Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2025 , Vol. 37 >Issue 4: 2627 - 2637

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2025.220

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Dietary Machine-Harvested Cotton Residue on Growth Performance, Slaughter Performance, Meat Quality and Serum Biochemical Indices of Meat Rabbits

  • LU Shunping , 1 ,
  • WU Qihui 1 ,
  • ZHAO Mingxin 1 ,
  • WAN Jie 1 ,
  • WANG Jiao 2 ,
  • CHEN Xuewen 2 ,
  • ZHANG Sujiang , 1, *
Expand
  • 1 Key Laboratory of Animal Husbandry Science and Technology, Xinjiang Construction Corps, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Grass Resources Utilization around Tarim, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (Co-Construction by Ministries and Provinces), College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China
  • 2 College of Life Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China
* professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2024-10-24

  Online published: 2025-04-15

Fold

Abstract

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different dietary levels of machine-harvested cotton residue on growth performance, slaughter performance, organ indices, meat quality and serum biochemical indices of meat rabbits. A total of 120 healthy 35-day-old weaned Ila meat rabbits with similar body weight were randomly divided into 4 groups, which were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0 (control group), 10%, 20% and 30% machine-harvested cotton residue, respectively, with 5 replicates in each group and 6 rabbits (half male and half female) in each replicate. The pre-trial period lasted for 7 days and the experimental period lasted for 60 days. The results showed as follows: 1) dietary machine-harvested cotton residue had no significant effects on the average daily feed intake, diarrhea rate and mortality of meat rabbits (P>0.05). Compared with the control group, the final body weight and feed to gain ratio in 10% machine-harvested cotton residue supplemental group were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the ratio of feed to gain was significantly decreased (P<0.05). 2) The live weight before slaughter and full eviscerated ratio of meat rabbits in 10% machine-harvested cotton residue supplemental group were significantly higher than those in 20% and 30% machine-harvested cotton residue supplemental group groups (P<0.05), the half carcass weight and full carcass weight were significantly higher than those in the control group and 30% machine-harvested cotton residue supplemental group (P<0.05), and the half eviscerated ratio was significantly higher than that in the other groups (P<0.05). 3) Dietary machine-harvested cotton residue had no significant effects on the heart index, kidney index, spleen index and thymus index of meat rabbits (P>0.05). The liver index in 30% machine-harvested cotton residue supplemental group was significantly higher than that in the control group and 10% and 20% machine-harvested cotton residue supplemental groups (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference in liver index in 10% and 20% machine-harvested cotton residue supplemental group compared with the control group (P>0.05). 4) Dietary machine-harvested cotton residue had no significant effects on the pH, meat color, drip loss and shear force in longissimus dorsi of meat rabbits (P>0.05). The cooking loss in longissimus dorsi in 10% machine-harvested cotton residue supplemental group was significantly lower than that in the control group and 30% machine-harvested cotton residue supplemental group (P<0.05). 5) The serum urea nitrogen content of meat rabbits in 30% machine-harvested cotton residue supplemental group was significantly higher than that in the control group and 10% machine-harvested cotton residue supplemental group (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference between the control group and 10% machine-harvested cotton residue supplemental group (P>0.05); the serum activities of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in 20% and 30% machine-harvested cotton residue supplemental group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplemented with appropriate level of machine-harvested cotton residue can improve the growth performance, slaughter performance and meat quality of meat rabbits, and has no negative effects on organ indices and serum biochemical indices, and the appropriate supplemental level is 10%.

Key words： machine-harvested cotton residue; meat rabbits; growth performance; slaughter performance; meat quality; serum biochemical indices

Cite this article

LU Shunping , WU Qihui , ZHAO Mingxin , WAN Jie , WANG Jiao , CHEN Xuewen , ZHANG Sujiang . Effects of Dietary Machine-Harvested Cotton Residue on Growth Performance, Slaughter Performance, Meat Quality and Serum Biochemical Indices of Meat Rabbits[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2025 , 37(4) : 2627 -2637 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2025.220

随着畜牧业的快速发展,粗饲料短缺的问题日益突出,人工种草和天然牧草已不能满足养殖需求。因此,开发新型粗饲料资源意义重大。我国是棉花种植和加工大国,2023年棉花种植面积2 78.81万hm2,产量约561.8万t[1],棉副产品资源丰富,其中棉花秸秆、棉籽粕和棉籽壳应用较为广泛。机采棉渣是机械收获棉花产生的棉叶、细棉枝、短棉绒及棉桃壳等混合物的统称[2],平均含杂率在8%~18%[3],其产量和品质主要受棉花品种、田间管理以及棉花加工清理工艺等方面的影响[4]。机采棉渣具有来源稳定、价格低、易储存和适口性好等优点,可作为草食动物粗饲料开发利用。然而,机采棉渣含有游离棉酚,对动物有一定的毒害作用,这限制了其在草食动物养殖中的大量应用。兔具有啮齿性,颗粒饲料经制粒机压制后,饲料硬度提高,可以满足肉兔啮齿行为,刺激肉兔食欲,提高养分消化率[5]。肉兔这一生物学特性使其区别于其他草食动物,对机采棉渣可能有更好的应用效果。此外,研究表明,制粒机因高温高压可除去部分的游离棉酚,棉酚去除效率为61.8%~69.44%[6]。兔产业已成为我国畜牧业的优势特色产业[7],正向着规模化、标准化、智能化和产业化方向发展,因此对粗饲料需求较大。但截止目前,机采棉渣在肉兔生产中的应用鲜有报道。因此,本试验以肉兔为试验动物,结合机采棉渣的营养特点,研究饲粮中添加机采棉渣对肉兔生长性能、屠宰性能、器官指数、肉品质和血清生化指标的影响,为机采棉渣资源在肉兔生产中的合理利用提供科学参考。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

本试验使用的机采棉渣由阿拉尔市托喀依乡农户提供,收取饲料原料晾干后粉碎。机采棉渣营养成分含量见表1。
表1 机采棉渣营养成分含量(风干基础)

Table 1 Nutrient contents of machine-harvested cotton residue (air-dry basis) %

项目
Item		 干物质
DM		 粗蛋白质
CP		 粗脂肪
EE		 粗纤维
CF		 中性洗
涤纤维
NDF		 酸性洗
涤纤维
ADF		 粗灰分
Ash		 钙
Ca		 总磷
TP		 游离棉酚
FG/
(mg/kg)
含量Content 93.37 11.77 3.59 16.11 48.87 37.27 7.96 2.31 1.01 461.54

1.2 试验设计和饲粮

本试验经塔里木大学科技伦理委员会批准(批准编号:PB20241030001)。试验选择120只体重相近的健康35日龄断奶伊拉肉兔,随机分为4组,分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加0(对照组)、10%、20%和30%机采棉渣的饲粮,每组5个重复,每个重复6只(公母各占1/2)。试验于2024年4月初至6月中旬在塔里木大学动物科学与技术学院实验站进行,预试期7 d,正试期60 d。
参照《肉兔营养需要量》(NY/T 4049—2021)[8]所推荐的营养水平并结合本地饲料资源特点设计各组饲粮配方,并制成颗粒饲料(颗粒直径3 mm,长度8 mm),饲粮组成及营养水平见表2。饲粮消化能参照《肉兔营养需要量》(NY/T 4049—2021)计算,粗蛋白质含量参照GB/T 6432—2018方法测定,粗纤维含量参照GB/T 6434—2022方法测定,中性洗涤纤维含量参照GB/T 20806—2022方法测定,酸性洗涤纤维含量参照NY/T 1459—2022方法测定,酸性洗涤纤维木质素含量参照GB/T 20805—2006方法测定,钙含量采用乙二胺四乙酸二钠络合物滴定法(GB/T 6436—2018)测定,总磷含量采用钼黄比色法(GB/T 6437—2018)测定,氨基酸含量参照GB/T 18246—2000方法测定,游离棉酚含量参照GB/T 13086—2020方法测定。
表2 饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 2 Composition and nutrient levels of diets (air-dry basis) %

项目
Items		 机采棉渣添加水平
Machine-harvested cotton residue supplemental levels/%
0(对照Control) 10 20 30
原料Ingredients
玉米Corn 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00
机采棉渣Machine-harvested cotton residue 10.00 20.00 30.00
草坪草粉Lawn grass meal 30.00 20.00 10.00
豆粕Soybean meal 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00
米糠Rice bran 17.40 17.40 17.40 17.40
麸皮Wheat meal 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00
氯化钠NaCl 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30
磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
石粉Limestone 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30
预混料Premix1) 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50
合计Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels2)
消化能DE/(MJ/kg) 10.64 10.94 11.25 11.55
粗蛋白质CP 15.24 16.32 16.51 16.78
粗纤维CF 17.87 17.25 16.63 16.01
中性洗涤纤维NDF 35.57 33.87 32.16 30.46
酸性洗涤纤维ADF 20.23 20.12 20.02 19.91
酸性洗涤木质素ADL 6.76 6.50 6.38 6.13
钙Ca 0.84 0.83 0.85 0.88
总磷TP 0.88 0.78 0.70 0.61
赖氨酸Lys 0.89 0.87 0.86 0.79
游离棉酚Free gossypol/(mg/kg) 9.61 73.04 156.25 208.30

1)每千克预混料含有 One kilogram of the premix contained:VA 100 000 IU,VD3 30 000 IU,VE 300 mg,VK3 20 mg,VB2 80 mg,Fe 1 000 mg,Cu 200 mg,Zn 500 mg,Mn 300 mg,Se 11.3 mg,P 15 g。

2)消化能为计算值,其他为实测值。DE was a calculated value, while the others were measured values.

1.3 饲养管理

试验开始前将兔舍和兔笼进行彻底冲洗和消毒。试验兔采用室内单笼饲养(温度控制在20~24 ℃),每天10:00和20:00各饲喂1次,自由采食和饮水,按肉兔养殖的正常免疫程序接种疫苗。

1.4 测定指标和方法

1.4.1 生长性能

于正试期开始和结束时分别测定肉兔的空腹体重,计算初始体重(IBW)、终末体重(FBW)和平均日增重(ADG);试验期间,每天准确记录采食量,计算平均日采食量(ADFI);根据ADFI和ADG,计算料重比(F/G);记录试验期间各组肉兔腹泻兔只数和死亡兔只数,计算腹泻率和死亡率。计算公式如下:
ADG=(FBW-IBW)/试验天数;
ADFI=试验总采食量/试验天数;
F/G=ADFI/ADG;
腹泻率(%)=(腹泻兔只数/试验兔总数)×100;
死亡率(%)=(死亡兔只数/试验兔总数)×100。

1.4.2 屠宰性能

在试验结束时,对所有试验兔禁食12 h后,每组选取10只兔(公母各1/2)屠宰,分别记录宰前活重、半净膛重和全净膛重,测定方法参考刘雯雯等[9],计算半净膛率和全净膛率。计算公式如下:
半净膛率(%)=(半净膛重/宰前活重)×100;
全净膛率(%)=(全净膛重/宰前活重)×100。

1.4.3 器官指数

屠宰后分别称取心脏、肝脏、肾脏、脾脏和胸腺的重量,计算其与宰前活重的比值,即器官指数。计算公式如下:
器官指数(%)=[器官重量(g)/宰前活重(g)]×100。

1.4.4 肉品质

取屠宰肉兔背最长肌用于测定肉品质。
pH:分别于试验兔屠宰后45 min和24 h(保持4 ℃温度),采用pH计(爱德克斯pH-103,精度0.02)测定背最长肌pH,pH计使用前用pH 4.0和pH 7.0标准缓冲液校准。
肉色:红度(a*)、黄度(b*)和亮度(L*)值采用色差仪(Chroma Meter CR-400)测定,从上述肉样的上、中和下3个部分各取1个点分别测量,最后取平均值,使用前采用白色校准板校准。
滴水损失:于屠宰后45 min,取切成2 cm×1 cm×1 cm的肉块并称重[记为M1(g)],用保鲜膜包裹,铁丝吊挂在冰箱中;4 ℃冷藏24 h后,将保鲜膜拿掉,吸干表面水分后称重[记为M2(g)]。滴水损失计算公式如下:
滴水损失(%)=[(M1-M2)/M1]×100。
蒸煮损失:将肉样称重[记为W1(g)],然后装入塑料袋内真空包装,放置于80 ℃水浴锅内蒸煮1 h后用流水冷却20~30 min,取出肉样擦去表面水分称重[记为W2(g)]。蒸煮损失计算公式如下:
蒸煮损失(%)=[(W1-W2)/W1]×100。
剪切力:将肉样装入塑料袋,置于75~80 ℃水浴锅2 h后用流水冷却30 min,以与肌纤维平行的方向截取长、宽、厚分别为1.5、1.0、0.5 cm的肉样,采用肌肉嫩度仪(C-LM3A)测定剪切力。

1.4.5 血清生化指标

试验结束时,采取试验兔耳缘静脉血5 mL于促凝管内,1 250×g离心15 min,吸取上清液(血清)分装于200 μL无菌管中,置于-80 ℃保存。血清总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、葡萄糖(GLU)、尿素氮(UN)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)含量及谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(ALT)活性等严格参照江苏艾迪生生物科技有限公司的商业试剂盒说明书方法测定。

1.5 数据统计分析

试验数据采用Excel 2016进行记录和初步处理,然后采用SPSS 19.0软件进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),并采用Duncan氏法进行组间多重比较,对腹泻率和死亡率数据进行卡方分析;结果数据采用“平均值±标准误”形式表示,P<0.05为差异显著,P>0.05为差异不显著。

2 结果

2.1 饲粮中添加不同水平机采棉渣对肉兔生长性能的影响

由表3可知,饲粮中添加机采棉渣对肉兔ADFI、腹泻率和死亡率均无显著影响(P>0.05),但对肉兔FBW、ADG和F/G影响显著(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,10%机采棉渣添加组FBW和ADG显著提高(P<0.05),F/G显著降低(P<0.05);相反,20%和30%机采棉渣添加组FBW和ADG显著降低(P<0.05),F/G显著提高(P<0.05)。
表3 饲粮中添加不同水平机采棉渣对肉兔生长性能的影响

Table 3 Effects of different dietary levels of machine-harvested cotton residue on growth performance of meat rabbits

项目
Items		 机采棉渣添加水平
Machine-harvested cotton residue supplemental levels/%		 P值
P-value
0(对照Control) 10 20 30
初始体重IBW/g 1 121.55±10.33 1 119.14±8.06 1 118.17±8.68 1 120.95±8.39 0.993
终末体重FBW/g 3 088.17±18.91b 3 268.06±24.39a 2 956.57±17.00c 2 891.60±27.53d <0.001
平均日采食量ADFI/(g/d) 135.65±1.52 137.90±1.76 135.68±1.33 135.28±1.58 0.622
平均日增重ADG/(g/d) 32.78±0.34b 35.82±0.41a 30.64±0.29c 29.51±0.40d <0.001
料重比F/G 4.15±0.08b 3.85±0.05c 4.43±0.07a 4.59±0.08a <0.001
腹泻率Diarrhea rate/% 6.67 6.67 13.33 23.33 0.164
死亡率Mortality/% 3.33 6.67 10.00 16.67 0.320

同行数据肩标相同字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below.

2.2 饲粮中添加不同水平机采棉渣对肉兔屠宰性能的影响

由表4可知,饲料中添加机采棉渣对肉兔屠宰性能各指标均有显著影响(P<0.05)。其中,10%机采棉渣添加组宰前活重和全净膛率显著高于20%和30%机采棉渣添加组(P<0.05),半净膛重和全净膛重显著高于对照组和30%机采棉渣添加组(P<0.05),半净膛率显著高于其他各组(P<0.05)
表4 饲粮中添加不同水平机采棉渣对肉兔屠宰性能的影响

Table 4 Effects of different dietary levels of machine-harvested cotton residue on slaughter performance of meat rabbits

项目
Items		 机采棉渣添加水平
Machine-harvested cotton residue supplemental levels/%		 P值
P-value
0(对照Control) 10 20 30
宰前活重
Live weight before slaughter/g		 3 168.34±124.08ab 3 394.36±85.56a 3 078.03±69.08b 2 891.33±65.60b 0.002
半净膛重
Half carcass weight/g		 1 747.22±68.56b 1 963.01±63.27a 1 702.90±46.46ab 1 551.39±37.23c 0.022
全净膛重
Full carcass weight/g		 1 648.71±65.38b 1 851.94±65.13a 1 592.26±42.64ab 1 458.85±33.55c 0.025
半净膛率
Half eviscerated ratio/%		 55.17±0.78b 57.81±0.60a 55.31±0.43b 53.69±1.16b 0.002
全净膛率
Full eviscerated ratio/%		 52.06±0.89ab 54.53±0.72a 51.72±0.45b 50.49±1.02b 0.013

2.3 饲粮中添加不同水平机采棉渣对肉兔器官指数的影响

由表5可知,饲粮中添加机采棉渣对肉兔心脏指数、肾脏指数、脾脏指数和胸腺指数均无显著影响(P>0.05),但对肝脏指数影响显著(P<0.05)。其中,30%机采棉渣添加组肝脏指数显著高于对照组以及10%和20%机采棉渣添加组(P<0.05),10%和20%机采棉渣添加组肝脏指数与对照组相比无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表5 饲粮中添加不同水平机采棉渣对肉兔器官指数的影响

Table 5 Effects of different dietary levels of machine-harvested cotton residue on organ indices of meat rabbits %

项目
Items		 机采棉渣添加水平
Machine-harvested cotton residue supplemental levels/%		 P值
P-value
0(对照Control) 10 20 30
心脏指数Heart index 0.30±0.04 0.35±0.03 0.27±0.03 0.29±0.02 0.323
肝脏指数Liver index 2.00±0.06b 2.34±0.04b 2.36±0.15b 2.85±0.16a 0.002
肾脏指数Kidney index 0.58±0.02 0.55±0.03 0.49±0.01 0.57±0.03 0.098
脾脏指数Spleen index 0.06±0.01 0.06±0.01 0.05±0.01 0.05±0.01 0.650
胸腺指数Thymus index 0.17±0.02 0.19±0.03 0.21±0.02 0.17±0.03 0.577

2.4 饲粮中添加不同水平机采棉渣对肉兔肉品质的影响

由表6可知,饲粮中添加机采棉渣对肉兔背最长肌pH(45 min和24 h)、肉色、滴水损失和剪切力均无显著影响(P>0.05),但对蒸煮损失影响显著(P<0.05)。其中,10%机采棉渣添加组背最长肌蒸煮损失显著低于对照组和30%机采棉渣添加组(P<0.05)。
表6 饲粮中添加不同水平机采棉渣对肉兔肉品质的影响

Table 6 Effects of different dietary levels of machine-harvested cotton residue on meat quality of meat rabbits

项目
Items		 机采棉渣添加水平
Machine-harvested cotton residue supplemental levels/%		 P值
P-value
0(对照Control) 10 20 30
pH45 min 6.43±0.07 6.49±0.05 6.34±0.08 6.38±0.17 0.789
pH24 h 5.77±0.04 5.70±0.04 5.69±0.03 5.70±0.04 0.396
红度a* 17.75±1.25 19.50±2.06 23.25±3.94 20.00±1.47 0.472
黄度b* 11.50±1.55 13.75±0.85 11.75±2.29 12.50±1.44 0.762
亮度L* 16.00±1.58 20.50±1.94 19.25±1.80 21.75±3.22 0.342
滴水损失Cooking loss/% 4.30±0.54 4.46±0.69 4.45±0.51 4.58±0.44 0.988
蒸煮损失Drop loss/% 27.06±2.14a 20.71±1.46b 23.49±0.74ab 27.62±1.44a 0.025
剪切力Shear force/N 7.33±1.55 4.04±0.71 4.09±0.28 6.50±1.01 0.084

2.5 饲粮中添加不同水平机采棉渣对肉兔血清生化指标的影响

由表7可知,饲粮中添加机采棉渣对肉兔血清TP、ALB、GLU、TC、TG、HDL和LDL含量均无显著影响(P>0.05),但对UN含量以及ALT和AST活性影响显著(P<0.05)。其中,30%机采棉渣添加组血清UN含量显著高于对照组和10%机采棉渣添加组(P<0.05),且对照组与10%机采棉渣添加组之间差异不显著(P>0.05);20%和30%机采棉渣添加组血清ALT和AST活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。
表7 饲粮中添加不同水平机采棉渣对肉兔血清生化指标的影响

Table 7 Effects of different dietary levels of machine-harvested cotton residue on serum biochemical indices of meat rabbits

项目
Items		 机采棉渣添加水平
Machine-harvested cotton residue supplemental levels/%		 P值
P-value
0(对照Control) 10 20 30
总蛋白TP/(g/L) 52.08±3.86 53.08±5.19 57.15±3.81 50.92±6.39 0.823
白蛋白ALB/(g/L) 36.87±2.94 36.82±4.06 39.19±1.31 35.46±4.39 0.888
葡萄糖GLU/(mmol/L) 6.48±0.35 7.05±0.49 8.96±0.53 7.37±0.78 0.066
尿素氮UN/(mmol/L) 4.33±0.29b 4.15±0.32b 4.85±0.15ab 5.67±0.34a 0.021
总胆固醇TC/(mmol/L) 1.39±0.28 1.27±0.41 1.21±0.31 0.85±0.09 0.614
甘油三酯TG/(mmol/L) 0.74±0.07 0.67±0.12 0.81±0.05 0.84±0.15 0.665
高密度脂蛋白HDL/(mmol/L) 0.85±0.06 0.77±0.16 0.71±0.11 0.59±0.09 0.460
低密度脂蛋白LDL/(mmol/L) 0.45±0.07 0.34±0.02 0.35±0.07 0.29±0.01 0.269
谷丙转氨酶ALT/(U/L) 18.49±1.01c 24.69±1.33bc 30.71±2.11b 40.14±3.03a <0.001
谷草转氨酶AST/(U/L) 25.40±1.59c 29.29±1.89b 35.66±2.84ab 44.48±5.28a 0.015

3 讨论

3.1 饲粮中添加不同水平机采棉渣对肉兔生长性能的影响

肉兔的生长性能可直接反映肉兔机体正常发育和营养吸收代谢等状况,通常情况下,评价肉兔生长性能的指标为ADG、ADFI以及F/G等。Yu等[10]在鹅饲粮中添加不同水平的棉籽粕发现,添加26.91%以内的棉籽粕(游离棉酚含量为40.37 mg/kg)使鹅在整个试验期的生长性能均有所改善。杨会国等[11]在阿勒泰羊饲粮中添加含不同游离棉酚含量(200、300和400 mg/kg)的棉副产品(棉籽粕和棉籽壳)发现,饲喂游离棉酚含量为400 mg/kg的棉副产品的绵羊ADG最低,表明饲喂高含量棉酚饲粮对阿勒泰羊的生长产生了不利影响。在本试验条件下,饲粮中添加不同水平机采棉渣对肉兔ADFI无显著影响,但对ADG和F/G影响显著。与对照组相比,饲粮中添加10%机采棉渣能显著提高肉兔生长性能,但当添加水平超过20%时,生长性能则显著降低,本研究结果与上述报道一致。ADFI是评价生长性能的一个重要指标,也是评定饲粮品质的一个因素[12]。本试验饲粮中添加机采棉渣对肉兔ADFI并未产生影响,说明机采棉渣可以作为肉兔粗饲料应用。死亡率和腹泻率指标可以反映肉兔的健康状况。本试验结果表明,饲粮中添加机采棉渣对肉兔死亡率和腹泻率无显著影响,但随着机采棉渣添加水平的提高,肉兔死亡率和腹泻率有上升的趋势,这可能是游离棉酚在肉兔体内沉积所致。综上所述,饲粮中添加适宜水平的机采棉渣可改善肉兔生长性能,但其水平不宜过高,以添加10%机采棉渣效果较好。

3.2 饲粮中添加不同水平机采棉渣对肉兔屠宰性能的影响

屠宰性能是评价肉兔胴体质量和胴体产量的重要指标。本试验结果表明,饲粮中添加机采棉渣对肉兔屠宰性能有显著影响,以10%机采棉渣添加组的屠宰性能最佳,这与肉兔的生长性能结果一致。这可能是因为机采棉渣中含有大量的棉叶,棉叶粗蛋白质含量较高、粗纤维含量较低,因此适量添加机采棉渣可提高ADG,从而提高屠宰性能。刘芳等[13]在育肥羔羊饲粮中添加不同水平棉籽壳发现,饲喂低于300 g/d棉籽壳可有效提高羔羊胴体重和屠宰率。李坤等[14]研究发现,在阉牛饲粮中添加适宜水平全棉籽可显著提高宰前活重、胴体质量、屠宰率和净肉率。以上研究均与本研究结果一致。此外,牛明强等[15]研究发现,饲粮中添加10%棉籽粕对肉羊宰前活重和屠宰率没有显著影响,与上述研究结果均不相同,原因可能是与饲粮营养水平及组成、饲喂品种、饲养环境、饲养方式以及屠宰日龄和体重等诸多因素相关。

3.3 饲粮中添加不同水平机采棉渣对肉兔器官指数的影响

器官指数是衡量动物器官发育状况的重要指标,也是动物是否健康的标志之一[16]。心脏是动物血液循环的动力来源,肝脏是动物蛋白质代谢的中心,肾脏是动物代谢的主要过滤器官,脾脏和胸腺是动物体内重要的免疫器官[17]。一般认为,动物在健康的前提下,器官指数越大,机体内脏功能越强[18]。本研究结果显示,饲粮中添加机采棉渣对肉兔心脏指数、肾脏指数、脾脏指数和胸腺指数无显著影响,对肝脏指数影响显著,其中30%机采棉渣添加组肝脏指数显著高于对照组以及10%和20%采棉渣添加组。结合本研究其他试验结果表明,当饲粮中机采棉渣添加水平不高于20%时,对肉兔器官无不良影响。

3.4 饲粮中添加不同水平机采棉渣对肉兔肉品质的影响

兔肉高蛋白质、低胆固醇和低脂肪的特点使其深受消费者的喜爱[19],其品质主要受品种、遗传、营养、饲养管理、疫病防控、性别、年龄以及屠宰前后条件等因素影响[20]。肉品质通常通过pH、肉色、滴水损失、蒸煮损失和剪切力等指标来体现[21]。焦霞等[22]采用不同水平棉籽粕替代豆粕研究对肉羊肉品质的影响发现,不同替代水平对羊肉pH45 min和pH24 h无显著影响。本试验中,各组间肉兔背最长肌pH差异均不显著,但随着饲粮中机采棉渣添加水平的提高,pH45 min呈先上升后下降的趋势。肉色是衡量肉品质的重要外观指标,直接影响消费者的购买意愿,通过a*、b*和L*值反映,通常a*值与肉品质成正比,b*和L*值与肉品质成反比[23]。本研究中,饲粮中添加机采棉渣对肉兔背最长肌肉色无显著影响,但随着机采棉渣添加水平的提高,a*值有提高趋势,说明机采棉渣一定程度上可改善肉色。滴水损失和蒸煮损失是评价肉品质的关键指标,反映了肌肉的系水力[24]。研究表明,较低的滴水损失和蒸煮损失分别意味着生肉和熟肉具有较高的系水力[25]。本研究发现,饲粮中添加机采棉渣对肉兔背最长肌蒸煮损失影响显著,10%机采棉渣添加组背最长肌蒸煮损失显著低于对照组和30%机采棉渣添加组。嫩度是肉品质特征中最重要的肌理特征之一,通常与肌肉纤维的肌内脂肪含量和结构有关[26]。研究表明,剪切力越低,肉越嫩[27]。本试验结果表明,饲粮中添加机采棉渣对肉兔背最长肌剪切力无显著影响。郁钧[28]研究发现,不同水平棉籽粕替代豆粕对仔鹅肉色、pH、蒸煮损失和剪切力均无显著影响。综上所述,饲粮中添加10%机采棉渣可改善兔肉品质。

3.5 饲粮中添加不同水平机采棉渣对肉兔血清生化指标的影响

血清生化指标是与机体生理状态相关的血液参数,直接反映动物健康和新陈代谢状况。血清TP常被用于监测身体的营养状况,ALB作为一种氮源,为组织提供营养[29]。本研究中,各组间肉兔血清TP和ALB含量差异不显著。UN作为蛋白质代谢的主要终产物,能反映机体对氨基酸的代谢和利用状况。研究发现,通常血清UN含量较高,动物对饲粮中氮利用率降低[30]。本研究中,随着饲粮中机采棉渣添加水平的提高,肉兔血清UN含量逐渐升高,其中30%机采棉渣添加组血清UN含量显著高于对照组和10%机采棉渣添加组,说明饲粮中添加30%机采棉渣降低了肉兔对饲粮中蛋白质的利用率。该结果与Urias等[31]在冬小麦场放牧的奶牛饲粮中添加106 g/d的棉籽粕显著提高饲粮中蛋白质表观消化率的结果相似。研究表明,血清TC、TG、LDL含量升高以及HDL含量降低表明存在血脂异常[32]。本研究结果显示,饲粮中添加机采棉渣对肉兔血清TC、TG、HDL和LDL含量无显著影响,这与李彤等[33]在饲粮中添加不同水平棉籽粕对育肥猪血清生化指标影响的研究结果一致。ALT和AST主要来自肝脏,其活性反映肝脏组织细胞的通透性和代谢功能。本研究中,肉兔血清AST和ALT活性随饲粮中机采棉渣添加水平的提高而提高,其原因可能是由于机采棉渣高水平添加对肉兔肝脏造成了损伤,这与孙秀青等[34]在绵羊饲粮中添加棉花秸秆的研究结果相似。综上所述,饲粮中添加适宜水平机采棉渣对肉兔血清生化指标无明显负面影响。

4 结论

本试验条件下,饲粮中添加适宜水平机采棉渣可提高肉兔生长性能,改善屠宰性能和肉品质,且对器官指数和血清生化指标无负面影响。综合各项指标,肉兔饲粮中机采棉渣添加水平以10%为宜。

References

Publishing order | Descend order by publishing year | Descend order by cited within
[1]
国家统计局. 国家统计局关于2023年棉花产量的公告[EB/OL].(2013-12-25)[2024-09-20]. https://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/zxfb/202312/t20231225_1945745.html.

National Bureau of Statistics. Announcement from the National Bureau of Statistics on cotton production in 2023[EB/OL].(2013-12-25)[2024-09-20]. https://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/zxfb/202312/t20231225_1945745.html. (in Chinese)

[2]
路顺萍, 李龙龙, 陈雪文, 等. 棉副产品在畜禽养殖业中应用的研究进展[J]. 饲料研究, 2024, 47(3):143-148.

LU S P, LI L L, CHEN X W, et al. Research progress on application of cotton by-products in livestock and poultry industry[J]. Feed Research, 2024, 47(3):143-148. (in Chinese)

[3]
夏咏宏. 浅析机采棉清理加工的质量技术要点[J]. 中国纤检, 2019(4):38-39.

XIA Y H. The key points of cleaning and processing technology for machine-picked cotton quality[J]. China Fiber Inspection, 2019(4):38-39. (in Chinese)

[4]
孟婷, 朱霞, 曹琦, 等. 影响新疆机采棉品质的因素分析[J]. 中国棉花, 2024, 51(8):14-17,19.

MENG T, ZHU X, CAO Q, et al. Analysis of factors affecting the quality of machine-harvested cotton in Xinjiang[J]. China Cotton, 2024, 51(8):14-17,19. (in Chinese)

[5]
张叶, 李双江, 田刚, 等. 饲粮类型与调质温度对肉兔颗粒饲料加工质量和营养物质表观消化率的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2023, 35(9):5954-5963.

DOI

ZHANG Y, LI S J, TIAN G, et al. Effects of diet type and conditioning temperature on pellet feed processing quality and nutrient apparent digestibility in meat rabbits[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023, 35(9):5954-5963. (in Chinese)

DOI

[6]
冯东河, 郭同军, 桑断疾. 棉副产品饲料化利用技术实用手册[M]. 北京: 中国农业科学技术出版社, 2021.

FENG D H, GUO T J, SANG D J. Practical manual on the utilization technology of cotton by-products as feed[M]. Beijing: China Agricultural Science and Technology Press, 2021. (in Chinese)

[7]
刘汉中, 余志菊, 秦应和, 等. 我国兔产业高质量发展之路[J]. 畜牧产业, 2024(6):36-40.

LIU H Z, YU Z J, QIN Y H, et al. The road to high-quality development of my Country’s rabbit industry[J]. Animal Agriculture, 2024(6):36-40. (in Chinese)

[8]
中华人民共和国农业农村部. 肉兔营养需要量:NY/T 4049—2021[S]. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 2021.

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. Nutrient requirements of meat rabbit:NY/T 4049—2021[S]. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2021. (in Chinese)

[9]
刘雯雯, 周万海, 胡连清, 等. 饲粮中添加油樟叶对肉兔生长性能、屠宰性能、肌肉品质、器官指数和血清生化指标的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2023, 35(4):2533-2545.

DOI

LIU W W, ZHOU W H, HU L Q, et al. Effects of dietary Cinnamomum longepaniculatum leaves on growth performance,slaughter performance,muscle quality,organ indices and serum biochemical indices of meat rabbits[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023, 35(4):2533-2545. (in Chinese)

[10]
YU J, WANG Z Y, YANG H M, et al. Effects of cottonseed meal on growth performance,small intestinal morphology,digestive enzyme activities,and serum biochemical parameters of geese[J]. Poultry Science, 2019, 98(5):2066-2071.

[11]
杨会国, 刘艳丰, 唐淑珍, 等. 不同棉酚含量棉副产品对阿勒泰羊生产性能和泌尿系统的影响[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2013, 50(8):1540-1548.

YANG H G, LIU Y F, TANG S Z, et al. Different gossypol contents in cotton by-product on production performance and urinary system of Altay sheep[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2013, 50(8):1540-1548. (in Chinese)

[12]
秦娜娜, 章澳, 邝良德, 等. 饲粮中添加不同比例甘蔗梢对肉兔生长性能、血清生化指标和肉品质的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2024, 36(1):528-536.

DOI

QIN N N, ZHANG A, KUANG L D, et al. Effects of diets with different proportions of sugarcane tops on growth performance,serum biochemical indexes and meat quality of meat rabbits[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2024, 36(1):528-536. (in Chinese)

[13]
刘芳, 潘晓亮, 蒋新环, 等. 棉籽壳对育肥羔羊生产性能的影响[J]. 中国草食动物, 2008(6):20-23.

LIU F, PAN X L, JIANG X H, et al. Effect of cottonseed hulls on production performance of fattening lambs[J]. China Herbivore, 2008(6):20-23. (in Chinese)

[14]
李坤, 赵红波, 宋恩亮, 等. 全棉籽对阉牛育肥性能、胴体性状及肉质的影响[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2012, 43(10):1582-1588.

LI K, ZHAO H B, SONG E L, et al. Effects of the whole cottonseed in Diet on production performance,carcass performance,quality of beef in fattening crossbred steers[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2012, 43(10):1582-1588. (in Chinese)

[15]
牛明强, 成述儒, 王文义, 等. 不同蛋白质源饲粮对肉羊生长发育、屠宰性能以及经济效益的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2021, 33(9):5119-5130.

DOI

NIU M Q, CHENG S R, WANG W Y, et al. Effects of diets with different protein sources on growth development,slaughter performance and economic returns of mutton sheep[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2021, 33(9):5119-5130. (in Chinese)

[16]
WANG Y, WANG J H, LI H H, et al. Antioxidant effects of Bifidobacterium longum T37a in mice weight loss and aging model induced by D-galactose[J]. BMC Microbiology, 2023, 23(1):103.

[17]
WANG X, YAN P Q, LIU L, et al. MicroRNA expression profiling reveals potential roles for microRNA in the liver during pigeon (Columba livia) development[J]. Poultry Science, 2020, 99(12):6378-6389.

DOI PMID

[18]
YANG Y H, SHEN Y C, PAN Y Q, et al. Effects of dietary sorghum dried distiller’s grains with solubles on growth performance,diet nutrient digestibility,carcass characteristics and immunity in growing rabbits[J]. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 2019, 103(1):363-369.

[19]
POGÁNY SIMONOVÁ M, CHRASTINOVÁL’, LAUKOVÁ A. Enterocin 7420 and sage in rabbit diet and their effect on meat mineral content and physico-chemical properties[J]. Microorganisms, 2022, 10(6):1094.

[20]
KUMAR S A, KIM H J, JAYASENA D D, et al. On-farm and processing factors affecting rabbit carcass and meat quality attributes[J]. Food Science of Animal Resources, 2023, 43(2):197-219.

DOI PMID

[21]
XUE J J, FANG C K, MU R, et al. Potential mechanism and effects of different selenium sources and different effective microorganism supplementation levels on growth performance,meat quality,and muscle fiber characteristics of three-yellow chickens[J]. Frontiers in Nutrition, 2022,9:869540.

[22]
焦霞, 韩琴, 王亚妮. 基础日粮中棉籽粕替代豆粕对肉羊生长性能、抗氧化指标及肉品质的影响[J]. 中国饲料, 2024(2):89-92.

JIAO X, HAN Q, WANG Y N. Effect of replacing soybean meal with cottonseed meal in basic diet on growth performance,antioxidant indicators,and meat quality of meat sheep[J]. China Feed, 2024(2):89-92. (in Chinese)

[23]
DING Y N, JIANG X D, YAO X F, et al. Effects of feeding fermented mulberry leaf powder on growth performance,slaughter performance,and meat quality in chicken broilers[J]. Animals, 2021, 11(11):3294.

[24]
XU C C, ZANG M W, QIAO X L, et al. Effects of ultrasound-assisted thawing on lamb meat quality and oxidative stability during refrigerated storage using non-targeted metabolomics[J]. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 2022,90:106211.

[25]
HAN R, HE J L, CHEN Y X, et al. Effects of radio frequency tempering on the temperature distribution and physiochemical properties of salmon (Salmo salar)[J]. Foods, 2022, 11(6):893.

[26]
NALDURTIKER A, BATCHU P, KOUAKOU B, et al. RNA-Seq exploration of the influence of stress on meat quality in Spanish goats[J]. Scientific Reports, 2022, 12(1):20573.

DOI PMID

[27]
LU Z K, LI J Y, YUAN C, et al. Evaluation of mutton quality characteristics of Dongxiang tribute sheep based on membership function and gas chromatography and ion mobility spectrometry[J]. Frontiers in Nutrition, 2022,9:852399.

[28]
郁钧. 仔鹅饲粮中棉籽粕替代豆粕效应及游离棉酚损伤肠肝机制的研究[D]. 博士学位论文. 扬州: 扬州大学, 2023.

YU J. Research on the effect of replacing soybean meal with cottonseed meal in diet of goose and the mechanism of free gossypol injury to the intestinal and liver[D]. Ph.D. Thesis. Yangzhou: Yangzhou University, 2023. (in Chinese)

[29]
ZHANG J, ZHENG J, CHEN H, et al. Curcumin targeting NF-κB/ubiquitin-proteasome-system axis ameliorates muscle atrophy in triple-negative breast cancer cachexia mice[J]. Mediators of Inflammation, 2022,29:2022:2567150.

[30]
梁红玉, 崔海虎. 犊牛断乳对产后母牛发情周期恢复的研究[J]. 中国畜牧业, 2024(13):49-50.

LIANG H Y, CUI H H. Study on the effects of calf weaning on the recovery of estrous cycle of postpartum cows[J]. China Animal Industry, 2024(13):49-50. (in Chinese)

[31]
URIAS S, SÁNCHEZ-SANDOVAL U A, FIGUEROA-ZAMUDIO J J, et al. Effects of cottonseed meal supplementation and wheat pasture maturity on forage intake and digestion characteristics of cows grazing winter wheat pasture[J]. Translational Animal Science, 2019, 3(Suppl 1):1664-1668.

DOI PMID

[32]
ALJAZZAF B, REGEAI S, ELGHMASI S, et al. Evaluation of antidiabetic effect of combined leaf and Seed extracts of Moringa oleifera (moringaceae) on alloxan-induced diabetes in mice:a biochemical and histological study[J]. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2023,2023:9136217.

[33]
李彤, 黄兆洲, 魏万鹏. 基础日粮中棉籽粕替代豆粕对育肥猪生长性能、血清生化指标及免疫功能的影响[J]. 中国饲料, 2024(12):85-88.

LI T, HUANG Z Z, WEI W P. Effect of replacing soybean meal with cottonseed meal in basic diet on growth performance,serum biochemical indicators,and immune function of finishing pigs[J]. China Feed, 2024(12):85-88. (in Chinese)

[34]
孙秀青, 杨玉红. 棉花秸秆对绵羊采食量、瘤胃发酵及氮代谢的影响[J]. 中国饲料, 2020(16):104-107.

SUN X Q, YANG Y H. Effects of cotton straw on feed intake,rumen fermentation and nitrogen metabolism in sheep[J]. China Feed, 2020(16):104-107. (in Chinese)

Options
Outlines

/

〈 〉

京ICP备17050989号-2
Copyright © Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, All Rights Reserved.
Tel: 010－62817823　E-mail: cjan@vip.163.com
Powered by Beijing Magtech Co., Ltd.