兔肝脏抗氧化指标的影响

Table 8 Effects of Fructus Sophorae and Flos Sophorae crude extract on liver antioxidant indexes of meat rabbits (n=8)

项目
Items		 组别Groups 均值标准误
SEM		 P值
P-value
对照Control T1 T2 T3
总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(U/mg) 7.79 6.94 8.08 7.41 0.599 0.280
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(U/g) 0.42 0.45 0.48 0.42 0.019 0.123
超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(U/ng) 0.58b 0.56b 0.76a 0.77a 0.072 0.011
丙二醛MDA/(nmol/g) 20.59 19.11 20.56 19.91 0.930 0.363

3 讨论

3.1 槐角+槐花粗提物对生长肉兔生产性能和屠宰性能的影响

生长肉兔生产性能和屠宰性能是衡量其经济价值的关键性指标。李颖平等[14]研究发现,饲粮中添加0.8%的芦丁粉能够显著提高肉鸡的平均日采食量和平均日增重。汪曼丽等[15]研究发现,灌服槲皮素(黄酮类物质)可以显著提高患有猪流行性腹泻病毒病仔猪的平均日增重。梁光哲等[16]研究表明,饲粮中添加含有黄酮、生物碱等有效成分的丁香和槐角提取物对三黄鸡的屠宰性能无显著影响。本试验发现,饲粮中添加槐角+槐花粗提物能够显著提高肉兔的平均日增重和平均日采食量,虽然腹泻频率、死亡率、半净膛率和全净膛率与对照组的差异未达显著水平,但有一定改善作用。有研究显示槲皮素可以改善肠道物理屏障,促进畜禽健康生长[15],本试验结果与前人研究报道一致,分析认为槐角+槐花粗提物中多种抗氧化物质能够清除体内自由基,增强机体的抗氧化状态和免疫功能,改善其生长状态,从而提高生产性能[17]。

3.2 槐角+槐花粗提物对肉兔养分表观消化率和肠道消化酶活性的影响

肉兔对饲粮中养分的表观消化率和肠道消化酶活性是评估肉兔对饲粮中营养物质消化吸收能力的重要指标,提高养分表观消化率和肠道消化酶活性,可以有效提升生长肉兔的生长性能和健康水平。Du等[18]研究发现,在饲粮中添加中草药复合物(富含黄酮类物质)可以显著提高蒙古羔羊的粗蛋白质表观消化率。Wang等[19]研究表明,饲粮中添加9%富含黄酮等有效成分的丹参地上部分可以显著提高兔的干物质、总能和粗蛋白质表观消化率,并且显著提高肠道α-淀粉酶、脂肪酶和胰蛋白酶活性。Li等[20]研究发现,在每吨饲粮中加入100 g的姜黄素(富含黄酮类物质),能有效提升肉兔对总能、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗纤维、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维的消化率;同时,在每吨饲粮中添加50或150 g的姜黄素,能显著增强肉兔盲肠中α-淀粉酶和纤维素酶活性。本试验结果表明,饲粮中添加槐角+槐花粗提物显著提高了肉兔的粗蛋白质和总能表观消化率,十二指肠和空肠α-淀粉酶、脂肪酶、胰蛋白酶活性,以及盲肠纤维素酶活性。这与前人的报道一致,可能是槐角+槐花粗提物中的黄酮类物质促进了肉兔的肠道绒毛发育,加大了与食糜的接触面积并刺激了消化酶分泌[21],从而提高了消化酶活性和养分表观消化率。

3.3 槐角+槐花粗提物对肉兔免疫器官指数和血清生化与免疫指标的影响

肉兔的免疫器官指数和血清生化指标能反映其健康和生理状况。据申帅峰等[22]报道,饲粮中添加75 mg/kg万寿菊黄酮(属黄酮类物质)可以显著提高肉兔的脾脏指数、肾脏指数、胸腺指数,但对圆小囊指数的影响不显著。马龙飞等[23]研究表明,饲粮中添加250和500 mg/kg的芦丁分别显著提高了肉鸡脾脏指数和法氏囊指数(正常范围)。正常情况下肉兔圆小囊指数在0.7~1.2 g/kg[24],本试验中对照组的圆小囊指数显著增加且超出正常范围。在天然免疫阶段,免疫细胞参与炎症反应的产生、减弱和消退,免疫器官指数能够反映动物免疫细胞增殖速度[25],本试验中对照组圆小囊指数超出正常范围可能是因为发生了炎症,进而刺激相关免疫细胞增殖导致的。Zhan等[26]研究发现,山羊基础饲粮中添加芦丁在试验前期血清中TP含量显著高于对照组。王银玲等[27]研究发现,在饲粮中添加桑叶提取物(含黄酮类物质)对黄羽肉鸡血清ALB含量无显著影响。张红艳等[28]研究表明,饲粮中添加中药提取物(含黄酮类物质)可以显著提高海兰褐蛋鸡血清LYS含量。本试验结果表明,饲粮中添加槐角+槐花粗提物显著提高了肉兔血清TP和LYS含量。血清TP含量高能够促进动物机体代谢,LYS可以调节机体免疫功能,是生物体内重要的免疫因子。这些发现表明,饲粮中添加槐角+槐花粗提物可能通过调节细胞因子和抗体的产生来增强肉兔的免疫功能[29]。

3.4 槐角+槐花粗提物对肉兔肝脏抗氧化指标的影响

抗氧化指标反映了动物对体内自由基的清除能力和对相关损伤的修复能力。张馨等[30]研究表明,在饲粮中添加中草药添加剂(含黄酮类物质)显著提高了育成鸡血清T-AOC及GSH-Px、SOD、CAT活性,降低了MDA含量。Zhang等[31]研究表明,槐花提取物可以清除自由基。Choi等[32]研究表明,芦丁和芦丁苷可以清除自由基,有较强的抗氧化能力。本试验结果表明,饲粮中添加200或300 g/t槐角+槐花粗提物显著提高了肉兔肝脏SOD活性,前人的研究证实黄酮类化合物可通过激活核因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)信号通路增强抗氧化酶的表达和活性[33],分析认为本试验中槐角+槐花粗提物中的黄酮类化合物使肉兔的抗氧化酶活性提高,从而增强了肝脏的抗氧化能力。

4 结论

饲粮中添加槐角+槐花粗提物可以显著提高生长肉兔的生产性能,改善其消化功能和免疫性能,保障免疫器官正常发育,增强肝脏抗氧化能力。综合分析,本试验条件下生长肉兔饲粮中槐角+槐花粗提物的适宜添加水平为200 g/t。

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