Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2025 , Vol. 37 >Issue 5: 3044 - 3054

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2025.253

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Subtilis Peptides on Performance, Egg Quality, Immune Function and Antioxidant Capacity of Laying Hens in Late Laying Period

  • JIA Zifan , 1, 2 ,
  • $\boxed{\hbox{CHEN Baojiang}}$ 1 ,
  • HAN Wenxiao 1 ,
  • FAN Huimin 1 ,
  • WANG Jue 3 ,
  • WANG Hong 4 ,
  • LIU Yajuan , 1, 2, * ,
  • CHEN Saijuan , 1, 2, *
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  • 1 College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
  • 2 Agricultural Technology Innovation Centre in Mountainous Areas of Hebei Province, Baoding 071001, China
  • 3 Hebei Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Baoding 071030, China
  • 4 Beijing Enhalor Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing 101109, China
* LIU Yajuan, associate professor, E-mail: ;
CHEN Saijuan, associate professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2024-10-24

  Online published: 2025-05-14

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Abstract

This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of subtilis peptides on the performance, egg quality, immune function and antioxidant capacity of laying hens in late laying period. A total of 640 healthy Dawu brown laying hens at 77 weeks of age, were randomly allocated into four groups, each containing eight replicates with 20 hens in each replicate. Hens in control group were fed a basal diet, and those in test groups were fed experimental diets which supplemented with 100 (test group Ⅰ), 200 (test group Ⅱ) and 300 mg/kg (test group Ⅲ) subtilis peptides based on the basal diet, respectively. The pre-feeding phase lasted for 7 days, followed by a formal trial phase lasting 56 days. The results showed as follows: 1) all test groups exhibited a significantly higher laying rate compared with the control group (P<0.05), and with the increase of subtilis peptides supplemental level, the laying rate showed a quadratic change (P<0.05); the average egg weight in test groups Ⅰ and Ⅲ significantly decreased compared with the control group (P<0.05), and with the increase of subtilis peptides supplemental level, the average egg weight the average egg weight showed linear and quadratic changes (P<0.05); additionally, the feed/egg ratio in test groups showed a decreasing trend compared with the control group (P=0.058). 2) On day 28 of trial, the egg yolk weight in each test group had decreasing trend compared with the control group (P=0.061). On day 56 of trial, the eggshell strength in test group Ⅲ was significantly better than that in the control group (P<0.05), and with the increase of subtilis peptides supplemental level, the eggshell strength showed linear and quadratic changes (P<0.05); the yolk color in each test group tended to be higher than that in the control group (P=0.090). 3) In the serum, the content of immunoglobulin M (IgM) in test groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ, as well as the content of immunoglobulin A (IgA) in test group Ⅱ, were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05), and the serum IgM content showed a quadratic change with subtilis peptides supplemental level increasing (P<0.05). 4) In the ileum, the content of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in all test groups and the content of interleukin-2 (IL-2) in test group Ⅲ were significantly lower compared with the control group (P<0.05), and both showed linear and quadratic changes with subtilis peptides supplemental level increasing (P<0.05); the content of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in test groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.05), and it showed a linear change with subtilis peptides supplemental level increasing (P<0.05). 5) In the serum, the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in test groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ, as well as the glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in test groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ, were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05), and with the increase of subtilis peptides supplemental level, SOD activity showed linear and quadratic changes (P<0.05), while GSH-Px activity showed a quadratic change (P<0.05); in the jejunum, compared with the control group, the SOD activity in all test groups was significantly elevated (P<0.05), the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in test group Ⅱ was significantly increased (P<0.05), while the malondialdehyde (MDA) content in test group Ⅲ was significantly decreased (P<0.05), and above three showed linear and quadratic changes with the increase of subtilis peptides supplemental level (P<0.05); in the ileum, the T-AOC in test group Ⅱ was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05), and it also showed linear and quadratic changes with the increase of subtilis peptides supplemental level (P<0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation of subtilis peptides can improve the laying performance, immune function and antioxidant capacity, and improve eggshell quality of laying hens in late laying period. In this experiment, it is recommended to add 100 mg/kg of subtilis peptides to the diet of laying hens in late laying period.

Key words： subtilis peptides; late laying period; laying hens; performance; egg quality; immune function; antioxidant capacity

Cite this article

JIA Zifan , $\boxed{\hbox{CHEN Baojiang}}$ , HAN Wenxiao , FAN Huimin , WANG Jue , WANG Hong , LIU Yajuan , CHEN Saijuan . Effects of Subtilis Peptides on Performance, Egg Quality, Immune Function and Antioxidant Capacity of Laying Hens in Late Laying Period[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2025 , 37(5) : 3044 -3054 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2025.253

蛋鸡在27周龄左右进入产蛋高峰期,一般在72周龄时淘汰[1]。经过长期高负荷的生产,产蛋后期蛋鸡生理机能会逐渐退化,对营养物质的消化吸收能力减弱,机体免疫防御机能降低,加之集约化养殖环境下蛋鸡会常处于氧化应激状态中,导致产蛋率降低、蛋品质下降[2]。在饲料端全面禁抗和畜禽绿色养殖的背景下,开发高效且绿色饲料添加剂以改善产蛋后期蛋鸡生产性能及机体健康,对提高蛋鸡养殖的经济效益有重要意义。有研究发现,在饲粮中添加适量的由枯草芽孢杆菌代谢产生的抗菌肽可以提高产蛋后期蛋鸡的细胞免疫水平和抗氧化能力[3]。枯草肽是一种由枯草芽孢杆菌发酵代谢产生的抗菌脂肽类活性物质,具有广谱抗菌性,与其他化学合成抗菌肽相比对畜禽机体几乎不会产生副作用,并具有耐高温、耐酸碱和溶解性好等特点,确保在饲料加工和进入胃肠道过程中不会失活[4]。研究显示,枯草肽不仅能够抑制病毒入侵、增强免疫,还能促进肉鸡对营养物质的吸收[5]。目前对于枯草肽,研究主要集中在肉鸡和仔猪上,在蛋鸡上的应用研究较少,作用机理尚不明确。因此,本试验以添加不同水平枯草肽的饲粮饲喂产蛋后期蛋鸡,研究枯草肽对产蛋后期蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质、免疫性能、肠道炎症因子和抗氧化的作用,并推荐适宜添加量,为生产中利用枯草肽延长蛋鸡产蛋期提供参考。

1 材料与方法

1.1 伦理声明

本研究的动物试验经河北农业大学实验动物伦理委员会批准(批准号:2024164),试验过程中严格遵循动物福利和伦理原则。

1.2 试验材料

本试验所用枯草肽产品中枯草肽含量≥5 000 mg/kg,主要成分是抗菌脂肽Surfactin。

1.3 试验设计

选取77周龄的健康大午褐蛋鸡共640只,随机分为4个组,每组8个重复,每个重复20只鸡。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组饲喂在基础饲粮中添加100(试验Ⅰ组)、200(试验Ⅱ组)或300 mg/kg(试验Ⅲ组)枯草肽混匀后制成的试验饲粮。基础饲粮为玉米-豆粕型饲粮,参照NRC(1994)和《鸡饲养标准》(NY/T 33—2004)营养需要进行配制,其组成及营养水平见表1。预试期为7 d,正试期为56 d。
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis) %

项目Items 含量Content
原料Ingredients
玉米Corn 62.00
豆粕Soybean meal 24.00
石粉Limestone 8.00
大豆油Soybean oil 1.00
DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met 0.20
食盐NaCl 0.30
预混料Premix1) 4.50
合计Total 100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels2)
代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) 11.32
粗蛋白质CP 15.85
钙Ca 3.51
总磷TP 0.54
赖氨酸Lys 0.79
蛋氨酸+胱氨酸Met+Cys 0.62

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供The premix provided the following per kg of the diet:VB1 2.2 mg,VD3 2 500 IU,VB6 1.5 mg,VA 15 000 IU,VE 30 IU,VB12 0.03mg,VK3 2 mg,VB2 8 mg,生物素 biotin 0.06 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 7 mg,氯化胆碱 choline chloride 500 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 35.8 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.5 mg,Cu 5 mg,Zn 75 mg,Mn 87.5 mg,Fe 100 mg,Ca 15 g,P 5 g。

2)代谢能和氨基酸含量参照NT/T 33—2004计算得出,粗蛋白质、钙和总磷含量分别参照GB/T 6432—2018、GB/T 6436—2018和GB/T 6437—2018方法测定。ME and amino acid contents were calculated according to NT/T 33—2004, while the contents of CP, Ca and TP were measured according to GB/T 6432—2018, GB/T 6436—2018 and GB/T 6437—2018, respectively.

1.4 饲养管理

在正式试验期间,各组饲养管理和环境条件均一致,鸡只健康状态良好,严格遵守《大午褐蛋鸡饲养管理手册》对试验蛋鸡进行饲养,试验蛋鸡采用3层阶梯笼养,每笼3只,鸡笼大小为40 cm×45 cm×35 cm,试验重复均匀分布。在试验期间,采用自然采光和人工补光相结合,保证每天光照时长达到16 h。鸡舍内相对湿度维持在50%~80%,自然通风和横向负压通风相结合。蛋鸡自由进食和饮水,每天饲喂2次,分别在07:00和14:00,每天捡蛋1次,清粪2次,每周进行消毒1次;试验鸡群进行常规免疫。

1.5 指标测定

1.5.1 生产性能

在正式试验期间,记录每个重复每日产蛋数,并以重复为单位称量鸡蛋重量,通过计算得出产蛋率和平均蛋重。每7 d记录1次剩余饲料重量,通过计算得出平均日采食量;根据采食量和蛋重计算出料蛋比。

1.5.2 蛋品质

分别于正试期第28和56天,每个重复随机收集3枚鸡蛋对蛋品质进行检测。通过蛋形指数测定仪测量鸡蛋长径和短径,并计算蛋形指数(长径/短径);使用蛋壳强度测定仪测定蛋壳强度;通过螺旋测微仪测定鸡蛋中部、钝端和锐端3点蛋壳厚度,取平均值;使用蛋品质自动分析仪对蛋黄颜色、蛋白高度和哈氏单位进行测定;用分析天平测定蛋黄重量。

1.5.3 血清免疫与抗氧化指标

于正试期第56天,每个重复随机取2只蛋鸡,进行翅下静脉取血,将采集的血液以630×g的离心力离心15 min,分离并吸取血清转移至无菌管内,在-20 ℃下保存待测。使用北京博锐长远科技有限公司生产的酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)检测试剂盒测定血清中免疫[免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)、补体3(C3)和补体4(C4)含量]与抗氧化指标[总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)与超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量],严格按照说明书进行操作。

1.5.4 肠道炎症因子与抗氧化指标

于正试期第56天,试验蛋鸡在禁食12 h后,每个重复选取2只蛋鸡进行屠宰,剖开腹腔,取适当长度空肠和回肠肠段,将采集的肠段放入无菌冻存管,在-80 ℃下保存备测。使用北京博锐长远科技有限公司生产的ELISA检测试剂盒测定空肠和回肠中炎症因子[白细胞介素-2(IL-2)、白细胞介素-4(IL-4)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)含量]与抗氧化指标(T-AOC、GSH-Px与SOD活性和MDA含量),严格遵从说明书进行操作。

1.6 数据处理与分析

试验数据利用SPSS 26.0软件进行统计分析,先采用ANOVA程序进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),差异显著时使用Duncan氏法进行组间多重比较检验,结果用平均值和均值标准误(SEM)的形式呈现。当P<0.05时,判定结果有统计学显著性,当0.05≤P<0.10时,判定结果有统计学显著趋势。对差异显著数据运用SPSS 26.0软件进行线性和二次回归分析。

2 结果与分析

2.1 枯草肽对产蛋后期蛋鸡生产性能的影响

由表2可知,各试验组产蛋率均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),尤以试验Ⅰ组最高,较对照组高出7.23个百分点,且随着枯草肽添加量的增加,产蛋率呈二次变化(P<0.05);试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组平均蛋重较对照组显著降低(P<0.05),且随着枯草肽添加量的增加,平均蛋重呈线性和二次变化(P<0.05);各试验组平均日采食量与对照组相比差异并不显著(P<0.05);各试验组料蛋比较对照组呈现下降的趋势(P=0.058)。
表2 枯草肽对产蛋后期蛋鸡生产性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of subtilis peptides on performance of laying hens in late laying period

项目
Items		 组别Groups SEM P值P-value
对照组
Control
group		 试验Ⅰ组
Test
group Ⅰ		 试验Ⅱ组
Test
group Ⅱ		 试验Ⅲ组
Test
group Ⅲ		 方差分析
ANOVA		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
产蛋率Laying rate/% 66.22b 73.45a 70.20a 70.73a 1.792 0.004 0.079 0.022
平均蛋重
Average egg weight/g		 65.20a 64.88ab 64.17b 64.26b 0.368 0.027 0.006 0.015
平均日采食量
ADFI/(g/d)		 100.26 99.37 100.99 101.78 2.781 0.838
料蛋比F/E 2.33 2.09 2.24 2.24 0.076 0.058

同行数据标记不同小写字母表示显著差异(P<0.05),没有标记或标记相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, data marked small letters indicate significant difference (P<0.05), while unmarked or marked same letters indicate insignificant difference (P>0.05). The same as below.

2.2 枯草肽对产蛋后期蛋鸡蛋品质的影响

由表3可知,在第28天时,饲粮中添加不同水平枯草肽对蛋形指数、蛋壳强度、蛋壳厚度、蛋白高度、哈氏单位、蛋黄颜色等蛋品质指标均无显著影响(P>0.05),但各试验组蛋黄重量较对照组有下降的趋势(P=0.061);在第56天时,饲粮中添加不同水平枯草肽对蛋形指数、蛋壳厚度、蛋白高度、哈氏单位、蛋黄重量等蛋品质指标均无显著影响(P>0.05),但试验Ⅲ组蛋壳强度较对照组显著提高(P<0.05),且随着枯草肽添加量的增加,蛋壳强度呈线性和二次变化(P<0.05),各试验组蛋黄颜色较对照组有升高的趋势(P=0.090)。
表3 枯草肽对产蛋后期蛋鸡蛋品质的影响

Table 3 Effects of subtilis peptides on egg quality of laying hens in late laying period

项目
Items		 组别Groups SEM P值P-value
对照组
Control
group		 试验Ⅰ组
Test
group Ⅰ		 试验Ⅱ组
Test
group Ⅱ		 试验Ⅲ组
Test
group Ⅲ		 方差分析
ANOVA		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
第28天Day 28
蛋形指数Egg shape index 1.31 1.32 1.32 1.31 0.009 0.602
蛋壳强度
Eggshell strength/(kg/cm2)		 33.44 34.24 32.91 35.15 0.812 0.786
蛋壳厚度
Eggshell thickness/mm		 0.35 0.34 0.35 0.35 0.002 0.692
蛋白高度
Albumen height/mm		 6.34 6.12 6.31 6.39 0.321 0.846
哈氏单位Haugh unit 76.61 75.62 76.59 77.20 2.398 0.932
蛋黄颜色Egg yolk color 8.55 8.18 7.97 8.41 0.137 0.473
蛋黄重量
Egg yolk weight/g		 17.28 16.26 16.95 16.86 0.131 0.061
第56天Day 56
蛋形指数Egg shape index 1.34 1.34 1.33 1.33 0.149 0.848
蛋壳强度
Eggshell strength/(kg/cm2)		 34.43b 36.61ab 38.13ab 39.61a 1.973 0.045 0.005 0.017
蛋壳厚度
Eggshell thickness/mm		 0.34 0.35 0.37 0.34 0.132 0.229
蛋白高度
Albumen height/mm		 6.07 6.66 6.55 6.30 0.353 0.340
哈氏单位Haugh unit 73.54 78.40 78.53 77.81 2.409 0.115
蛋黄颜色Egg yolk color 7.23 7.50 7.93 8.06 0.371 0.090
蛋黄重量
Egg yolk weight/g		 18.61 17.64 17.96 18.13 0.397 0.118

2.3 枯草肽对产蛋后期蛋鸡血清免疫指标的影响

由表4可知,试验Ⅱ组血清IgA含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05);试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组血清IgM含量与对照组相比显著升高(P<0.05),且随着枯草肽添加量的增加呈二次变化(P<0.05);各试验组血清C3含量较对照组有升高的趋势(P=0.050);各试验组血清IgG和C4含量均高于对照组,但差异未达显著水平(P>0.05)。
表4 枯草肽对产蛋后期蛋鸡血清免疫指标的影响

Table 4 Effects of subtilis peptides on serum immune indices of laying hens in late laying period μg/mL

项目
Items		 组别Groups SEM P值P-value
对照组
Control
group		 试验Ⅰ组
Test
group Ⅰ		 试验Ⅱ组
Test
group Ⅱ		 试验Ⅲ组
Test
group Ⅲ		 方差分析
ANOVA		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
免疫球蛋白A IgA 285.60b 305.42b 358.42a 268.78b 25.388 0.012 0.975 0.035
免疫球蛋白M IgM 91.03b 110.36a 108.00a 97.31ab 6.342 0.020 0.420 0.008
免疫球蛋白G IgG 321.74 336.73 380.05 360.81 26.029 0.152
补体3 C3 144.39 152.44 168.67 156.95 7.671 0.050
补体4 C4 29.28 29.62 31.76 31.56 1.449 0.248

2.4 枯草肽对产蛋后期蛋鸡肠道炎症因子含量的影响

由表5可知,在空肠中,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组IL-2、IL-6、TNF-α含量均较对照组有不同程度降低,但差异未达显著水平(P>0.05);在回肠中,试验Ⅲ组IL-2含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05),各试验组IL-6含量均较对照组显著降低(P<0.05),且二者均随着枯草肽添加量的增加呈线性和二次变化(P<0.05),试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组TNF-α含量较对照组显著降低(P<0.05),且TNF-α含量随着枯草肽添加量的增加呈线性变化(P<0.05)。
表5 枯草肽对产蛋后期蛋鸡肠道炎症因子含量的影响

Table 5 Effects of subtilis peptides on intestinal inflammatory factor contents of laying hens in late laying period pg/mg prot

项目
Items		 组别Groups SEM P值P-value
对照组
Control
group		 试验Ⅰ组
Test
group Ⅰ		 试验Ⅱ组
Test
group Ⅱ		 试验Ⅲ组
Test
group Ⅲ		 方差分析
ANOVA		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
空肠Jejunum
白细胞介素-2 IL-2 171.07 151.08 145.06 157.51 12.322 0.233
白细胞介素-4 IL-4 73.18 73.00 76.66 78.83 4.553 0.540
白细胞介素-6 IL-6 17.56 14.89 15.13 15.13 1.151 0.144
肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α 40.49 34.76 34.61 33.53 2.649 0.107
回肠Ileum
白细胞介素-2 IL-2 152.98a 135.48ab 135.52ab 127.18b 7.402 0.044 0.011 0.025
白细胞介素-4 IL-4 68.01 66.51 64.55 64.05 5.978 0.904
白细胞介素-6 IL-6 16.82a 13.97b 12.41b 12.27b 0.849 0.001 <0.001 0.003
肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α 37.74a 30.11ab 26.02b 29.54b 3.511 0.036 0.024 0.093

2.5 枯草肽对产蛋后期蛋鸡血清和肠道抗氧化指标的影响

由表6可知,在血清中,试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组SOD活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05),且随着枯草肽添加量的增加呈线性和二次变化(P<0.05),试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组GSH-Px活性较对照组显著升高(P<0.05),且随着枯草肽添加量的增加呈二次变化(P<0.05),各试验组T-AOC较对照组有不同程度提升,但差异未达显著水平(P>0.05);在空肠中,试验Ⅱ组T-AOC显著高于其他各组(P<0.05),各试验组SOD活性均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),试验Ⅲ组MDA含量较对照组显著降低(P<0.05),且这3个指标随着枯草肽添加量的增加均呈线性和二次变化(P<0.05),各试验组GSH-Px活性虽较对照组有不同程度升高,但无显著差异(P>0.05);在回肠中,试验Ⅱ组T-AOC显著高于对照组(P<0.05),且随着枯草肽添加量的增加呈线性和二次变化(P<0.05),各试验组GSH-Px活性较对照组均有升高的趋势(P=0.061),MDA含量较对照组有一定程度降低,但差异未达到显著水平(P>0.05)。
表6 枯草肽对产蛋后期蛋鸡血清和肠道抗氧化指标的影响

Table 6 Effects of subtilis peptides on serum and intestinal antioxidant indices of laying hens in late laying period

项目
Items		 组别Groups SEM P值P-value
对照组
Control
group		 试验Ⅰ组
Test
group Ⅰ		 试验Ⅱ组
Test
group Ⅱ		 试验Ⅲ组
Test
group Ⅲ		 方差分析
ANOVA		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
血清Serum
总抗氧化能力
T-AOC/(mmol/L)		 4.47 4.94 5.06 4.85 0.188 0.070
超氧化物歧化酶
SOD/(U/mL)		 60.32c 65.18bc 75.26a 69.30b 2.451 <0.001 <0.001 0.009
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶
GSH-Px/(U/L)		 18.04b 23.02a 22.65a 19.22b 0.972 0.002 0.331 <0.001
丙二醛MDA/(nmol/L) 5.94 5.30 5.43 5.24 0.286 0.110
空肠Jejunum
总抗氧化能力
T-AOC/(U/mg prot)		 12.83b 16.04b 19.91a 15.26b 1.422 0.003 0.029 0.018
超氧化物歧化酶
SOD/(U/mg prot)		 189.12b 215.62a 240.28a 223.73a 10.371 0.007 0.004 0.003
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶
GSH-Px/(U/g prot)		 50.42 62.32 61.88 56.04 4.487 0.066
丙二醛
MDA/(nmol/g prot)		 1.81b 1.68b 1.65b 1.45a 0.081 0.005 0.021 0.038
回肠Ileum
总抗氧化能力
T-AOC/(U/mg prot)		 11.49b 12.42b 14.25a 12.43b 0.499 0.001 0.012 0.006
超氧化物歧化酶
SOD/(U/mg prot)		 177.45 198.61 196.05 176.36 13.998 0.303
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶
GSH-Px/(U/g prot)		 41.48 54.60 42.26 46.53 4.413 0.061
丙二醛MDA/(nmol/g prot) 1.51 1.35 1.47 1.48 0.149 0.689

3 讨论

3.1 枯草肽对产蛋后期蛋鸡生产性能的影响

蛋鸡生产性能主要体现在产蛋率、平均日采食量、平均蛋重和料蛋比等指标上。随着蛋鸡经历产蛋高峰,卵巢会随着日龄的增加而逐渐衰老,导致繁殖性能下降,产蛋率降低[6]。有研究发现,在饲粮中添加地衣芽孢杆菌发酵产物,肉鸡的平均日增重能够得到显著提高,并且料重比也呈现出下降的趋势[7]。任莉等[8]研究发现,抗菌脂肽可以增加肉鸡的平均日采食量,降低料重比,能够正向调节健康肉鸡的生长性能。有研究发现,在饲粮中添加抗菌肽能够促进肉鸭血清胰岛素样生长因子和甲状腺素水平,从而加强代谢水平,达到促进生长的目的[9]。丁修良等[10]研究发现,在肉鸡饲粮中添加抗菌肽Sublancin能够提高肉鸡的平均日增重和饲料转化率,同时还能提高粗蛋白质的表观消化率和氮沉积率。本试验发现,在产蛋后期蛋鸡饲粮中添加枯草肽能够提高产蛋率,降低平均日采食量,并对降低料蛋比有积极影响,分析认为可能是由于枯草肽可以间接促进促生长因子的分泌,使更多的营养物质能够被畜禽机体细胞吸收,促进脂肪和蛋白质的吸收代谢,提高畜禽对饲粮中营养物质的吸收和利用[11]。

3.2 枯草肽对产蛋后期蛋鸡蛋品质的影响

蛋壳质量是衡量蛋品质的重要参数,它会随着蛋鸡日龄的增长而下降,蛋壳质量下降会增加储存和运输过程中蛋壳的破损风险。钙和磷是决定蛋壳质量的重要因素,碳酸钙是蛋壳的主要成分,产蛋后期蛋鸡肠道对钙的吸收会减弱,造成蛋壳中碳酸钙含量降低[12]。吕尊周等[13]研究发现,添加枯草芽孢杆菌粗提物对蛋鸡的蛋壳厚度有一定提升作用。白建等[14]研究表明,在蛋鸡饲粮中添加抗菌肽,蛋壳强度能够得到显著提高。Wang等[15]研究发现,通过在产蛋后期蛋鸡饲粮中添加枯草芽孢杆菌,产蛋后期蛋鸡蛋壳质量得到显著提高,并且蛋壳中的钙含量得到增加。本试验研究中,在饲粮中添加枯草肽提高了产蛋后期蛋鸡的蛋壳强度,可能是因为枯草肽能够提高蛋鸡对饲料的利用率,提高肠道对钙、磷等元素的吸收,有效增加蛋壳中碳酸钙的沉淀量,进而提高蛋壳品质。

3.3 枯草肽对产蛋后期蛋鸡免疫性能的影响

免疫球蛋白作为动物体液免疫中重要的免疫因子,是评判机体免疫力的一项重要指标,发挥重要作用的免疫球蛋白有IgA、IgM、IgG[16]。IgA是抵御病原体入侵的重要防线,并且能够有效清除黏膜上的抗原,增强肠道黏膜的免疫功能[17];IgM是在机体感染后最先作出反应的抗体,对吞噬细胞的吞噬能力具有增强的效果[18]。有研究发现,饲粮中添加抗菌肽Sublancin,可使蛋鸡血清中免疫球蛋白的含量得到显著提高,并对蛋鸡的免疫性能有显著的增强作用[19]。程晓莹[20]通过对肉鸡进行滴鼻免疫应答反应,发现添加抗菌脂肽Surfactin后,能够增强肉鸡黏膜的免疫力,促进树突状细胞的成熟,成熟的树突状细胞能够刺激参与外源性抗原呈递的主要组织相容性复合体Ⅱ(MHCⅡ)的表达,进而促进免疫细胞的增殖。有研究表明,在饲粮中添加100 mg/kg抗菌脂肽Surfactin能够显著提高仔猪血清中IgM和C3的含量[21]。本试验结果显示,在饲粮中添加100和200 mg/kg枯草肽显著提高了蛋鸡血清IgM含量,且添加200 mg/kg枯草肽还显著提高了血清IgA含量。这可能是因为枯草肽能够刺激免疫细胞的增殖和分化,并且增强黏膜免疫,加快免疫应答,从而促进免疫球蛋白的分泌,提高蛋鸡免疫力[22]。

3.4 枯草肽对产蛋后期蛋鸡肠道炎症因子含量的影响

细胞因子在炎症和免疫反应过程中起着重要的调节作用[23]。IL-6是机体主要的促炎细胞因子之一,它可以直接反映出机体的免疫应答状态[24]。TNF-α是炎症反应的主要参与者之一,其水平过高会导致机体发生炎症反应,激活中性粒细胞的吞噬功能,导致细胞损伤[25]。有研究发现,在脂多糖刺激下,肉鸡小肠内IL-6、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)等促炎细胞因子的mRNA表达量会增高,在饲粮中添加抗菌脂肽后,由脂多糖诱导的炎症相关基因表达下降,从而使肠道内的炎症因子含量降低[26]。但另有研究表明,抗菌脂肽Surfactin能使肉鸡的空肠黏膜中的IL-6等促炎细胞因子的含量显著上升,并使小肠黏膜的免疫功能得到增强[27]。本试验结果与此不同,表现为各试验组蛋鸡回肠IL-6含量均较对照组显著降低。这是可能是由于当某种炎症因子缺失时会导致更严重的急性炎症发生。低水平的IL-6能够诱导淋巴细胞分化成浆细胞,分泌IgA[28-29],这与本试验中免疫性能结果一致。枯草肽能够降低炎症因子含量,可能是因为其能够抑制肠道内有害菌群如产气荚膜梭菌的增殖,有研究显示炎症因子的含量会随着产气荚膜梭菌的增殖而升高[26];同时,随着肠道内炎症因子含量的降低,因炎症导致的肠道结构和肠道屏障损伤也会降低,还能促进饲粮中营养物质的吸收,间接提高蛋鸡生产性能,与前面结果相互印证。

3.5 枯草肽对产蛋后期蛋鸡抗氧化能力的影响

在产蛋后期,蛋鸡机体的抗氧化能力会随着卵巢功能的下降而降低,活性氧的清除速率也会随之下降,在此过程中还会伴随着大量自由基的产生,机体自由基的动态平衡被打破,导致抗氧化酶活性被抑制,出现脂质过氧化的情况[30]。T-AOC是机体总体抗氧化能力的反映,主要是由SOD、GSH-Px等抗氧化酶共同参与调节及反应[31]。SOD、GSH-Px是家禽机体内抗氧化防御系统中必不可少的抗氧化酶,能够减少自由基和活性氧对细胞的损伤[32]。有研究表明,枯草芽孢杆菌产生的抗菌脂肽是一种十分有效的抗氧化剂,能够对机体内的自由基和活性氧进行有效清除,对脂质的过氧化和MDA的合成具有良好的抑制效果[33]。在肉鸡饲粮中添加一定量的抗菌脂肽可显著提高血清中T-AOC和SOD活性,并且可以降低肝脏中MDA含量[34]。翟少伟等[35]研究发现,在吉富罗非鱼饲料中添加适量抗菌肽Surfactin,肠道T-AOC和SOD活性显著升高,并且可以降低肠道MDA含量。本试验中,在饲粮中添加枯草肽能够显著提高产蛋后期蛋鸡血清中SOD、GSH-Px活性,空肠中T-AOC、SOD活性以及回肠中T-AOC,说明枯草肽能够提高产蛋后期蛋鸡的抗氧化能力。这可能是因为枯草肽能够减少肠道内有害菌数量,提高有益菌数量,益生菌可以释放抗氧化酶和巯基化合物等抗氧化物质,酶促抗氧化系统是保护机体细胞免受氧化损伤的主要途径,其可以有效清除机体细胞产生的自由基和活性氧[36],使细胞膜免受自由基的破坏,缓解机体的氧化应激,从而减少氧化损伤。

4 结论

综上所述,饲粮中添加枯草肽可提高产蛋后期蛋鸡的产蛋性能、免疫性能和抗氧化能力,并改善蛋壳品质。从养殖成本角度出发,在本试验条件下,饲粮中枯草肽推荐添加量为100 mg/kg。

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