Effects of Iron Glycine Chelate on Performance, Iron Nutritional Status, Immune and Antioxidant Capacity of Sows and Piglets

YANG Yuansen; XIAO Nuo; WEI Yu; LIN Yusheng; XU Ziping; LAI Changhua; WANG Lu

doi:10.12418/CJAN2025.194

2025 , Vol. 37 >Issue 4: 2287 - 2295

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2025.194

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Iron Glycine Chelate on Performance, Iron Nutritional Status, Immune and Antioxidant Capacity of Sows and Piglets

YANG Yuansen ^,¹ ,
XIAO Nuo ¹ ,
WEI Yu ¹ ,
LIN Yusheng ² ,
XU Ziping ² ,
LAI Changhua ¹ ,
WANG Lu ^,¹^,^*

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¹ State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
² Shanghai Bestar Biochemical Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201808, China

^* associate professor, E-mail: wanglucau@163.com

Received date: 2024-08-22

Online published: 2025-04-15

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Abstract

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of iron glycine chelate (Fe-Gly) in late gestation and lactation on performance, iron nutritional status, immune and antioxidant capacity of sows and piglets. Forty Landrace×Yorkshire sows of proven (2 to 4 litters) with similar body condition and backfat on day 85 of gestation were selected and randomly divided into 2 groups with 20 replicates per group and 1 sow per replicate. Sows in the control group were fed a corn-soybean meal type basal diet, and those in Fe-Gly group were fed the basal diet+3 g/kg Fe-Gly (iron content was 15 to 20 g/kg). The experiment lasted for 51 days, starting from the day 85 of gestation of sows and ending after weaning of piglets at 21 days of age. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with the control group, the number of healthy litter born (P=0.07) and number of weaning live litter (P=0.06) in Fe-Gly group had an increasing trend. 2) Compared with the control group, the blood hemoglobin (HGB) content of newborn piglets in Fe-Gly group was significantly increased (P<0.05), the blood red blood cell counts of newborn piglets (P=0.09) and blood HGB content of weaning piglets (P=0.08) had an increasing trend. 3) Compared with the control group, the serum iron content of parturition sows (P=0.08), the serum contents of iron and ferritin of newborn piglets (P=0.09), and the milk iron content of sows in Fe-Gly group had an increasing trend, and the serum iron content of weaned piglets and the serum ferritin content of parturition sows were significantly increased (P≤0.05). 4) Compared with the control group, the serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) content of lactating sows and serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) content of newborn piglets in Fe-Gly group were significantly increased (P≤0.05). 5) Compared with the control group, the serum glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity of parturition sows and weaning piglets in Fe-Gly group was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the serum copper and zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) activity of lactating sows was significantly increased (P<0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation of Fe-Gly in late gestation and lactation can improve the performance of sows and piglets, and improve their iron nutritional status, immune and antioxidant capacity.

Key words： iron glycine chelate; sows; piglets; performance; iron nutrition; immune; antioxidant

Cite this article

YANG Yuansen , XIAO Nuo , WEI Yu , LIN Yusheng , XU Ziping , LAI Changhua , WANG Lu . Effects of Iron Glycine Chelate on Performance, Iron Nutritional Status, Immune and Antioxidant Capacity of Sows and Piglets[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2025 , 37(4) : 2287 -2295 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2025.194

微量元素铁是血液中的重要组分,对于维持动物造血功能、免疫能力和抗氧化能力具有重要的作用^[1]。妊娠期间,胎儿肝脏中储存的铁元素是初生仔猪红细胞生成和其他需铁过程中铁的主要来源。进入哺乳期后,仔猪主要的铁摄取来自于乳汁,因此在妊娠期和哺乳期母猪的铁营养状况与仔猪的生长发育密切相关。此外,若母猪在妊娠过程中无法获得足够的微量元素,则需要分解自身组织中沉积的矿物元素以满足生产需求,引起母猪胚胎存活率降低、流产以及使用年限降低等问题^[2]。因此,改善妊娠母猪和仔猪铁营养状况具有重要的意义。

氨基酸螯合铁作为第3代铁添加剂,具有高利用率、化学稳定性好、适口性好以及环境污染小等优点,其吸收率远远高于无机铁^[3]。矿物质螯合物的稳定结构防止了矿物质与消化道中饲粮化合物的不良相互作用,可以直接通过肠道被吸收^[4-5]。研究发现,氨基酸螯合铁能通过母猪胎盘和乳汁传递给仔猪,从而预防缺铁性贫血,促进仔猪生长^[6]。董冬华^[7]研究表明,饲粮中添加Fe-Gly能够改善妊娠母猪铁营养状况,提高其抗氧化能力。Li等^[8]研究表明,在妊娠后期和哺乳期母猪饲粮中添加Fe-Gly能够提高仔猪各器官铁含量,并提高血液中血红蛋白(HGB)、铁蛋白和血清铁等含量。然而,Egeli等^[9]研究发现,饲粮中添加氨基酸螯合铁对母猪妊娠期血液HGB含量和红细胞压积(HCT)没有显著影响。在母猪饲粮中添加有机物螯合铁能否有效代替注射铁而预防仔猪贫血,以及能否促进仔猪生长发育,还存在较大争议^[10]。同时,在母猪妊娠后期和哺乳期饲粮中添加氨基酸螯合铁对母猪和仔猪整体铁营养状况的系统研究较少。因此,本试验在妊娠后期(第85天)至哺乳期的母猪饲粮中添加甘氨酸螯合铁(Fe-Gly),探究Fe-Gly对母猪及其仔猪生产性能、铁营养状况以及免疫和抗氧化能力的影响,为提高母猪繁殖能力、改善母猪和仔猪铁营养状况及减弱疾病的易感性提供科学依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验设计

本试验在国家饲料工程技术研究中心丰宁动物试验基地进行,所有动物试验操作均按照中国农业大学实验动物福利与动物实验伦理审查委员会批准的相关程序和要求执行(批准文号:AW62804202-1-1)。

试验采用单因素试验设计,选用40头妊娠第85天、胎次为2~4以及体况和背膘相近的“长×大”二元经产母猪,随机分为2组,每组20个重复,每个重复1头猪。对照组饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮,Fe-Gly组饲喂基础饲粮+3 g/kg Fe-Gly(铁含量为15~20 g/kg)。基础饲粮参照NRC(2012)^[11]营养需要配制,其组成及营养水平见表1。试验期51 d,从母猪妊娠第85天开始到仔猪21日龄断奶后结束。

表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(饲喂基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of basal diets (as-fed basis) %

项目 Items	妊娠后期 Late gestation	哺乳期 Lactation
原料Ingredients
玉米Corn	50.00	55.00
豆粕Soybean meal	14.00	17.00
小麦麸Wheat bran	26.00	6.00
膨化玉米Extruded corn		5.00
膨化大豆Extruded soybean	3.00	3.00
发酵豆粕Fermented soybean	2.00	2.00
鱼粉Fish meal	1.00	5.00
脂肪粉Fatty powder		3.00
预混料Premix¹⁾	4.00	4.00
合计Total	100.00	100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels²⁾
消化能DE/(MJ/kg)	12.85	13.82
粗蛋白质CP	16.70	18.04
钙Ca	0.94	0.97
总磷TP	0.64	0.73
赖氨酸Lys	0.90	1.03
蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸Met+Cys	0.63	0.68
苏氨酸Thr	0.64	0.70

1)每千克预混料含有 One kilogram of the premix contained the following:VA 130 000~175 000 IU,VD₃ 50 000~125 000 IU,VE 500 IU,VK≥45 mg,VB₁≥50 mg,VB₂≥150 mg,VB₆≥100 mg,VB₁₂≥0.5 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 650 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid≥450 mg,叶酸 folic acid≥80 mg,生物素 biotin≥10 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 2.4~18.0 g,Cu (as copper sulfate) 0.20~0.62 g,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 1.0~2.5 g,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 0.5~2.0 g,I (as potassium iodide) 10~50 g,Se (as sodium selenite) 5.0~12.5 g,Ca 80 g,P 60 g。

2)消化能根据《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2020年第31版)》计算得到,其余均为实测值。DE was calculated according to China Feed Composition and Nutritional Value Tables (31st edition, 2020), while the others were measured values.

1.2 饲养管理

从妊娠第85天至第107天,母猪被单独圈养在妊娠舍的限位栏里,每头母猪每天喂2.5 kg饲粮(09:00和15:00各喂1次);妊娠第107天时,所有母猪经过清洗消毒后转入产房,于分娩栏内饲养;分娩当天,母猪饲喂1.5 kg饲粮,之后第7天根据母猪的采食和产后恢复情况以0.5 kg/d左右的饲喂量逐渐增加至母猪的最大采食量,并自由饮水。产房环境温度控制在20~23 ℃。根据常规管理程序,仔猪出生24 h后在各组内以寄养方式平衡母猪的带仔数。

1.3 样品收集

母猪分娩当天,每窝选取1头初生体重相近的仔猪采集胎盘脐带血;哺乳第21天,每窝选取1头接近平均体重的仔猪进行前腔静脉采血;母猪分娩当天以及哺乳第21天对母猪进行耳缘静脉采血。血液样品均为:采集5 mL血液缓慢注入真空肝素钠抗凝管中,缓慢颠倒混匀,于4 ℃保存备用,用于血常规指标的检测(24 h内送检);另采血5 mL血液缓慢注入真空非常抗凝管中,室温下倾斜放置1 h,1 500×g离心15 min分离血清,于-20 ℃冰箱中保存备用。分娩后,立即从母猪身体两侧的第1和最后一个乳房采集大约50 mL初乳样本,-20 ℃保存待测。

1.4 测定指标及方法

1.4.1 饲粮营养水平

饲粮粗蛋白质(CP)、钙(Ca)、总磷(TP)和氨基酸含量分别按照GB/T 6432—2018^[12]、GB/T 6436—2018^[13]、GB/T 6437—2018^[14]和GB/T 18246—2019^[15]方法进行测定。

1.4.2 母猪繁殖性能和仔猪生长性能

母猪分娩后记录每头母猪的采食量,并计算母猪分娩至哺乳期第21天之间的平均日采食量。分别于分娩后24 h内和哺乳期第21天,采用超声背膘仪(Piglog105,SFK Technology A/S,丹麦)测量母猪P2位点(最后一根肋骨距背中线6 cm处)的背膘厚度,并计算哺乳期间背膘损失。在母猪分娩结束后,记录母猪总产仔数、初生健仔数(初生体重≥1 kg)以及产程等,对每头初生仔猪进行单独称重,记录仔猪初生重以及仔猪窝重。在哺乳期第21天,对每头初生仔猪进行单独称重,记录仔猪断奶重、断奶窝重以及断奶活仔数,计算仔猪平均日增重。

1.4.3 血液和乳汁指标测定

红细胞计数(RBC)、HGB和HCT采用全自动生化分析仪(Sysmex Microcell Counter CL-180,日本)测定;血清铁含量参照试剂盒(北京利德曼生化股份有限公司)说明书进行测定;血清铁蛋白含量采用放射免疫法检测;参照免疫球蛋白特异性试剂盒(北京利德曼生化股份有限公司)说明书步骤,采用酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)法检测血清免疫球蛋白A(IgA)和免疫球蛋白G(IgG)含量;血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(Cu/Zn-SOD)活性根据试剂盒(南京建成生物工程研究所)说明进行测定;乳汁铁含量采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(NexION 300,PerkinElmer,美国)进行测定。

1.5 数据统计分析

试验数据采用Excel 2010进行初步整理后,采用Shapiro-Wilk统计量(W>0.05)评估试验数据的正态性,并采用Levene’s Test检验方差的齐性。采用SAS 9.4的UNIVARIATE程序检测数据异常值,采用独立t检验程序用于比较2个组的差异显著性。试验结果数据以“平均值±标准差”形式表示,P≤0.05为差异显著,0.05<P<0.10为差异有显著趋势。

2 结果

2.1 Fe-Gly对母猪繁殖性能和仔猪生长性能的影响

由表2可知,2组之间母猪窝产活仔数、初生窝重、产程、断奶窝重及哺乳仔猪平均日增重等均无显著差异(P>0.05)。与对照组相比,Fe-Gly组窝产健仔数(P=0.07)和断奶活仔数(P=0.06)有提高趋势。

表2 Fe-Gly对母猪繁殖性能和仔猪生长性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of Fe-Gly on reproductive performance of sows and growth performance of piglets

项目 Items	对照组 Control group	Fe-Gly组 Fe-Gly group	P值 P-value
哺乳期平均日采食量ADFI during lactation/kg	6.13±0.25	6.36±0.28	0.45
哺乳期背膘损失Backfat loss during lactation/mm	1.42±0.13	1.38±0.16	0.51
窝产活仔数Number of live litter born/头	13.29±1.99	13.67±1.68	0.55
窝产健仔数Number of healthy litter born/头	11.94±2.14	12.88±1.44	0.07
初生窝重Newborn litter weight/kg	18.73±3.00	18.38±2.64	0.71
初生平均重Average weight at birth/kg	1.42±0.15	1.35±0.17	0.26
产程Length of labor/h	5.13±0.30	4.82±0.32	0.26
21日龄断奶活仔数Number of live litter weaned at 21 days of age/kg	12.06±1.25	12.81±0.91	0.06
21日龄断奶窝重Weaning litter weight at 21 days of age/kg	69.45±11.14	70.52±9.89	0.77
21日龄仔猪断奶重Weaning weight of piglets at 21 days of age/kg	5.80±0.98	5.50±0.67	0.33
哺乳仔猪平均日增重ADG of suckling piglets/kg	0.21±0.05	0.20±0.03	0.41

2.2 Fe-Gly对母猪和仔猪血常规指标的影响

由表3可知,与对照组相比,Fe-Gly组初生仔猪血液HGB含量显著提高(P<0.05),初生仔猪血液RBC(P=0.09)和断奶仔猪血液HGB含量(P=0.08)有提高趋势。

表3 Fe-Gly对母猪和仔猪血常规指标的影响

Table 3 Effects of Fe-Gly on blood routine indices of sows and piglets

项目 Items	阶段 Stage	对照组 Control group	Fe-Gly组 Fe-Gly group	P值 P-value
红细胞计数 RBC/(×10¹²个/L)	分娩母猪Parturition sows	5.17±0.38	5.32±0.64	0.50
	哺乳母猪Lactating sows	5.50±0.68	5.32±1.50	0.75
	初生仔猪Newborn piglets	5.10±0.85	5.59±0.54	0.09
	断奶仔猪Weaning piglets	4.72±0.16	5.06±0.22	0.26
血红蛋白 HGB/(g/L)	分娩母猪Parturition sows	104.40±6.87	109.67±12.06	0.24
	哺乳母猪Lactating sows	111.38±14.07	115.20±35.13	0.76
	初生仔猪Newborn piglets	100.30±16.38	111.50±12.86	0.02
	断奶仔猪Weaning piglets	89.22±7.87	96.09±16.92	0.08
红细胞压积 HCT/%	分娩母猪Parturition sows	33.15±2.05	34.22±3.85	0.44
	哺乳母猪Lactating sows	36.56±6.40	36.95±13.41	0.94
	初生仔猪Newborn piglets	35.51±5.75	39.12±4.80	0.12
	断奶仔猪Weaning piglets	31.42±2.22	31.80±5.03	0.84

2.3 Fe-Gly对母猪和仔猪血清铁和铁蛋白含量以及母猪乳汁铁含量的影响

由表4可知,与对照组相比,Fe-Gly组分娩母猪血清铁含量(P=0.08)、初生仔猪血清铁和铁蛋白含量(P=0.09)以及母猪乳汁铁含量(P=0.08)有提高趋势,断奶仔猪血清铁含量以及分娩母猪血清铁蛋白含量显著提高(P≤0.05)。

表4 Fe-Gly对母猪和仔猪血清铁和铁蛋白含量以及母猪乳汁铁含量的影响

Table 4 Effects of Fe-Gly on serum contents of iron and ferritin of sows and piglets and milk iron content of sows

项目 Items	对照组 Control group	Fe-Gly组 Fe-Gly group	P值 P-value
血清铁Serum iron/(μmol/L)
分娩母猪Parturition sows	16.31±6.82	21.43±5.95	0.08
哺乳母猪Lactating sows	24.54±5.70	24.89±5.11	0.89
初生仔猪Newborn piglets	14.88±6.10	18.65±5.58	0.09
断奶仔猪Weaning piglets	8.88±2.97	11.18±4.93	0.02
血清铁蛋白Serum ferritin/(ng/mL)
分娩母猪Parturition sows	8.68±2.95	14.33±8.51	0.05
哺乳母猪Lactating sows	7.79±2.88	9.14±2.56	0.36
初生仔猪Newborn piglets	6.32±1.00	7.09±1.00	0.09
断奶仔猪Weaning piglets	6.80±1.85	7.97±2.00	0.24
乳汁铁Milk iron/(μg/g)	17.76±3.72	23.75±10.04	0.08

2.4 Fe-Gly对母猪和仔猪血清免疫和抗氧化指标的影响

由表5可知,与对照组相比,Fe-Gly组哺乳母猪血清IgA含量和初生仔猪血清IgG含量显著提高(P≤0.05),分娩母猪和断奶仔猪血清GSH-Px活性显著提高(P<0.05),哺乳母猪血清Cu/Zn-SOD活性显著提高(P<0.05);此外,Fe-Gly组分娩母猪和初生仔猪血清IgA含量有提高趋势(P=0.09),哺乳母猪血清GSH-Px活性有提高趋势(P=0.08),初生仔猪血清Cu/Zn-SOD活性有提高趋势(P=0.06)。

表5 Fe-Gly对母猪和仔猪血清免疫和抗氧化指标的影响

Table 5 Effects of Fe-Gly on serum immune and antioxidant indices of sows and piglets

项目 Items	对照组 Control group	Fe-Gly组 Fe-Gly group	P值 P-value
分娩母猪Parturition sows
免疫球蛋白A IgA/(g/L)	0.59±0.12	0.88±0.49	0.09
免疫球蛋白G IgG/(g/L)	10.93±1.14	11.38±1.84	0.52
铜锌超氧化物歧化酶Cu/Zn-SOD/(U/mL)	79.62±8.69	83.66±5.95	0.21
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(U/mL)	605.95±59.16	658.16±41.17	0.02
哺乳母猪Lactating sows
免疫球蛋白A IgA/(g/L)	0.51±0.10	0.84±0.46	0.05
免疫球蛋白G IgG/(g/L)	11.82±1.41	11.31±1.85	0.48
铜锌超氧化物歧化酶Cu/Zn-SOD/(U/mL)	30.64±5.20	42.50±9.52	<0.01
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(U/mL)	630.48±50.58	663.57±32.83	0.08
初生仔猪Newborn piglets
免疫球蛋白A IgA/(g/L)	0.83±0.52	1.30±0.77	0.09
免疫球蛋白G IgG/(g/L)	1.21±0.39	1.89±0.64	0.01
铜锌超氧化物歧化酶Cu/Zn-SOD/(U/mL)	55.95±11.86	64.90±19.37	0.06
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(U/mL)	237.32±29.55	225.89±61.59	0.63
断奶仔猪Weaning piglets
免疫球蛋白A IgA/(g/L)	1.07±0.23	1.28±0.31	0.15
免疫球蛋白G IgG/(g/L)	11.46±1.62	11.76±2.34	0.75
铜锌超氧化物歧化酶Cu/Zn-SOD/(U/mL)	46.52±15.08	42.14±11.90	0.48
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(U/mL)	415.71±82.31	450.89±76.57	0.01

3 讨论

3.1 Fe-Gly对母猪繁殖性能和仔猪生长性能的影响

母猪严重缺铁时,由于胎盘调节功能有限,其转铁蛋白受体数下降,会减少胎盘铁的摄入,从而影响胎儿铁代谢,导致铁缺乏,进而造成弱仔数增加、生长发育受阻等问题^[16]。大量研究表明,在母猪饲粮中添加氨基酸螯合铁能够提高母猪窝产活仔数和仔猪初生重等繁殖性能^[7,17-18]。本研究结果表明,母猪饲粮中添加Fe-Gly对窝产活仔数和仔猪初生重等无显著影响;不过,与对照组相比,Fe-Gly组窝产健仔数和断奶活仔数分别提高了7.87%和6.22%,死胎数降低了31%,这与前人的研究结果^[19⇓-21]部分一致。母猪饲粮中添加Fe-Gly能够改善其繁殖性能,可能是由于Fe-Gly的吸收是以一种容易穿透胎盘的方式进行^[22-23],这为仔猪通过胎盘摄入更多的铁提供了条件,从而改善了母猪和仔猪的铁营养状况,进而提高了其免疫和抗氧化能力。此外,健仔数的提高通常与母猪产程有紧密的联系,正常母猪产程为2~6 h,产程过长容易造成初生仔猪窒息。本试验发现,与对照组相比,Fe-Gly组母猪平均产程缩短了18.6 min,这与石磊等^[24]的研究结果一致,这可能是本试验窝产健仔数提高的原因之一。

生长性能是评价畜禽生产能力的主要经济指标。本研究中,母猪饲粮中添加Fe-Gly对仔猪断奶重和平均日增重无显著影响。然而,董冬华^[7]研究表明,在妊娠后期和哺乳期添加Fe-Gly(80或100 mg/kg)能显著提高仔猪哺乳期平均日增重。赵冬琴等^[25]研究表明,在妊娠后期和哺乳期母猪饲粮中添加100 mg/kg Fe-Gly后,与对照组相比,仔猪断奶重提高了12.26%。本试验中Fe-Gly的添加量较低(45 mg/kg),这可能导致了哺乳仔猪的生长性能结果未达到显著差异。此外,Fe-Gly的添加时间、品质、动物初始铁营养状况以及饲养环境等不同也会导致结果的差异^[7]。

3.2 Fe-Gly对母猪和仔猪铁营养状况的影响

由于铁在机体内参与HGB和红细胞的合成过程,因此血液中两者的相关参数常用作评价机体铁营养状况。动物若缺乏铁,往往会导致血液HGB含量和HCT等偏低^[26]。本试验结果显示,与对照组相比,Fe-Gly组初生仔猪血液HGB含量显著提高,这一发现与前人的研究结果^[7,24,27]一致,其原因可能是母猪摄取的Fe-Gly通过胎盘转移到胎儿体内,被胎儿吸收利用。妊娠后期胎儿生长迅速,往往需要大量铁元素,饲粮中补充绿色高效的铁制剂可有效提高胎儿的贮铁水平^[28]。

血清铁是机体铁营养状况的敏感指标,能够反映机体铁的储存及其在血液中的运输情况,已被用于铁补充剂生物利用度的定性测量^[29]。大量研究表明,在妊娠后期和哺乳期母猪饲粮中添加Fe-Gly能够显著提高断奶仔猪血清铁含量^[30],本研究结果与上述报道一致。在现代集约化猪场中,仔猪在哺乳期除通过肌肉注射右旋糖酐铁注射液补充铁外,绝大多数铁的摄取来源于乳汁,因此,哺乳期母猪乳汁铁含量对于仔猪的生长发育至关重要。Xing等^[19]研究发现,母猪饲粮中添加Fe-Gly能够显著提高母猪初乳中铁含量,这与本研究结果基本一致,这可能是由于本试验所用的Fe-Gly中铁以甘氨酸螯合铁的形式存在,吸收效率高,且1分子甘氨酸螯合2分子铁,更多的铁可通过胎盘和乳汁传递,从而提高了机体对铁的利用效率。血清铁蛋白含量常用于评价机体铁营养状况,当动物患缺铁性贫血时,会造成机体铁蛋白含量降低^[30]。本试验发现,饲粮中添加Fe-Gly可以显著提高分娩母猪血清铁蛋白含量,这与先前研究结果^[7,30]一致。上述结果表明,在妊娠后期和哺乳期母猪饲粮中添加Fe-Gly可以增加铁的转运与吸收,进而改善母猪和仔猪铁营养状况。

3.3 Fe-Gly对母猪和仔猪免疫和抗氧化能力的影响

当机体铁元素不足时,可能会降低免疫系统的功能,从而增加对疾病的易感性。Baliga等^[31]报道,缺铁小鼠体内IgG和免疫球蛋白M(IgM)明显减少,其免疫机能降低。本试验结果表明,在母猪饲粮中添加Fe-Gly能够显著提高初生仔猪血清IgG含量,这与周志^[30]的研究结果一致。IgG产生的正向效应可能与两方面的原因有关:一方面,Fe-Gly提高了仔猪对铁的利用率,提高了涉铁酶的活力,进而促进了淋巴细胞的增殖和IgG的分泌^[32];另一方面,本试验证实了母猪饲粮中Fe-Gly可以提高初生仔猪血液HGB含量,而红细胞可以增强淋巴细胞的转化率,从而增加IgG的合成^[32]。此外,本试验还发现,饲粮中添加Fe-Gly可显著提高母猪血清IgA含量,目前尚未见关于铁与IgA关系和作用的研究报道,其机理有待进一步研究。

动物机体的抗氧化能力往往受到机体铁含量的影响,铁在机体的抗氧化系统发挥着双重作用,一方面,铁是多种抗氧化酶的催化中心,若摄取不足,会增强机体对应激的敏感度,从而降低动物的抗氧化能力^[33];另一方面,过量的铁在体内能促进氧自由基的产生,通过芬顿、哈勃反应催化有毒的氧中间体的产生^[34]。Xing等^[19]研究发现,妊娠期饲粮中添加Fe-Gly(500 mg/kg)可提高分娩母猪血清GSH-Px活性;董冬华^[7]研究表明,妊娠后期和哺乳期母猪饲粮中添加Fe-Gly能够显著提高母猪血清GSH-Px活性,并有提高断奶仔猪血清GSH-Px活性的趋势,以上结果均与本研究结果一致。此外,本试验还发现,饲粮中添加Fe-Gly可以显著提高哺乳母猪血清Cu/Zn-SOD活性,并有提高初生仔猪血清Cu/Zn-SOD活性的趋势。铁可通过机体酶促抗氧化系统清除体内代谢产生的强氧化剂过氧化氢等^[35],其过程可能与产生Cu/Zn-SOD有关。综上所述,母猪饲粮中添加适宜的Fe-Gly能够有效改善母猪和仔猪的免疫和抗氧化能力。

4 结论

在妊娠后期和哺乳期母猪饲粮中添加Fe-Gly可以提高母猪和仔猪生产性能,并提高母猪和仔猪铁营养状况以及免疫和抗氧化能力,其是一种绿色有效的补铁剂。

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