1 材料与方法
1.1 伦理声明
1.2 试验动物及饲养管理
1.3 基础饲粮
表1 番鸭基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of basal diets for Muscovy ducks (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 含量Content | |
|---|---|---|
| 1~14日龄 1 to 14 days of age | 15~70日龄 15 to 70 days of age | |
| 原料Ingredients | ||
| 玉米Corn | 58.90 | 56.50 |
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 28.00 | 20.00 |
| 小麦麸Wheat bran | 7.26 | 18.00 |
| 豆油Soybean oil | 2.04 | 1.85 |
| 石粉Limestone | 1.13 | 1.16 |
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 0.67 | 0.64 |
| 赖氨酸Lys | 0.28 | 0.31 |
| 蛋氨酸Met | 0.26 | 0.24 |
| 食盐NaCl | 0.40 | 0.24 |
| 氯化胆碱Choline chloride | 0.06 | 0.06 |
| 预混料Premix1) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | ||
| 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) | 12.12 | 11.58 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 20.50 | 16.50 |
| 钙Ca | 0.86 | 0.95 |
| 总磷TP | 0.53 | 0.52 |
| 赖氨酸Lys | 0.89 | 0.92 |
| 蛋氨酸Met | 0.51 | 0.49 |
| 异亮氨酸Ile | 0.73 | 0.63 |
| 亮氨酸Leu | 1.56 | 1.37 |
| 苯丙氨酸Phe | 0.90 | 0.77 |
| 苏氨酸Thr | 0.71 | 0.60 |
| 缬氨酸Val | 0.86 | 0.74 |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供The premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 10 000 IU,VD3 2 100 IU,VE 15 IU,VK3 1 mg,VB1 2 mg,VB2 4 mg,VB6 3 mg,VB12 5 μg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 40 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 10 mg,叶酸 folic acid 1 mg,生物素 biotin 0.3 mg,Fe 120 mg,Cu 5 mg,Mn 60 mg,Zn 25 mg,I 0.3 mg,Se 0.2 mg。 2)代谢能为计算值,其他均为实测值。ME was a calculated value, while the others were measured values. |
1.4 样品采集及指标测定
1.4.1 体重测定
1.4.2 血浆样本制备与保存
1.4.3 血浆游离氨基酸和氨基酸衍生物含量测定
1.5 数据统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 不同日龄番鸭的体重变化
表2 不同日龄番鸭的体重变化Table 2 Changes in body weight of Muscovy ducks at different ages g |
| 项目 Items | 日龄Days of age | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 3 | 7 | 14 | 28 | 42 | 70 | ||||||||
| 公鸭 Male ducks | 47.06 ±2.23 | 59.09 ±2.26 | 120.83 ±4.60 | 282.51 ±16.26 | 1 342.50 ±56.59 | 2 750.00 ±100.71 | 5 005.00 ±77.78 | |||||||
| 母鸭 Female ducks | 51.50 ±1.27 | 58.38 ±1.73 | 118.60 ±3.89 | 287.30 ±6.37 | 1 208.75 ±82.22 | 2 302.50 ±227.07 | 2 946.25 ±62.13 | |||||||
| 总体平均值 Population mean | 49.28 ±1.45 | 58.74 ±1.32 | 119.72 ±2.82 | 284.90 ±8.14 | 1 275.63 ±52.67 | 2 526.25 ±142.74 | 3 975.63 ±391.79 | |||||||
| P值P-value | 0.237 | 0.773 | 0.977 | 0.366 | 0.531 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||
2.2 番鸭血浆中游离氨基酸及氨基酸衍生物含量随日龄变化规律
表3 不同日龄番鸭血浆中游离氨基酸含量Table 3 Contents of free amino acids in plasma of Muscovy ducks at different ages μg/mL |
| 项目 Items | 日龄Days of age | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 3 | 7 | 14 | 28 | 42 | 70 | ||||||||||||||||
| 必需氨基酸Essential amino acids | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 蛋氨酸Met | 13.08 ±1.69bc | 26.21 ±2.38a | 25.01 ±2.62a | 9.36 ±0.87c | 12.60 ±0.92bc | 17.08 ±2.35b | 15.66 ±2.00b | |||||||||||||||
| 亮氨酸Leu | 34.90 ±1.75bc | 45.32 ±5.24ab | 57.10 ±5.18a | 23.31 ±2.02c | 31.86 ±1.87c | 44.63 ±3.89ab | 53.28 ±6.90a | |||||||||||||||
| 苯丙氨酸Phe | 26.87 ±1.51b | 55.17 ±11.54a | 51.21 ±5.69a | 18.40 ±0.77b | 18.34 ±0.55b | 23.50 ±2.11b | 25.30 ±2.92b | |||||||||||||||
| 苏氨酸Thr | 39.85 ±4.49c | 55.87 ±5.40bc | 82.27 ±6.49b | 58.31 ±4.20bc | 55.69 ±5.53bc | 136.48 ±21.56a | 49.99 ±5.61c | |||||||||||||||
| 异亮氨酸Ile | 23.56 ±2.58ab | 19.32 ±2.49bc | 27.18 ±2.57a | 15.76 ±1.11c | 14.71 ±1.29c | 13.99 ±1.84c | 23.64 ±3.40ab | |||||||||||||||
| 缬氨酸Val | 68.42 ±1.67a | 41.92 ±4.40bc | 52.49 ±4.22b | 28.18 ±3.65d | 29.32 ±1.16d | 35.39 ±3.44cd | 53.67 ±6.75b | |||||||||||||||
| 赖氨酸Lys | 64.56 ±10.24 | 48.95 ±4.73 | 57.13 ±6.84 | 47.33 ±3.17 | 48.64 ±3.03 | 57.23 ±6.71 | 64.56 ±7.39 | |||||||||||||||
| 非必需氨基酸Non-essential amino acids | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 精氨酸Arg | 73.85 ±7.25bc | 83.87 ±4.97ab | 91.35 ±6.87a | 46.08 ±9.60d | 36.60 ±2.57d | 37.14 ±5.40d | 63.48 ±5.12c | |||||||||||||||
| 组氨酸His | 10.04 ±0.86de | 19.22 ±2.53ab | 20.97 ±2.04a | 7.56 ±0.46e | 9.04 ±0.48de | 16.01 ±1.72bc | 12.89 ±1.51cd | |||||||||||||||
| 甘氨酸Gly | 54.44 ±0.65abc | 50.42 ±3.43abc | 44.16 ±4.05c | 43.63 ±2.35c | 48.45 ±1.43bc | 58.84 ±6.21ab | 60.36 ±4.98a | |||||||||||||||
| 酪氨酸Tyr | 25.67 ±2.42c | 40.05 ±2.27b | 46.93 ±3.19a | 44.87 ±2.82ab | 43.48 ±3.15ab | 42.02 ±4.07ab | 35.90 ±2.89b | |||||||||||||||
| 胱氨酸Cys | 15.19 ±2.50b | 15.22 ±1.72b | 17.32 ±1.37b | 17.83 ±0.61b | 17.03 ±1.13b | 23.78 ±2.22a | 19.18 ±1.61ab | |||||||||||||||
| 天冬氨酸Asp | 13.91 ±0.48c | 45.19 ±6.26a | 31.29 ±4.53b | 15.13 ±1.05c | 13.41 ±1.27c | 20.42 ±3.96c | 19.63 ±1.88c | |||||||||||||||
| 脯氨酸Pro | 38.46 ±1.60bc | 62.80 ±7.83a | 59.61 ±16.13a | 16.19 ±0.73d | 25.06 ±2.11cd | 61.52 ±7.88a | 48.07 ±5.34ab | |||||||||||||||
| 丝氨酸Ser | 55.06 ±4.50c | 94.10 ±5.09b | 66.07 ±5.32c | 75.06 ±3.69bc | 87.31 ±7.86b | 119.09 ±11.25a | 67.06 ±4.72c | |||||||||||||||
| 谷氨酸Glu | 43.51 ±1.78c | 63.33 ±5.92b | 57.19 ±5.76bc | 46.69 ±2.92c | 38.86 ±1.16c | 87.36 ±25.35a | 53.08 ±9.21c | |||||||||||||||
| 丙氨酸Ala | 83.33 ±4.05b | 149.98 ±10.00a | 84.79 ±5.01b | 49.66 ±1.57c | 52.41 ±2.34c | 96.89 ±12.71b | 58.55 ±4.82c | |||||||||||||||
| 总氨基酸Total AA | 684.69 ±41.94c | 916.95 ±63.45a | 872.06 ±50.61ab | 563.34 ±16.63c | 582.80 ±17.04c | 891.38 ±99.12b | 724.31 ±61.39ab | |||||||||||||||
同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, data with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below. |
图1 不同日龄番鸭血浆游离必需氨基酸(A)、非必需氨基酸(B)和总氨基酸(C)含量变化数据点标注不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同小写字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。 Fig.1 Changes of plasma free essential amino acid (A), non-essential amino acid (B) and total amino acid (C) contents of Muscovy ducks at different ages Data points with different small letters mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same small letters mean no significant difference (P>0.05). |
表4 不同日龄番鸭血浆中游离氨基酸衍生物含量Table 4 Contents of free amino acid derivatives in plasma of Muscovy ducks at different ages μg/mL |
| 项目 Items | 日龄Days of age | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 3 | 7 | 14 | 28 | 42 | 70 | ||||||||||||||||
| 神经内分泌新陈代谢衍生物Neuroendocrine metabolism derivatives | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 牛磺酸Tau | 193.25 ±4.21a | 66.16 ±6.82de | 40.76 ±9.34e | 128.66 ±15.98b | 131.89 ±23.39b | 117.00 ±14.97bc | 81.49 ±5.61cd | |||||||||||||||
| γ-氨基正丁酸γ-ABA | 0.10 ±0.03b | 0.87 ±0.11a | 0.96 ±0.23a | 0.00 ±0.00b | 0.32 ±0.10b | 0.28 ±0.07b | 0.34 ±0.06b | |||||||||||||||
| 氨能量新陈代谢衍生物Ammonia energy metabolism derivatives | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 尿素Urea | 256.52 ±14.89a | 12.53 ±4.92cd | 37.27 ±4.34b | 29.15 ±7.62bc | 3.87 ±1.69d | 6.54 ±2.58d | 12.87 ±3.29cd | |||||||||||||||
| α-氨基己二酸α-AAA | 5.00 ±1.58a | 3.63 ±0.97ab | 3.73 ±1.26ab | 1.69 ±0.51b | 0.94 ±0.77b | 2.07 ±1.05ab | 0.95 ±0.41b | |||||||||||||||
| 瓜氨酸Cit | 8.98 ±0.78ab | 9.24 ±0.85a | 6.97 ±1.23b | 3.79 ±0.47c | 1.95 ±0.16c | 3.83 ±3.83c | 2.35 ±0.31c | |||||||||||||||
| 鸟氨酸Orn | 5.65 ±0.48c | 9.07 ±1.32ab | 11.31 ±4.28a | 1.91 ±0.19d | 2.51 ±0.36d | 2.07 ±0.33d | 7.43 ±1.82bc | |||||||||||||||
| 硫新陈代谢衍生物Sulphur metabolism derivatives | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 胱硫醚Cysthi | 4.74 ±0.42a | 3.52 ±0.61bc | 4.61 ±0.57ab | 2.94 ±0.30c | 3.42 ±0.34bc | 3.63 ±0.33abc | 3.56 ±0.32bc | |||||||||||||||
| 其他代谢产物Other metabolites | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1-甲基组氨酸1Mehis | 1.64 ±0.27c | 3.60 ±0.51b | 4.87 ±0.61a | 1.88 ±0.28c | 1.60 ±0.19c | 2.11 ±0.17c | 2.42 ±0.25c | |||||||||||||||
| 3-甲基组氨酸3Mehis | 9.67 ±0.33a | 1.35 ±0.28d | 1.61 ±0.67d | 2.85 ±0.15bc | 2.00 ±0.19cd | 2.30 ±0.14bcd | 3.22 ±0.23b | |||||||||||||||
| 鹅肌肽Ans | 0.00 ±0.00 | 0.29 ±0.29 | 0.00 ±0.00 | 0.00 ±0.00 | 0.00 ±0.00 | 0.00 ±0.00 | 0.65 ±0.65 | |||||||||||||||
| 肌肽Car | 0.00 ±0.00d | 0.87 ±0.87cd | 2.84 ±0.68c | 3.25 ±0.32c | 8.12 ±0.33b | 14.44 ±1.15a | 16.59 ±1.48a | |||||||||||||||
| 羟脯氨酸Hypro | 0.13 ±0.05b | 4.03 ±2.48b | 9.67 ±3.54b | 0.27 ±0.07b | 0.28 ±0.03b | 0.28 ±0.04a | 0.37 ±0.07b | |||||||||||||||
| β-丙氨酸β-Ala | 0.36 ±0.03b | 1.03 ±0.41ab | 1.27 ±0.39a | 1.03 ±0.12ab | 0.95 ±0.10ab | 1.48 ±0.09a | 1.38 ±0.11a | |||||||||||||||
| β-氨基异丁酸β-AiBA | 0.33 ±0.08b | 1.12 ±0.49a | 0.80 ±0.21ab | 0.57 ±0.07ab | 0.75 ±0.07ab | 0.56 ±0.05ab | 0.76 ±0.13ab | |||||||||||||||
| 乙醇胺EOHNH2 | 4.98 ±0.30cd | 3.96 ±0.40d | 8.71 ±0.46a | 8.67 ±0.67a | 6.46 ±0.41b | 6.10 ±0.31bc | 6.82 ±0.49b | |||||||||||||||
| 羟赖氨酸Hylys | 16.45 ±1.78b | 17.41 ±1.77b | 15.71 ±1.02a | 17.98 ±1.77b | 17.39 ±1.41b | 29.89 ±2.46b | 16.26 ±2.19b | |||||||||||||||
| 磷酸丝氨酸P-Ser | 2.96 ±1.27a | 0.00 ±0.00b | 1.01 ±1.01ab | 1.01 ±1.01ab | 0.00 ±0.00b | 0.40 ±0.46b | 0.00 ±0.00b | |||||||||||||||
| 肌氨酸Sar | 1.22 ±0.21c | 2.77 ±0.71bc | 3.07 ±1.32bc | 1.52 ±0.48c | 5.44 ±1.15ab | 7.15 ±0.82a | 2.87 ±1.21bc | |||||||||||||||
| α-氨基正丁酸α-ABA | 5.87 ±0.67a | 2.23 ±0.19bc | 1.60 ±0.29bc | 2.57 ±0.31bc | 2.84 ±0.48b | 3.14 ±0.20b | 2.04 ±0.28bc | |||||||||||||||
图2 不同日龄番鸭血浆中游离氨基酸代谢模式PCA 2D和3D轨迹图1d:1日龄 1 day of age;3d:3日龄 3 days of age;7d:7日龄 7 days of age;14d:14日龄 14 days of age;28d:28日龄 28 days of age;42d:42日龄 42 days of age;70d:70日龄 70 days of age。 Fig.2 PCA 2D and 3D trajectory diagrams of free amino acid metabolic pattern in plasma of Muscovy ducks at different ages |
2.3 不同日龄番鸭血浆中关键游离氨基酸及其衍生物的挖掘
图4 不同日龄番鸭血浆游离氨基酸和氨基酸衍生物的变量投影重要性Urea:尿素 urea;Thr:苏氨酸 threonine;Ala:丙氨酸 alanine;Tau:牛磺酸 taurine;Ser:丝氨酸 serine;Pro:脯氨酸 proline;Car:肌肽 carnosine;Arg:精氨酸 arginine;Val:缬氨酸 valine;Tyr:酪氨酸 tyrosine;Leu:亮氨酸 leucine;Gly:甘氨酸 glycine;Phe:苯丙氨酸 phenylalanine;Asp:天冬氨酸 aspartic acid;Ile:异亮氨酸 isoleucine;EOHNH2:乙醇胺 ethanolamine;Glu:谷氨酸 glutamic acid;Hypro:羟脯氨酸 hydroxyproline;Met:蛋氨酸 methionine;Lys:赖氨酸 lysine;Cit:瓜氨酸 citrulline;His:组氨酸 histidine;Hylys:羟赖氨酸 hydroxylysine;Orn:鸟氨酸 ornithine;3Mehis:3-甲基组氨酸 3-methylhistidine;Cys:胱氨酸 cystine;1Mehis:1-甲基组氨酸 1-methylhistidine;Sar:肌氨酸 sarcosine;α-ABA:α-氨基正丁酸 α-amino-n-butyric acid;α-AAA:α-氨基己二酸 α-aminoadipic acid;Cysthi:胱硫醚 cystathionine;P-Ser:磷酸丝氨酸 phosphoserine;γ-ABA:γ-氨基正丁酸 γ-amino-n-butyric acid;β-AiBA:β-氨基异丁酸 β-aminoisobutyric acid;β-Ala:β-丙氨酸 β-alanine。图5同 the same as Fig.5。 Fig.4 VIP of free amino acids amino acid derivatives in plasma of Muscovy ducks at different ages |
