Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2025 , Vol. 37 >Issue 5: 2945 - 2957

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2025.246

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Dietary Astragalus Extract on Growth Performance, Serum Indices and Meat Quality of Fattening Pigs

  • KONG Mengjie , 1 ,
  • WANG Dong 1 ,
  • CHE Yuyan 1 ,
  • CHENG Jiyou 2 ,
  • ZHAO Shengguo 1 ,
  • CHEN Guoshun , 1, * ,
  • WANG Jing , 3, *
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  • 1 College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
  • 2 Gaotai County Liuhe Ecological Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Development Co., Ltd., Zhangye 734300, China
  • 3 Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
* CHEN Guoshun, professor, E-mail: ;
WANG Jing, professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2024-10-22

  Online published: 2025-05-14

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Abstract

The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of dietary Astragalus extract on growth performance, serum indices and meat quality of fattening pigs. Forty-eight Duroc×Landrace ×Large White fattening pigs at 130 days of age with body weight of (76.91±0.38) kg were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups with 3 replicates per group and 4 pigs per replicate. Pigs in the control group were fed a basal diet, and others in experimental groups Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ were fed basal diets supplemented with 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg Astragalus extract, respectively. The pre-experimental period lasted for 7 days, and the experimental period lasted for 45 days. The results showed as follows: 1) the final body weight (FBW) of experimental groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05), the average daily gain (ADG) of experimental group Ⅲ was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). 2) The live weight before slaughter of experimental groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05), the carcass weight of experimental groups Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05), the slaughter rate of experimental groups Ⅰ and Ⅲ was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05), and the back fat thickness of experimental group Ⅲ was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). 3) The serum albumin (ALB) content of experimental groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05), and the serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) of experimental group Ⅲ was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). The serum malondialdehyde (MDA) content of experimental groups Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05), and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in serum of experimental groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ were significantly higher than those of the control group (P<0.05). The serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content of experimental groups Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05), the serum interleukin-8 (IL-8) content of experimental group Ⅰ was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05), and the serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) content of experimental groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05). 4) The contents of total amino acids (TAA), essential amino acids (EAA) and non-essential amino acids (NEAA) in longest dorsal muscle of experimental groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ were significantly higher than those of the control group (P<0.05), and the longest dorsal muscle delicious amino acids (DAA) content of experimental group Ⅰ was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). In summary, dietary Astragalus extract can improve the growth performance and slaughter performance of fattening pigs, improve the meat quality, enhance the immune function and antioxidant capacity. It recommended the dietary Astragalus extract supplemental level for fattening pigs is 300 mg/kg.

Key words： Astragalus extract; fattening pigs; growth performance; serum indices; meat quality

Cite this article

KONG Mengjie , WANG Dong , CHE Yuyan , CHENG Jiyou , ZHAO Shengguo , CHEN Guoshun , WANG Jing . Effects of Dietary Astragalus Extract on Growth Performance, Serum Indices and Meat Quality of Fattening Pigs[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2025 , 37(5) : 2945 -2957 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2025.246

随着饲料禁抗以来,寻找绿色、安全、高效的饲料添加剂替代抗生素成为了人们研究的重点。中草药添加剂因具有纯天然、无残留、毒副作用小、安全可靠等多种功能,成为了理想的绿色替抗产品之一[1]。黄芪作为多年生草本植物,含有皂苷、多糖、黄酮、氨基酸、生物碱等多种有效成分[2],其中皂苷、黄酮和多糖三大类活性成分起主要作用[3]。黄芪皂苷具有抗压和镇痛的效果,能够增强动物机体的抗炎能力并调节机体新陈代谢[4]。黄芪黄酮能够增强动物机体的免疫力,还可以通过减少体内自由基、脂质过氧化物和超氧离子的产生保护机体组织免受损伤[5]。黄芪多糖的单糖组成包括葡萄糖醛酸、半乳糖醛酸、鼠李糖、果糖、甘露糖等,具有抗氧化、免疫调节、抗菌消炎和多重抗应激及促进生长等作用[6]。
Sun等[7]研究发现,黄芪甲苷可以通过改善肠道黏膜表面形态和显微结构,增加黏膜血流量,减少肠道炎症的发生。王永林[8]研究发现,饲粮中添加适宜水平的黄芪黄酮可以提高肉仔鸡免疫性能,在抗菌和抗病毒方面都有积极作用。Xue等[9]研究表明,黄芪多糖对肉仔鸡早期生长性能和肠道健康均有积极的影响,十二指肠绒隐比也有所改善。有研究发现,饲粮中添加黄芪粉能够提高肉鸡免疫器官重量和血清免疫球蛋白G(IgG)含量,改善肾脏功能与抗氧化状态[10]。Han等[11]研究发现,饲粮中添加2%的发酵黄芪粉可以提高肉鸡的生长性能、免疫功能和抗氧化能力,调节肠道菌群。靳淑委等[12]研究发现,饲粮中添加2 000 mg/kg的黄芪提取物可以改善蛋鸡的生长性能与抗氧化能力。黄芪提取物作为绿色添加剂被广泛应用于动物养殖中,具有促生长、抗病原菌、免疫调节及维持肠道菌群平衡等多种优势[13]。因此,本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加黄芪提取物对育肥猪生长性能、血清生化指标及肉品质的影响,以期为黄芪提取物在育肥猪生产实践中的应用提供一定的理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

黄芪提取物委托成都某公司提取,采用酶辅助提取法,先将准备好的黄芪样品粉碎后用水浸泡,预处理后加入适量酶制剂,控制反应条件(温度、pH、反应时间),反应结束进行离心过滤,分离得到提取液,再进行浓缩处理得到最终产品。黄芪提取物中黄芪皂苷有效含量为20%,黄芪黄酮有效含量为10%,黄芪多糖有效含量为60%~70%。

1.2 试验设计

本试验经过甘肃农业大学实验动物伦理委员会审批通过,审批编号为:GSAU-Eth-AST-2023-006。
本试验选取48头130日龄、体重[(76.91±0.38) kg]相近且健康状况良好的“杜×长×大”育肥猪,公母各占1/2,随机分为4组,每组3个重复,每个重复4头。预试期7 d,正试期45 d。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组在基础饲粮中分别添加100、200、300 mg/kg的黄芪提取物。基础饲粮参照NRC(2012)猪营养需要标准配制,其组成及营养水平见表1。
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis) %

项目Items 含量Content
原料Ingredients
玉米Corn 64.50
小麦麸皮Wheat bran 7.00
大豆粕Soybean meal 16.56
棉籽粕Cottonseed meal 2.80
菜籽粕Rapeseed meal 2.32
大豆油Soybean oil 2.30
石粉Limestone 1.30
磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 1.00
氯化钠NaCl 0.12
L-赖氨酸盐L-Lys·HCl (98%) 1.00
氯化胆碱Choline chloride (50%) 0.10
预混料Premix1) 1.00
合计Total 100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels2)
消化能DE/(MJ/kg) 13.58
粗脂肪EE 3.13
粗蛋白质CP 15.82
粗纤维CF 3.38
粗灰分Ash 4.97
钙Ca 1.10
总磷TP 0.48

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kilogram of the diet:VA 820 IU,VB1 4.4 mg,VB2 5.0 mg,VB3 30 mg,VB5 26.0 mg,VB6 1.0 mg,VB9 0.36 mg,VB12 1.0 mg,VD3 950 IU,VE 48 mg,VH 0.05 mg,VK3 32 mg,Fe 85.0 mg,Cu 31.0 mg,Zn 82.0 mg,Mn 44.0 mg,I 0.68 mg,Se 0.35 mg,Co 30.0 mg。

2)消化能为计算值,其他均为实测值。DE was a calculated value, while the others were measured values.

1.3 饲养管理

在试验开始前对圈舍进行清扫和消毒,在试验期间严格按照猪场的管理制度和防疫制度对猪只进行驱虫免疫。预试期和正试期期间,保证猪只自由采食和饮水,每天按时清扫圈舍,定期消毒,保证圈内干净整洁,通风良好,温度、湿度适宜。

1.4 样品采集与制备

在试验期第45天屠宰前禁食12 h,禁水2 h。每个重复随机选取2头试验猪,前腔静脉采集10 mL血液,离心所得上层血清转移至2 mL冻存管中,-80 ℃保存待测。采血后猪只屠宰,屠宰流程严格按照《畜禽屠宰操作规程 生猪》(GB/T 17236—2019)进行屠宰。屠宰后采集背最长肌样品50 g于5 mL无酶冻存管中,做好标记,-80 ℃保存,用于背最长肌氨基酸含量的测定。

1.5 测定指标及方法

1.5.1 饲粮营养成分

消化能是基于NRC(2012)[14]饲养标准中猪营养需要量的基础上,根据饲粮各成分的代谢能值[15]与其配方比例计算得出。粗脂肪(EE)含量参照GB/T 6433—2006,采用全自动脂肪测定仪测定;粗蛋白质(CP)含量参照GB/T 6432—2018,采用全自动凯氏定氮仪测定;粗纤维(CF)含量参照Van Soest[16]的方法测定;粗灰分(Ash)含量参照GB/T 6438—2007测定;钙(Ca)含量参照GB/T 6436—2018测定;总磷(TP)含量参照GB/T 6437—2018测定。

1.5.2 生长性能

在正试期第1天和第45天的早晨,对所有试验猪进行空腹称重,并记录初始体重(IBW)和终末体重(FBW),计算平均日增重(ADG);记录每日给料量和余料量,计算平均日采食量(ADFI);根据ADG与ADFI计算料重比(F/G)。

1.5.3 屠宰性能和肉品质

试验猪屠宰前称重,屠宰后测量胴体重、屠宰率和背膘厚。肉品质指标参照《猪肌肉品质测定技术规范》(NY/T 821—2019)测定。

1.5.4 血清生化、抗氧化和免疫指标

血清生化[葡萄糖(GLU)、尿素(UREA)、甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)]、抗氧化[总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、二胺氧化酶(DAO)]和免疫指标[免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)、IgG、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)]均采用试剂盒测定,购自南京建成生物工程研究所,检测方法及具体步骤参考试剂盒说明书。

1.5.5 背最长肌氨基酸含量

背最长肌氨基酸含量参照《食品安全国家标准 食品中氨基酸的测定》(GB/T 5009.124—2016)测定。

1.6 数据统计与处理

试验数据通过Excel 2019软件进行整理与统计,使用SPSS 25.0软件进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),并用Duncan氏法进行多重比较。通过正交多项式对比评估随着黄芪提取物添加水平增加的线性或二次效应。采用Spearman相关性分析法对各数据进行相关性分析,试验结果以平均值和均值标准误(SEM)表示,P≥0.05表示差异不显著,P<0.05表示差异显著。

2 结果

2.1 黄芪提取物对育肥猪生长性能的影响

由表2可知,试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的FBW显著高于对照组(P<0.05),分别提高了6.43%、7.68%;试验Ⅲ组的ADG显著高于对照组和试验Ⅰ组(P<0.05),分别提高了25.71%、22.22%;试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的ADFI高于对照组,但差异不显著(P>0.05);试验Ⅲ组的F/G最低,分别比对照组及试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组降低了23.31%、19.59%、4.73%,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。随着黄芪提取物添加水平增加,F/G呈线性降低(P<0.05)。
表2 黄芪提取物对育肥猪生长性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of Astragalus extract on growth performance of fattening pigs

项目
Items		 组别Groups 均值
标准误
SEM		 P值P-value
对照
Control		 Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ 方差分析
ANOVA		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
初始体重IBW/kg 76.78 77.01 76.91 76.96 0.379 0.997 0.898 0.910
终末体重FBW/kg 108.38b 109.17b 115.35a 116.70a 0.895 <0.001 <0.001 0.851
平均日采食量ADFI/kg 2.56 2.52 2.60 2.61 0.017 0.234 0.166 0.409
平均日增重ADG/kg 0.70b 0.72b 0.85ab 0.88a 0.031 0.047 0.010 0.862
料重比F/G 3.65 3.54 3.10 2.96 0.118 0.076 0.015 0.947

同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below.

2.2 黄芪提取物对育肥猪屠宰性能及肉品质的影响

由表3可知,试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的宰前活重显著高于对照组(P<0.05);试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的胴体重显著高于对照组(P<0.05),分别提高了9.71%、10.19%、15.30%;试验Ⅰ、Ⅲ组的屠宰率显著高于对照组(P<0.05);对照组及试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组的背膘厚显著低于试验Ⅲ组(P<0.05)。随着黄芪提取物添加水平增加,背最长肌pH45 min呈二次变化(P<0.05)。各组之间眼肌面积、滴水损失、失水率、蒸煮损失、熟肉率、剪切力、pH45 min、pH24 h及亮度(L*)、红度(a*)、黄度(b*)值均无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表3 黄芪提取物对育肥猪屠宰性能及肉品质的影响

Table 3 Effects of Astragalus extract on slaughtering performance and meat quality of fattening pigs

项目
Items		 组别Groups 均值
标准误
SEM		 P值P-value
对照
Control		 Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ 方差分析
ANOVA		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
宰前活重
Live weight before slaughter/kg		 107.83b 111.40ab 115.55a 117.50a 1.354 0.041 0.005 0.737
胴体重Carcass weight/kg 75.75b 83.11a 83.47a 87.34a 1.331 0.009 0.002 0.428
屠宰率Slaughter rate/% 70.25b 74.65a 72.21ab 74.34a 0.674 0.041 0.084 0.360
背膘厚Back fat thickness/mm 18.56c 20.77b 19.00bc 22.89a 0.482 0.001 0.002 0.244
眼肌面积Eye muscle area/cm2 24.38 27.31 28.51 24.91 0.860 0.284 0.712 0.066
滴水损失Drip loss/% 5.83 5.68 6.06 6.51 0.248 0.682 0.301 0.562
失水率Water loss rate/% 17.81 22.52 21.36 15.39 1.539 0.353 0.544 0.095
蒸煮损失Cooking loss/% 42.99 43.76 44.59 43.34 0.449 0.650 0.653 0.288
熟肉率Cooked meat rate/% 75.59 70.68 72.68 71.08 0.941 0.247 0.173 0.375
剪切力Shear force/N 35.89 41.80 40.52 40.15 1.349 0.461 0.354 0.261
pH45 min 5.25 5.14 5.16 5.40 0.042 0.115 0.176 0.042
pH24 h 5.20 5.15 5.19 5.25 0.024 0.541 0.377 0.271


肉色
Meat color		 亮度L* 43.04 41.94 41.05 40.19 0.838 0.689 0.238 0.942
红度a* 12.28 12.54 13.01 13.08 0.310 0.791 0.334 0.886
黄度b* 9.28 9.31 9.36 9.19 0.247 0.997 0.928 0.856

2.3 黄芪提取物对育肥猪血清指标的影响

2.3.1 黄芪提取物对育肥猪血清生化指标的影响

由表4可知,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组的血清ALB含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),对照组及试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的血清ALT活性均显著低于试验Ⅰ组(P<0.05),试验Ⅲ组的血清HDL-C含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。随着黄芪提取物添加水平增加,血清GLU和UREA含量呈二次变化(P<0.05)。各组之间血清TG、TC、TP、LDL-C含量及AST、ALP活性均无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表4 黄芪提取物对育肥猪血清生化指标的影响

Table 4 Effects of Astragalus extract on serum biochemical indices of fattening pigs

项目
Items		 组别Groups 均值
标准误
SEM		 P值P-value
对照
Control		 Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ 方差分析
ANOVA		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
葡萄糖GLU/(mmol/L) 4.99 5.96 6.24 5.47 0.195 0.105 0.302 0.026
尿素UREA/(mg/dL) 11.64 16.99 14.12 13.39 0.740 0.066 0.692 0.033
甘油三酯TG/(mmol/L) 0.43 0.47 0.52 0.46 0.030 0.784 0.601 0.434
总胆固醇TC/(mmol/L) 2.45 2.49 2.54 2.52 0.048 0.938 0.593 0.791
总蛋白TP/(g/L) 64.29 70.51 69.35 69.05 1.099 0.197 0.178 0.137
白蛋白ALB/(g/L) 20.37b 25.37a 25.21a 23.66ab 0.678 0.020 0.071 0.009
谷丙转氨酶ALT/(U/L) 41.76b 57.71a 47.79b 45.36b 1.882 0.009 0.950 0.007
谷草转氨酶AST/(U/L) 54.42 55.31 52.01 45.58 4.003 0.844 0.437 0.668
碱性磷酸酶ALP/(U/L) 13.36 13.39 13.25 13.06 0.572 0.997 0.849 0.926
高密度脂蛋白胆固醇
HDL-C/(mmol/L)		 0.68b 0.75ab 0.76ab 0.78a 0.015 0.105 0.024 0.375
低密度脂蛋白胆固醇
LDL-C/(mmol/L)		 1.36 1.33 1.28 1.26 0.026 0.489 0.132 0.915

2.3.2 黄芪提取物对育肥猪血清抗氧化指标的影响

由表5可知,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的血清MDA含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05),试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组的血清SOD、CAT活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。各组之间血清T-AOC及GSH-Px、DAO活性均无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表5 黄芪提取物对育肥猪血清抗氧化指标的影响

Table 5 Effects of Astragalus extract on serum antioxidant indices of fattening pigs

项目
Items		 组别Groups 均值
标准误
SEM		 P值P-value
对照
Control		 Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ 方差分析
ANOVA		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(U/mL) 10.19 11.24 10.99 10.83 0.204 0.318 0.359 0.147
丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mL) 4.22a 2.99c 3.29bc 3.56b 0.110 <0.001 0.005 <0.001
超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(U/mL) 51.34c 66.81a 60.84ab 55.85bc 1.561 <0.001 0.439 <0.001
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶
GSH-Px/(U/mL)		 190.73 212.98 205.38 197.08 5.972 0.605 0.836 0.227
过氧化氢酶CAT/(U/mL) 43.08b 51.31a 49.95a 46.12ab 1.113 0.025 0.373 0.005
二胺氧化酶DAO/(U/L) 2.53 2.25 2.31 2.47 0.056 0.268 0.811 0.060

2.3.3 黄芪提取物对育肥猪血清免疫指标的影响

由表6可知,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的血清IL-6含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05),试验Ⅰ组的血清IL-8含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05),试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组的血清TNF-α含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。各组之间血清IgA、IgM、IgG、IL-10含量均无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表6 黄芪提取物对育肥猪血清免疫指标的影响

Table 6 Effects of Astragalus extract on serum immune indices of fattening pigs

项目
Items		 组别Groups 均值
标准误
SEM		 P值P-value
对照
Control		 Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ 方差分析
ANOVA		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
免疫球蛋白A IgA/(g/L) 1.21 1.17 1.06 1.12 0.037 0.559 0.270 0.546
免疫球蛋白M IgM/(g/L) 1.64 1.73 1.59 1.62 0.046 0.728 0.605 0.753
免疫球蛋白G IgG/(g/L) 21.14 20.26 18.56 19.37 0.617 0.514 0.225 0.509
白细胞介素-6 IL-6/(pg/mL) 139.55a 112.79c 122.70b 122.63b 2.259 <0.001 0.001 <0.001
白细胞介素-8 IL-8/(pg/mL) 52.97a 37.38b 44.04ab 41.19ab 2.466 0.038 0.181 0.184
白细胞介素-10 IL-10/(pg/mL) 16.02 19.05 16.99 17.32 0.523 0.229 0.690 0.196
肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α/(pg/mL) 50.56a 39.09c 44.75b 46.36ab 1.102 <0.001 0.309 <0.001

2.4 黄芪提取物对育肥猪肌肉氨基酸含量的影响

由表7可知,试验Ⅰ、Ⅲ组的背最长肌苏氨酸(Thr)含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),分别提高了5.57%、6.19%;试验Ⅰ、Ⅲ组的背最长肌异亮氨酸(Ile)含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),分别提高了6.90%、7.79%;试验Ⅰ组的背最长肌谷氨酸(Glu)含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),提高了6.81%;试验Ⅰ、Ⅲ组的背最长肌精氨酸(Arg)含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),分别提高了8.60%、9.41%;试验Ⅰ、Ⅲ组的背最长肌丙氨酸(Ala)含量显著高于对照组,分别提高了7.08%、7.07%(P<0.05);试验Ⅰ、Ⅲ组的背最长肌总氨基酸(TAA)含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),分别提高了5.66%、5.03%;试验Ⅰ、Ⅲ组的背最长肌必需氨基酸(EAA)含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),分别提高了5.28%、4.84%;试验Ⅰ、Ⅲ组的背最长肌非必需氨基酸(NEAA)含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),分别提高了6.00%、5.21%;试验Ⅰ组的背最长肌鲜味氨基酸(DAA)含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),提高了5.88%。随着黄芪提取物添加水平增加,背最长肌缬氨酸(Val)和赖氨酸(Lys)含量呈线性升高(P<0.05),背最长肌酪氨酸(Tyr)含量呈二次变化(P<0.05)。
表7 黄芪提取物对育肥猪肌肉氨基酸含量的影响

Table 7 Effects of Astragalus extract on contents of amino acids in muscle of fattening pigs %

项目
Items		 组别Groups 均值
标准误
SEM		 P值P-value
对照
Control		 Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ 方差分析
ANOVA		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
必需氨基酸EAA
苏氨酸Thr 8.08b 8.53a 8.25ab 8.58a 0.073 0.034 0.044 0.650
缬氨酸Val 10.60 11.15 10.90 11.00 0.088 0.150 <0.001 0.188
蛋氨酸Met 4.10 4.48 4.45 4.40 0.069 0.181 0.155 0.114
异亮氨酸Ile 8.98b 9.60a 9.23ab 9.68a 0.097 0.025 0.030 0.621
亮氨酸Leu 16.28 16.82 16.35 16.93 0.127 0.170 0.183 0.918
苯丙氨酸Phe 8.20 8.50 8.30 8.48 0.072 0.401 0.323 0.689
赖氨酸Lys 16.85 18.08 17.37 17.88 0.196 0.103 0.045 0.333
组氨酸His 9.05 9.52 9.22 9.18 0.118 0.583 0.927 0.313
非必需氨基酸NEAA
天冬氨酸Asp# 17.50 18.38 17.70 18.33 0.182 0.243 0.290 0.762
谷氨酸Glu# 29.23b 31.22a 29.68ab 30.58ab 0.300 0.044 0.312 0.330
丝氨酸Ser 6.76 7.00 6.68 6.98 0.062 0.186 0.537 0.782
甘氨酸Gly# 9.13 9.62 9.50 9.52 0.095 0.304 0.230 0.225
精氨酸Arg 12.32b 13.38a 12.90ab 13.48a 0.146 0.009 0.010 0.318
丙氨酸Ala# 11.02b 11.80a 11.50ab 11.80a 0.109 0.023 0.023 0.207
脯氨酸Pro# 8.18 8.50 8.40 8.45 0.067 0.369 0.251 0.326
酪氨酸Tyr 6.63 6.97 7.07 6.91 0.068 0.129 0.111 0.042
总氨基酸TAA 191.05b 201.87a 195.55ab 200.67a 1.643 0.043 0.103 0.345
必需氨基酸EAA 90.23b 95.00a 92.12ab 94.60a 0.754 0.044 0.110 0.413
非必需氨基酸NEAA 100.82b 106.87a 103.43ab 106.07a 0.916 0.049 0.111 0.313
鲜味氨基酸DAA 75.10b 79.52a 76.78ab 78.68ab 0.682 0.047 0.165 0.324
必需氨基酸/总氨基酸
EAA/TAA		 47.24 47.07 47.10 47.14 0.077 0.901 0.731 0.544
鲜味氨基酸/总氨基酸
DAA/TAA		 39.30 39.38 39.27 39.21 0.075 0.893 0.592 0.682

#:鲜味氨基酸 delicious amino acids。

2.5 黄芪提取物添加水平与生长性能、肉品质、血清指标之间的相关性

由图1可知,黄芪提取物添加水平与FBW、宰前活重、胴体重、血清HDL-C含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与F/G呈显著负相关(P<0.05);血清IL-6、IL-8含量与屠宰率及背最长肌Val、Lys、Glu含量呈显著负相关(P<0.05);血清MDA含量与血清UREA、ALB含量和ALT活性呈显著负相关(P<0.05),与血清SOD和CAT活性呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。
图1 黄芪提取物添加水平与生长性能、肉品质、血清指标之间的相关性分析热图

*表示显著相关(P<0.05)。* indicated significant correlation (P<0.05).

ad:黄芪提取物添加水平 Astragalus extract supplemental level;FBW:终末体重 final body weight;ADG:平均日增重 average daily gain;F/G:料重比 feed/gain;LW:宰前活重 live weight before slaughter;CW:胴体重 carcass weight;SR:屠宰率 slaughter rate;BFT:背膘厚 back fat thickness;M-Thr:肌肉苏氨酸 muscle threonine;M-Val:肌肉缬氨酸 muscle valine;M-Ile:肌肉异亮氨酸 muscle isoleucine;M-Lys:肌肉赖氨酸 muscle lysine;M-Glu:肌肉谷氨酸 muscle glutamate;M-Arg:肌肉精氨酸 muscle arginine;M-Ala:肌肉丙氨酸 muscle alanine);M-Tyr:肌肉酪氨酸 muscle tyrosine;S-Glu:血清葡萄糖 serum glucose;S-UREA:血清尿素 serum urea;S-ALB:血清白蛋白 serum albumin;S-ALT:血清谷丙转氨酶 serum alanine aminotransferase;S-HDL-C:血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol;S-MDA:血清丙二醛 serum malondialdehyde;S-SOD:血清超氧化物歧化酶 serum superoxide dismutase;S-CAT:血清过氧化氢酶 serum catalase;S-IL-6:血清白细胞介素-6 serum interleukin-6;S-IL-8:血清白细胞介素-8 serum interleukin-8;S-TNF-α:血清肿瘤坏死因子-α serum tumor necrosis factor-α。

Fig.1 Correlation analysis heat map among Astragalus extract supplemental level, growth performance, meat quality and serum indices

3 讨论

3.1 黄芪提取物对育肥猪生长性能的影响

育肥猪的生长性能是衡量养殖业生产效率与经济效益的重要指标之一。Che等[17]研究发现,饲粮中添加黄芪粉能显著提高仔猪ADFI,降低F/G,ADG也有所提升。Hao等[18]等研究表明,在饲粮中添加黄芪根粉后羔羊生长性能得到改善,FBW显著提升,F/G显著降低。在对黄芪提取物研究中发现,饲粮中添加黄芪党参混合提取物能够提高育肥猪的FBW和ADG[19-20]。Guo等[21]研究发现,饲粮中添加3%的黄芪茎叶可以显著提高鹌鹑的ADG和ADFI。本试验中,饲粮中添加不同水平的黄芪提取物后,育肥猪的FBW、ADFI、ADG、F/G均有所改善,且添加300 mg/kg黄芪提取物的改善效果更好。由此说明,饲粮中添加黄芪提取物对育肥猪的生长性能有促进作用。

3.2 黄芪提取物对育肥猪屠宰性能和肉品质的影响

胴体重、背膘厚、眼肌面积等是反映育肥猪饲料利用率及生产效率的重要指标,而肉色、滴水损失、熟肉率等则是评价肉品质的重要指标[22]。本试验中,与对照组相比,各试验组的胴体重、屠宰率、背膘厚均升高;且随着黄芪提取物添加水平的增加,背最长肌L*值逐渐降低,a*值逐渐升高。这与Abdallah等[23]在绵羊饲粮中添加15%的黄芪副产品后背最长肌的变化一致。王宪举[24]在藏羊饲粮添加不同水平的黄芪后发现,黄芪可以显著提高藏羊的胴体重、屠宰率,且随着黄芪添加水平的增加肌肉的a*值也随之升高。本试验结果也表明,黄芪提取物对育肥猪屠宰性能、肉色具有改善作用。

3.3 黄芪提取物对育肥猪血清指标的影响

3.3.1 黄芪提取物对育肥猪血清生化指标的影响

血清生化指标能够更加直观的反映动物机体的健康状况,以及糖类、蛋白质等营养物质的代谢水平。本试验测定了血清GLU、UREA、TG、TC、TP、ALB、HDL-C、LDL-C等指标,其中UREA、TP、ALB含量是反映动物机体蛋白质代谢与利用效率的关键指标[25-26],而TG、TC、HDL-C、LDL-C含量能够反映机体的能量储备及消耗情况[27],这些指标不仅与能量代谢密切相关,还可以间接体现出动物的营养摄入与能量转换率。此外,血清ALT、AST、ALP活性变化能直接反映肝脏是否受损[28-29]。本试验中,饲粮中添加黄芪提取物后,血清ALB和TP含量有所提升,表明添加黄芪提取物可能具有促进育肥猪蛋白质代谢的作用,其中添加100 mg/kg时效果较好;添加200和300 mg/kg黄芪提取物均能够降低血清AST和ALP活性,进而对育肥猪肝脏功能的改善起到促进作用。此外,本试验各项血清生化指标均在正常值范围内,表明饲粮中添加黄芪提取物对育肥猪的健康状况无负面影响。

3.3.2 黄芪提取物对育肥猪血清抗氧化指标的影响

T-AOC、MDA、SOD、GSH-Px、CAT、DAO是反映机体抗氧化能力的重要指标。Guo等[30]研究发现,在育肥猪饲粮中添加10%的黄芪根渣可以显著提高血清T-AOC及SOD、GSH-Px活性,降低MDA含量;饲粮中添加黄芪或黄芪多糖后,肉鸡血清和肝脏中T-AOC及SOD、GSH-Px活性有所提高,MDA含量显著降低[31];Shi等[32]在蛋鸡饲粮中添加发酵黄芪后,血清中抗氧化指标改变与上述基本一致;Luo等[33]在绒山羊饲粮中添加黄芪后,肌肉中SOD、CAT、GSH-Px活性及T-AOC增强,MDA含量减少,整体抗氧化能力得到改善。本试验结果与上述研究基本一致,表明饲粮中添加适宜水平的黄芪提取物可以在一定程度上改善育肥猪的抗氧化能力,其中添加100 mg/kg时效果较好。

3.3.3 黄芪提取物对育肥猪血清免疫指标的影响

血清免疫指标作为衡量动物机体健康状况的重要尺度,能够全面反映动物机体的免疫状态。免疫球蛋白具有抗病毒、抗菌、维持内环境稳定等作用[34],主要包括IgA、IgM、IgG。在本试验中,饲粮中添加黄芪提取物对育肥猪血清IgA、IgM、IgG含量无显著影响;这一点与Abdallah等[35]在绵羊饲粮中添加10%或15%黄芪副产物的研究结果一致。IL-6、IL-8、IL-10、TNF-α的主要作用是维持动物机体的免疫平衡[36-37]。Bai等[38]研究发现,饲粮中添加800 mg/kg的黄芪提取物能够显著降低肉鸡空肠中IL-6、TNF-α的mRNA相对丰度;Lv等[39]和Xie等[40]研究发现,饲粮中添加黄芪多糖或黄芪提取物能够显著降低蛋鸡血液IL-6、TNF-α含量。在本试验中,与对照组相比,各试验组的血清IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α含量降低,说明添加黄芪提取物可以通过降低促炎因子的表达而增强机体免疫力及缓解肠道炎症,维持育肥猪机体免疫平衡。

3.4 黄芪提取物对育肥猪肌肉氨基酸含量的影响

肌肉中氨基酸的种类与含量是评价肉类蛋白质营养价值与风味的重要指标[41]。李红梅等[42]研究发现,中草药添加剂能够提高肌肉中EAA与NEAA含量,促进肌肉中氨基酸的沉淀。不同的氨基酸在代谢过程中产生的代谢产物对肉质有着不同的影响[43]。天冬氨酸(Asp)、Glu、甘氨酸(Gly)、Ala、脯氨酸(Pro)是具有特殊鲜味的氨基酸,这些氨基酸在经过适当的烹饪后会转化为具有浓郁香气的化合物,在一定程度上影响肉制品的风味[44-45]。肌肉中风味氨基酸的含量越高,肉品质的风味就越好[46]。有研究表明,饲粮中添加黄芪副产物可以刺激呈味氨基酸的积累,从而提高肉品质[23]。本试验结果表明,在育肥猪饲粮中添加黄芪提取物后,背最长肌EAA、NEAA、TAA、DAA含量提高,且肌肉氨基酸含量与黄芪提取物添加水平基本呈正相关,说明添加黄芪提取物可以有效改善猪肉的营养价值与风味。

3.5 黄芪提取物添加水平与生长性能、肉品质、血清指标之间的相关性

本试验中,饲粮中添加不同水平黄芪提取物对生长性能、血清指标及肉品质均有一定影响。将所有具有显著影响的指标进行相关性分析,发现部分指标间存在一定的相关性。且随着黄芪提取物添加水平的增加,育肥猪的生长性能和屠宰性能更优;血清促炎因子IL-6、IL-8含量与屠宰率、肌肉氨基酸(Val、Lys、Glu)含量具有显著负相关关系,说明免疫应激会导致动物体内的细胞因子含量升高,如IL-6和IL-8,这些细胞因子会影响动物的食欲和代谢,从而影响生长速度和屠宰率。此外,免疫应激会使骨骼肌蛋白质降解率增加,合成速率不变或者下降,从而影响氨基酸的代谢和沉积[47]。MDA是脂质过氧化的终产物,其含量常被用作评估氧化应激的指标。本试验中,血清MDA含量与血清UREA、ALB含量及ALT活性呈正相关,与血清SOD、CAT活性呈负相关。血清MDA含量与血清UREA、ALB含量及ALT活性等的相关性可能与氧化应激导致的细胞损伤和肝功能异常有关;而血清SOD、CAT活性呈负相关可能是由于SOD和CAT能够清除体内的自由基,保护细胞免受氧化损伤,从而应对氧化应激状态发生[48]。

4 结论

饲粮中添加黄芪提取物能够提高育肥猪生长性能和屠宰性能,改善肉品质,增强免疫功能和抗氧化能力。综合本试验结果,推荐育肥猪饲粮中黄芪提取物添加水平为300 mg/kg。

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