1 饲料原料中主要的霉菌毒素
2 霉菌毒素快速检测方法分类
3 霉菌毒素快速检测技术
3.1 免疫吸附法
图2 用于超灵敏检测赭曲霉毒素A的deFLISA原理示意图BLI:生物层干涉法 bio-layer interferometry;biosensor tip surface:生物传感器尖端表面;QBs-based dcFLISA:基于量子点的直接竞争荧光免疫吸附试验 quantum dots based direct competitive fluorescence-linked immunosorbent assay;HRP-based dcFLISA:基于辣根过氧化物酶的直接竞争荧光免疫吸附试验 horseradish peroxidase based direct competitive fluorescence-linked immunosorbent assay;OTA Concentration:赭曲霉毒素A浓度 ochratoxin A concentration;IC50:半抑制浓度 50% inhibiting concentration;QBs:量子点 quantum dots;BSA:牛血清白蛋白 bovine serum albumin;HRP:辣根过氧化物酶 horseradish peroxidase;OTA:赭曲霉毒素A ochratoxin A。 Fig.2 Schematic diagram of principle of deFLISA for ultrasensitive detection of ochratoxin A[13] |
3.2 免疫层析法
图3 微阵列侧流免疫试纸条的制备及用于多重霉菌毒素检测的示意图(A)[15]、基于量子点微球的免疫层析试纸条结合便携式手持式试纸仪对多种霉菌毒素的现场检测示意图(B)[17]、时间分辨荧光免疫层析试纸条检测原理示意图(C)[20]Mixture of anti-mycotoxin antibodies:抗真菌毒素抗体的混合物;Goat anti-mouse antibody:山羊抗小鼠抗体;Sample pad:样品垫;Backing board:底板;Conjugation pad:结合垫;Mycotoxin panel:霉菌毒素面板;Signal pad:信号板;Absorbent pad:吸水垫;Flow direction:流向;Anti-AFB1 mAb:抗黄曲霉毒素B1的单克隆抗体 anti-aflatoxin B1 monoclonal antibody;Anti-OTA mAb:抗赭曲霉毒素A的单克隆抗体 anti-ochratoxin A monoclonal antibody;Anti-ZEN mAb:抗玉米赤霉烯酮的单克隆抗体 anti-zearalenone monoclonal antibody;Rabbit anti-Chicken lgY:兔抗鸡免疫球蛋白Y rabbit anti-chicken immunoglobulin Y;BSA:牛血清白蛋白 bovine serum albumin;QDM:量子点微球 quantum dot microsphere;AFB1:黄曲霉毒素B1 aflatoxin B1;OTA:赭曲霉毒素A ochratoxin A;ZEN:玉米赤霉烯酮 zearalenone;AFB1-BSA:黄曲霉毒素B1-牛血清白蛋白偶联物 aflatoxin B1-bovine serum albumin conjugate;OTA-BSA:赭曲霉毒素A-牛血清白蛋白偶联物 ochratoxin A-bovine serum albumin conjugate;ZEN-BSA:玉米赤霉烯酮-牛血清白蛋白偶联物 zearalenone-bovine serum albumin conjugate;Sample pretreatment:样品前处理;Grinding:研磨;Extraction:提取;Incubation:孵育;QDM probe preparation:量子点探针准备;Target detections:目标物检测;With target:目标物存在;Without target:目标物不存在;Test strip:试纸条;T line:检测线 test line;Binding:结合;Unbinding:未结合;Sample port:样品口;Test windows:检测口;Target quantifications:目标物定量;AFB1-OVA:黄曲霉毒素B1-鸡卵白蛋白偶联物 aflatoxin B1-ovalbumin conjugate;ZEN-OVA:玉米赤霉烯酮-鸡卵白蛋白偶联物 zearalenone-ovalbumin conjugate; Fig.3 Schematic diagram of preparation of microarray transversal flow test paper and its application for multiple mycotoxin detection (A)[15], schematic diagram of immunochromatographic test strip based on quantum dot microspheres combined with a portable handheld test instrument for field detection of a variety of mycotoxins (B)[17] and schematic diagram of detection principle of time-resolved fluorescence immunochromatography strip (C)[20] |
3.3 电化学生物传感器
表1 检测饲料原料中霉菌毒素的电化学生物传感器Table 1 Electrochemical biosensors for detecting mycotoxins in feed materials |
| 传感器电极材料 Sensor electrode materials | 分析物 Analyte | 方法 Method | 实际样品 Actual sample | 灵敏度 Sensitivity | 参考文献 Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 镉铟硫化物/s-空位二硫化钼 CdIn2S4/V-MoS2 | AFB1、OTA、 ZEN | 免疫 传感器 | 玉米粉 | AFB1:0.017 ng/mL;OTA: 0.016 ng/mL;ZEN: 0.033 ng/mL | [22] |
| 聚-精氨酸-分子印迹/ 羧酸官能化的碳纳米管 P-Arg-MIP/COOH-MWCNTs | DON | 分子印迹 传感器 | 小麦粉 | 0.07 μmol/L | [23] |
| 金纳米颗粒@聚苯胺 AuNPs@PANI | AFB1、FB1、 ZEN | 适配体 传感器 | 玉米 | 3.2 ng/mL | [24] |
| 铂钯纳米颗粒/聚乙烯 亚胺-氧化石墨烯 PtPdNPs/PEI-rGO | DON | 适配体 传感器 | 玉米粉 | 6.9 ng/L | [25] |
| 聚乙烯亚胺-氧化石墨烯/ 铂@金纳米棒 PEI-rGO/Pt@AuNRs | ZEN | 免疫 传感器 | 玉米 | 0.02 pg/mL | [26] |
| 丝网印刷碳电极/壳聚糖- 功能化碳纳米管-钯 SPCE/CS-CNT-Pd | ZEN | 免疫 传感器 | 玉米 | 0.25 ng/mL | [27] |
AFB1:黄曲霉毒素B1 aflatoxin B1;OTA:赭曲霉毒素A ochratoxin A;ZEN:玉米赤霉烯酮 zearalenone; DON: 脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇 deoxynivalenol;FB1:伏马菌素B1 fumonisin B1。 |
3.3.1 分子印迹传感器
图4 基于分子印迹聚合物的霉菌毒素简易检测平台的示意图(A)[28]、利用聚苯胺纳米纤维和金纳米颗粒依此修饰的氧化铟锡圆盘电极构建出的黄曲霉毒素B1的免疫传感平台的示意图(B)[34]、核酸适配体传感器制作的示意图(C)[41]AFB1:黄曲霉毒素B1 aflatoxin B1;FuB1:伏马菌素B1 fumonisin B1;APS:过硫酸铵 ammonium persulphate;Template removal:移除模板;MIP:分子印迹聚合物 molecularly imprinted polymer;ITO:氧化锡铟 indium tin oxide;PANI:聚苯胺 polyaniline;AuNP:金纳米颗粒 gold nanoparticles;GA:戊二醛 glutaradehyde;BSA:牛血清白蛋白 bovine serum albumin;AFB1:黄曲霉毒素B1 aflatoxin B1;|Z|:阻抗大小 impedance magnitude;ITO disk electrode:氧化锡铟圆盘电极;O2 plasma:氧等离子体;Aniline:苯胺;PANI:聚苯胺 polyaniline;deposition:沉积;Au-PANI:金-聚苯胺 gold-polyaniline;Antibody immobilization:抗体固定;BSA blocking:BSA封闭;CAFB1 bindings:黄曲霉毒素B1浓度匹配 aflatoxin B1 concentration bindings;|Z| monitoring:阻抗大小监测 impedance magnitude monitoring;MB-cDNAⅠ:亚甲基-互补DNAⅠ methylene-complementary DNAⅠ;aptⅠ-SiO2@CdTe:适配体Ⅰ-二氧化硅@碲化镉 adaptorⅠ-silica@cadmium telluride;MB-cDNAⅠ/aptⅠ-SiO2@CdTe:亚甲基-互补DNAⅠ-适配体Ⅰ-二氧化硅@碲化镉 methylene-complementary DNAⅠ-adaptorⅠ-silica@cadmium telluride;MB-cDNAⅡ:亚甲基-互补DNAⅡ methylene-complementary DNAⅡ;aptⅡ-SiO2@PbS:适配体Ⅱ-二氧化硅@硫化铅 adaptorⅡ-silica@lead sulfide;MB-cDNAⅡ/aptⅡ-SiO2@PbS:亚甲基-互补DNAⅡ-适配体Ⅱ-二氧化硅@硫化铅 methylene-complementary DNAⅡ-adaptorⅡ-silica@lead sulfide;FB1:fumonisin B1 伏马菌素B1;OTA:赭曲霉毒素A ochratoxin A;SWV:方波伏安法 square wave voltammetry;aptⅠ-OTA complex:适配体Ⅰ-赭曲霉毒素A复合物 adaptorⅠ-ochratoxin A complex;aptⅡ-OTA complex:适配体Ⅱ赭曲霉毒素A复合物 adaptorⅡ-ochratoxin A complex。 Fig.4 Schematic diagram of a simple detection platform based on molecularly imprinted polymer for mycotoxins (A)[28], schematic diagram of immune sensing platform for aflatoxins B1 was constructed using an indium tin oxide disk electrode modified by polyaniline nanofibers and gold nanoparticles(B)[34] and schematic diagram of nucleic acid aptamer sensor fabrication (C)[41] |
3.3.2 免疫传感器
3.3.3 适配体传感器
3.4 无损检测方法
4 快速检测方法优劣势比较分析
表2 目前霉菌毒素主要快速检测方法对比Table 2 Comparison of main rapid detection methods of mycotoxins |
| 方法 Methods | 优点 Advantage | 缺点 Disadvantage | 参考文献 Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| 免疫吸附法 Immunoadsorption method | 较高的准确性和可靠性 | 操作相对复杂、对环境和人员 要求高、环境和基质干扰严重 | [47-48] |
| 免疫层析法 Immunochromatography method | 低成本、操作快速、简便 | 易出现假阳性结果、 灵敏度也有待提高 | [49-50] |
| 分子印迹传感器 Molecular imprint sensor | 特异性强、稳定性高、可重复 使用、成本低、检测灵敏 | 生物相容性差、传感器信号响应慢 | [51-52] |
| 抗原抗体免疫 Antigen antibody immunity | 快捷、灵敏、高效 | 易发生免疫交叉 | [53-54] |
| 适配体传感器 Aptamer biosensor | 稳定性好、高特异性、强亲和力 | 容易受到环境影响 | [55-56] |
| 其他Others | 无损、成本更低,操作更简单 | 数据处理复杂 | [45-46] |
