REVIEW

Research Progress on Application of Microbiota Transplantation in Chicken Production

  • YUAN Lin ,
  • LI Wanli , * ,
  • JIN Wei ,
  • WANG Bingxun
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  • Institute of Animal Husbandry, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
* associate professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2024-10-10

  Online published: 2025-04-15

Abstract

Microbiota transplantation (MT) is an effective way to reshape gut microbiota of animals. Transplanting gut or fecal microbiota from healthy adult chickens to chicks could influence early colonization of the recipient chicken’s gut microbiota, and increase microbial diversity and abundance. A stable microbiota in the host gut prevents pathogenic colonization, improves the efficiency of diet digestion and absorption, thus helps improve the growth performance. This article reviews domestic and foreign MT researches conducted on chickens in recent years, analyzes and explores effects of MT technology on gut microbiota, intestinal tissue morphology, healthy immunity, and growth of recipient chickens in different studies, compares similarities and differences in selection of recipient chicken breeds, age, and MT processing time, in order to provide reference for standardization and secure application of MT technology in chicken production.

Cite this article

YUAN Lin , LI Wanli , JIN Wei , WANG Bingxun . Research Progress on Application of Microbiota Transplantation in Chicken Production[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2025 , 37(4) : 2101 -2109 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2025.178

动物体是各种微生物群的聚集地,这些微生物群之间相互影响,同时与宿主相互作用,在宿主的生理功能和机体健康中发挥着重要作用[1-2]。动物体各区域的微生物群落组成独特,具有不同的微生物生态位,超过98%的微生物群位于胃肠道内,称为肠道微生物群[3]。改善失调肠道微生物群的方法大致可以分为3类:一是使用抗生素消除致病菌株(因产生耐药菌株而慎用);二是给予特定的活性微生物(益生菌);三是转移整个肠道微生物群[微生物群移植(microbiota transplantation,MT)][4]
MT是将健康供体的肠道微生物群移植到患有肠道疾病或肠道菌群失调的受体体内,以恢复肠道菌群和功能的过程[5]。Khoruts等[6]通过对受体在MT前后的肠道菌群结构进行分析发现,MT受体的肠道菌群组成与供体的菌群组成非常相似,从而证明了MT具有很高的可行性。与益生菌相比,MT具有更大的优势,可以将整个微生物群作为一个“器官”进行转移,而且与其他器官移植不同,MT不会引发强烈的免疫反应或排斥反应[7]。目前,MT已被视为一种治疗手段,广泛应用于治疗肠道菌群紊乱相关性疾病(包括艰难梭菌感染、炎症性肠病、肠易激综合征)及消化系统以外的疾病(包括糖尿病、抑郁症、自闭症)[8]
近些年,伴随着MT在医学上取得的巨大成功,研究人员开始尝试将MT应用到动物上。研究发现,将MT技术应用在鸡生产中可以改善雏鸡的肠道发育[9],提高蛋鸡的产蛋性能[10],以及预防禽沙门氏菌的感染等[11]。本文总结了近年来MT技术对受体鸡肠道微生物群、肠道组织形态、肠道健康、免疫功能和生长发育的影响,比较了在供受体鸡品种、日龄选择以及MT处理时间上的异同,以期为MT技术在鸡生产中的标准化和安全应用提供参考。

1 MT对鸡肠道菌群及形态发育的影响

MT可以通过重塑受体肠道菌群的多样性和种类,从而调节受体糖、脂合成代谢相关基因的表达和盲肠内容物中短链脂肪酸浓度,并改变宿主的表观形态[12-13]。Glendinning等[14]选用40周龄罗斯肉鸡作为供体,通过灌胃成功地将盲肠微生物群移植到不同品系的雏鸡中,并发现受体的盲肠菌群丰度和多样性增加,表明盲肠微生物群移植(cecal microbiota transplantation,CMT)可以实现盲肠菌群在品系之间的稳定移植。Zhang等[1]选用成年母鸡作为供体制得粪便悬浮液,选择具有相同遗传背景的1日龄雏鸡作为受体,通过粪便微生物群移植(fecal microbiota transplantation,FMT)后显著提高了雏鸡空肠内容物和黏膜中乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌的相对丰度,表明FMT重塑了雏鸡肠道菌群。Ma等[15]选用3月龄高体重吐鲁番斗鸡×白来航鸡作为供体,1日龄黄羽雏鸡作为受体,结果显示,FMT提高了空肠乳酸杆菌的相对丰度(从66.94%提高至84.98%)。乳酸杆菌被公认为人类和动物肠道中的主要益生菌,它通过竞争性排斥极大地影响了肠道菌群的平衡,有利于双歧杆菌等有益菌的增殖,抑制葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌或链球菌等有害菌的增殖[16-17]。将健康吉林黄鸡的新鲜粪菌液灌喂海兰褐蛋雏鸡发现,FMT组鸡盲肠粪杆菌的相对丰度提高,FMT联合丁酸梭菌提高了副拟杆菌、粪杆菌和双歧杆菌等有益菌的相对丰度[18]。在皖南黄鸡中的研究表明,CMT提高了新生雏鸡盲肠厚壁菌门和疣状菌门的相对丰度[19]。Elokil等[20]评估了将饲料效率高的肉鸡粪便菌群移植至京红蛋雏鸡对其肠道菌群多样性的影响,结果表明,FMT后受体鸡盲肠厚壁菌门相对丰度和厚壁菌门/拟杆菌门(F/B)值提高,乳杆菌、乳球菌、双歧杆菌相对丰度提高。丁酸杆菌属、副杆菌属和乳杆菌属等菌属与短链脂肪酸的合成及膳食纤维的发酵有关,短链脂肪酸通过抑制病原体的增殖促进肠道健康[21],此类菌群相对丰度的提高表明肠道微生态系统向更有利的方向转变[22-23]
在清远麻鸡中的研究表明,将140日龄高脂肪母鸡盲肠菌群移植至雏鸡后,CMT导致受体鸡盲肠拟杆菌门、梭杆菌门、黏胶球形菌门和软壁菌门的相对丰度显著降低,而使放线菌门和广古菌门的相对丰度提高[24]。小鼠中的菌群移植研究表明,肠道微生物群是影响宿主脂肪合成与沉积的重要因素[25]。Torok等[26]研究发现,拟杆菌门与肉鸡生长性能相关。Ding等[27]报道,高脂肪鸡粪便和肠道中梭杆菌属及其相关属种的相对丰度较低。在肥胖小鼠的肠道中,菌群多样性尤其拟杆菌门的相对丰度显著低于正常小鼠[28]。研究表明,小檗碱可以重塑高能量低蛋白质饲粮蛋鸡的肠道菌群,减轻肝脏脂质沉积和肠道炎症,将小檗碱组肠道菌群移植至雏鸡后,显著降低了受体鸡弧菌属相对丰度,提高了拟杆菌属相对丰度[29]
雏鸡肠炎沙门氏菌感染试验的研究表明,沙门氏菌攻毒导致雏鸡盲肠菌群中副萨特氏菌属的相对丰度显著提高,而同时将无特定病原体(SPF)成年鸡粪便菌群移植至攻毒雏鸡后抑制了肠炎沙门氏菌在肝脏中的定殖,同时显著提高拟杆菌、副拟杆菌和普雷沃氏菌等菌群的相对丰度,提高了肠道菌群成熟度[30-31]。关于弯曲杆菌的研究结果显示,将健康成年鸡的粪便菌群移植至新孵化的雏鸡后,显著提高了受体鸡肠道丁酸杆菌属、副杆菌属和乳杆菌属等菌属的相对丰度,降低了盲肠弯曲杆菌的定殖,而攻毒弯曲杆菌后试验鸡均受感染,表明FMT对弯曲杆菌定殖的抑制作用受攻毒模型的影响[32]。将2周龄商品肉鸡盲肠菌群口服灌胃给新生雏鸡后,显著而短暂地改变了受体鸡肠道菌群结构,与对照组相比,CMT组雏鸡对病原体攻毒表现出一定的保护作用[33]。商品肉鸡肠道菌群具有较高的耐药性,SPF蛋鸡肠道菌群耐药性较低,朱见深等[34]将2组鸡盲肠菌群移植至新生雏鸡后,耐药水平得到遗传,因此成年SPF鸡盲肠菌群移植至雏鸡可以从源头控制肉鸡养殖过程中的耐药菌株问题。
MT还通过增加肉鸡空肠浆膜和肌层的厚度来改善肉鸡的肠道形态[35]。鸡的空肠组织是消化吸收养分的主要场所,其宽大的表面积有助于养分的吸收,且绒毛活跃的血液循环系统有利于转运养分,因此空肠组织形态是消化吸收养分能力的重要指标[36-37]。Song等[38]筛选母鸡粪菌液与菊粉联合应用,改善了雏鸡14日龄时肠道微生物群以及回肠形态和屏障功能。但Freedman等[39]研究表明,细菌释放的肠毒素是导致肠绒毛损伤的重要因素。Haifer等[40]研究表明,MT短期内通常会导致轻度和自限性胃肠道疾病,受体表现出腹泻现象,但恢复迅速,没有引起明显的体重减轻。小鼠肠道在短时间内接触到脂多糖(LPS)攻击,肠道屏障出现损伤和炎症反应,此类有害物质会导致肠道绒毛损伤[41]。而随着时间的推移,微生物结构趋于稳定,损伤得到修复[42]
粪便病毒移植(fecal virus transplantation,FVT)是一种在FMT的基础上进行高速离心和进一步过滤处理的方法,以确保滤液中的主要微生物是噬菌体,噬菌体占肠道病毒总数的90%以上[43-44]。FVT同FMT一样也可以稳定调节肠道微生物群落组成[45-46],但肉雏鸡经FMT后肠道菌群丰度更高,并更为迅速地将肠道菌群调节到稳定状态[47]。研究表明,在病理条件下,细菌和噬菌体都可以影响肠上皮细胞之间的紧密连接蛋白,并调节肠道通透性[48]。Feng等[47]采集28日龄爱拔益加(AA)肉鸡盲肠内容物制备FVT灌胃液,连续FVT灌胃5日龄雏鸡6 d后,细胞间紧密连接蛋白的表达量显著提高。Kim等[49]研究表明,噬菌体直接调节上皮细胞紧密连接。黏液层中噬菌体的存在形成了阻止细菌入侵的生物屏障,这可能是肠道屏障相关蛋白高表达的原因之一[50]

2 MT对鸡健康和免疫的影响

肠道炎症对鸡造成多种影响,包括采食量减少、养分消化和吸收效率降低,最终导致生产性能下降[51];同时,肠道炎症也会破坏肠道稳态[52],肠道稳态的破坏有助于病原体的繁殖,病原体损害肠黏膜,加重肠道炎症从而导致鸡的多种并发症[53-54]。研究表明,肠道炎症可以通过重塑肠道菌群来缓解,从而增强家禽的肠道健康[55]。Li等[56]研究表明,在肉鸡肠道炎症期间,添加乳酸杆菌可下调核因子-κB(NF-κB)和促炎细胞因子表达。FMT可提高空肠内容物和黏膜中乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌的相对丰度,降低促炎细胞因子[白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)、白细胞介素-12(IL-12)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)]水平,并增强抗炎细胞因子[白细胞介素-4(IL-4)和白细胞介素-10(IL-10)]水平,表明FMT通过重塑不平衡的肠道微生物群来减轻肠道炎症[1,57]。Wang等[30]研究了SPF成年鸡FMT对雏鸡感染肠炎沙门氏菌的疗效和机制,结果发现,FMT降低了受体鸡死亡率和肝脏炎症病变,提高了免疫力,并提高了对肠炎沙门氏菌感染的抵抗力。Song等[38]研究表明,FMT协同菊粉改善了雏鸡法氏囊指数以及回肠形态和屏障功能;之后的试验结果显示,FMT协同菊粉促进了雏鸡肠道相关淋巴组织的早期发育,从而通过调节分化簇28和细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关蛋白4来提高肠道的早期免疫力[58]。吉林黄鸡源FMT或FMT联合丁酸梭菌均可以促进海兰褐蛋雏鸡早期免疫系统发育和成熟[18]。FMT和FVT均能改善白羽肉仔鸡回肠黏膜免疫和屏障功能,促进LPS攻毒后的恢复,且FVT对机体的刺激性更小,能更好地发挥免疫激活作用,同时降低致病基因的传播风险[59]。将海兰褐蛋鸡的粪便悬浮液移植至雏鸡体内,结果发现,FMT显著增加了雏鸡14日龄时法氏囊卵泡及髓质的面积,提高血清和肠道中免疫活性物质[IL-10和免疫球蛋白A(IgA)等]水平,以及杯状细胞的数量[60]
MT在地方鸡免疫功能上也有相关研究,皖南黄鸡中CMT试验结果显示,60日龄时CMT组中雏鸡血清免疫球蛋白G(IgG)水平显著高于对照组,表明CMT调节了雏鸡早期肠道免疫力[19]。以成年蛋鸡为供体,取其盲肠微生物群移植在84日龄雄性蛋雏鸡体内,研究CMT在改善蛋鸡健康状况方面的作用,结果显示,CMT在第5周显著影响回肠黏膜分泌型免疫球蛋白A(sIgA)水平,提高肠道5-羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine,5-HT)活性[61]。肠道5-HT通过多种5-HT受体的信号传导作用于免疫细胞的激活,从而调节细胞因子的产生,因此其活性变化可能对炎症信号传导和应激反应有影响[62]。细菌可分为高IgA涂层和低IgA涂层2类[63],高IgA涂层细菌类型的转移会导致肠道损伤[64-65],FMT后sIgA水平显著升高可能归因于高IgA涂层的细菌数量增加,细菌刺激免疫细胞或淋巴组织[47,66]。IgA调节微生物群组成,促进肠道稳态[67],因此FMT调节的肠道菌群对外部刺激的反应可能更稳定。
Th17/Treg细胞平衡在炎症性肠炎的诊疗中具有重要意义[68]。研究表明,肠道菌群可以通过平衡Th17/Treg细胞来调节免疫稳态[69]。将生长性能较好、粪便中乳酸杆菌丰富的健康供体的粪菌液移植至1日龄雏鸡,显著降低空肠Th17细胞相关转录因子和细胞因子,增加Treg细胞相关转录因子,有利于维持Th17/Treg细胞平衡和免疫稳态[15]
肠道菌群还可以通过肠-脑和肠道-免疫轴影响多种生物过程,包括免疫和神经内分泌系统,从而影响宿主的生理和行为稳态[70-71]。啄羽是鸡的一种破坏性行为,会影响生产性能和动物福利,高啄羽品系鸡的免疫反应更为灵敏,对环境的反应更强烈[72]。益生菌群可以影响鸡的细胞因子水平、5-HT合成及多巴胺能神经传导[73]。Van Der Eijk等[74]在高啄羽品系和低啄羽品系雏鸡孵化后的前2周实施FMT,结果显示,早期FMT降低了外周血清素水平和免疫球蛋白M(IgM)滴度,并改善重度啄羽行为。

3 MT对鸡生产性能的影响

有益菌群在肠道中的早期定殖可以提高生长性能,但有害菌群的早期定殖可能导致肠道炎症,破坏肠道结构,影响营养吸收,最终导致生产性能受损[75]。将生长性能表现良好的成年鸡粪菌液移植给1日龄雏鸡28 d后,FMT组鸡增重、腿肌重和胸肌重均显著高于对照组[76]。单独吉林黄鸡源FMT或联合丁酸梭菌均可以促进海兰褐蛋雏鸡肠道绒毛发育,提高吸收率,显著提高蛋雏鸡日增重[18]。在皖南黄鸡品系中的60 d饲养试验表明,健康供体鸡CMT对新孵化雏鸡的体增重有显著改善作用[19]。柔嫩艾美耳球虫的攻毒试验显示,与对照组相比,CMT或FMT均可以显著减轻球虫感染后鸡只增重降低的影响[77]
肠道中F/B值与体细胞生长呈正相关[78],高F/B值肠道菌群的鸡产挥发性脂肪酸能力更强,能够更有效地利用饲料能量[79]。将饲料效率高的肉鸡粪菌移植至京红蛋雏鸡后提高了肠道F/B值,改善了受体鸡体增重[20]。产蛋鸡的体重-年龄关系与产蛋鸡的蛋重和产蛋数直接相关[80],因此京红鸡的早期体重增加有利于提高产蛋性能。FMT组母鸡的产蛋时间比对照组延长,公鸡具有更为良好的鸡冠高度和颜色、翼展、周长及鸡腿长度等外部形态特征[81-82]

4 MT效果受供受体鸡品种、日龄及MT处理时间的影响

在MT研究中,理想供体应为菌群丰度大、成熟稳定的健康鸡群,因此供体鸡多选择健康成年蛋鸡或肉鸡,也有研究以品种间菌群影响或攻毒保护为目的,选用低日龄健康鸡为供体[20,77],而受体鸡大都选用肠道菌群尚未稳固的1日龄雏鸡。由于鸡的盲肠和粪便中菌群丰度最大,因此主要取样部位为盲肠或粪便,也有研究取回肠、盲肠及结肠内容物混合制成移植液[74]。在MT处理方式方面,国内外研究中除朱见深等[34]是采用泄殖腔注入的方式,其余均采用经口灌胃的处理方式。MT时间因各试验需求不同差异较大,表1列举了部分较为典型的鸡MT试验研究中供受体鸡品种、日龄、MT处理时间及研究结果。
表1 鸡MT研究供受体及处理时间

Table 1 Donor, recipient and processing time of chicken MT research

编号
Number
供体
Donor
受体
Recipient
MT处理时间
MT processing
time
结论
Conclusion
参考文献
References
1 14日龄健康海兰褐鸡,
盲肠内容物
14日龄海兰褐鸡
(球虫攻毒)
14~21日龄 微生物群移植(MT)显著减轻
球虫感染后鸡增重降低的影响,
减轻盲肠损伤
[77]
2 200日龄无特定病原体
(SPF)鸡,42日龄商品
肉鸡,盲肠内容物
1日龄SPF鸡 1日龄
(泄殖腔注入)
MT可以从源头降低SPF鸡雏鸡
肠道菌群抗药性,降低养殖环境中高
抗药性病原菌的危害
[34]
3 3月龄雄性高体重吐鲁番
斗鸡×白来航鸡,
粪便悬浮液
1日龄雄性
黄羽鸡
1~28日龄 MT提高乳杆菌相对丰度和色氨酸
代谢产物水平,并通过平衡Th17/
Treg细胞提高鸡的生长性能
[15]
4 7周龄吐鲁番斗鸡×
白来航鸡,粪便悬浮液
1日龄鸡 1~30日龄 将高体重成年鸡粪便菌群移植
至雏鸡体内,重塑空肠微生物群,
减轻炎症反应,提高鸡的生长性能
[1]
5 140日龄雌性高腹脂率
清远麻鸡,盲肠内容物
1日龄清远麻鸡 1~9日龄 MT促进脂肪酸的延长和生物合成,
降低盲肠微生物群丰度,减少盲肠中
维生素、类固醇和碳水化合物的代谢
[24]
6 成年白来航鸡,回肠、
盲肠和结肠内容物
1日龄白来航鸡 1~14日龄 MT降低外周血清素水平和
免疫球蛋白M(IgM)滴度,
并改善重度啄羽行为
[74]
7 1日龄科宝(Cobb)-500
肉雏鸡,粪便悬浮液
1日龄京红蛋鸡 1~28日龄 MT通过重塑独特的
肠道微生物群来改善体增重
[20]

5 小结与展望

在鸡生产中应用MT技术可将健康成年鸡的微生物群移植到雏鸡中,提高受体鸡的菌群丰度和多样性,并通过增加浆膜肌层的厚度改善雏鸡的肠道形态,从而改善雏鸡的病原体耐受性和生长性能。然而,各研究应用MT技术时供体取样部位和MT处理时间差异较大,对病原体传播、受体接受度和无法标准化治疗方案的担忧仍然存在。因此,未来应针对MT进行改进,对供体进行统一的筛选(包括细菌、真菌、原生动物、病毒、细胞因子和代谢物),确定哪些有益的,同时考虑如何改进供体和宿主的匹配,以降低MT的风险。
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