Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2025 , Vol. 37 >Issue 5: 3082 - 3098

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2025.256

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Dietary Metabolizable Energy and Crude Protein Levels on Growth and Development of Lueyang Black-Boned Chicken Roosters Aged from 15 to 20 Weeks

  • LI Shuailong ,
  • HAN Chenglong ,
  • LI Qingyuan ,
  • SHI Jiayi ,
  • ZHANG Xinyi ,
  • REN Zhouzheng , * ,
  • YANG Xiaojun , *
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  • College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
* REN Zhouzheng, professor, E-mail: ;
YANG Xiaojun, professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2024-10-12

  Online published: 2025-05-14

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Abstract

This experiment comprehensively analyzed the evaluation indices of growth performance, serum biochemical indices, nutrient apparent digestibility, amino acid apparent digestibility, intestinal morphology and intestinal digestive enzyme activities, with the aim of studying the metabolizable energy and crude protein requirements of Lueyang black-boned chicken roosters aged from 15 to 20 weeks, and providing nutritional parameters for Lueyang black-boned chickens cultivation. A total of 180 Lueyang black-boned chicken roosters with similar body weight and good health condition at the end of 14 weeks of age were selected and randomly divided into 6 groups, with 5 replicates in each group and 6 chickens in each replicate. The experiment was conducted in a 2×3 two factorial design with 2 dietary metabolic energy levels (12.13 and 12.97 MJ/kg) and 3 dietary crude protein levels (14%, 16% and 18%). The experiment lasted for 42 days. The results showed as follows: 1) the average daily feed intake during 15 to 17 weeks of age, 18 to 20 weeks of age and 15 to 20 weeks of age was significantly decreased with dietary metabolizable energy level increased (P<0.05). During 15 to 17 weeks of age, the feed to gain ratio of the 18% crude protein group was significantly lower than that of the 14% crude protein group (P<0.05); during 18 to 20 weeks of age, the feed to gain ratio of the 16% crude protein group was significantly lower than that of the 18% crude protein group (P<0.05); during 15 to 20 weeks of age, the feed to gain ratio of the 16% crude protein group was significantly lower than that of the other groups (P<0.05). 2) The serum total cholesterol and triglyceride contents were significantly increased with dietary metabolizable energy level increased (P<0.05); the serum albumin and total protein contents of the 14% crude protein group were significantly lower than those of the 18% crude protein group (P<0.05). 3) The apparent digestibility of dry matter, gross energy and ether extract were significantly increased with dietary metabolizable energy level increased (P<0.05); the apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and ether extract of the 16% crude protein group were significantly higher than those of the 14% crude protein group (P<0.05). 4) With dietary metabolizable energy level increased, the apparent digestibility of threonine, phenylalanine and histidine were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the apparent digestibility of methionine and lysine were significantly decreased (P<0.05); the apparent digestibility of threonine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, histidine, lysine and arginine of the 14% crude protein group were significantly lower than those of the 16% crude protein group (P<0.05), and the apparent digestibility of leucine of the 18% crude protein group was significantly lower than that of the other groups (P<0.05); the interaction effect of dietary metabolizable energy and crude protein had a significant effect on the apparent digestibility of lysine and arginine (P<0.05), and the apparent digestibility of lysine and arginine of the 12.13 MJ/kg metabolizable energy and 16% crude protein group were the highest. 5) With dietary metabolizable energy level increased, the duodenum crypt depth was significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the jejunum villus height/crypt depth was significantly increased (P<0.05); the duodenum villus height/crypt depth and the ileum villus height of the 16% crude protein group were significantly higher than those of the 18% crude protein group (P<0.05). 6) With dietary metabolizable energy level increased, the activities of trypsin, chymotrypsin and lipase in duodenum, trypsin and lipase in jejunum, and chymotrypsin and lipase in ileum were significantly increased (P<0.05); the activities of trypsin and chymotrypsin in duodenum, activity of trypsin in jejunum, and activities of trypsin and chymotrypsin in ileum of the 16% crude protein group were significantly higher than those of the 14% crude protein group (P<0.05). The interaction effect of dietary metabolizable energy and crude protein significantly affected the activities of trypsin and chymotrypsin in duodenum, activity of trypsin in jejunum, and activities of chymotrypsin and lipase in ileum (P<0.05), the 12.97 MJ/kg metabolizable energy and 16% crude protein group had the highest activity of chymotrypsin in duodenum and activity of trypsin in jejunum, the 12.97 MJ/kg metabolizable energy and 18% crude protein group had the highest activity of trypsin in duodenum and activity of chymotrypsin in ileum, and the 12.97 MJ/kg metabolizable energy and 14% crude protein group had the highest activity of lipase in ileum. In conclusion, based on a comprehensive analysis of various indicators, with priority given to significant results, it is recommended that the dietary metabolizable energy and crude protein levels for Lueyang black-boned chicken roosters aged from 15 to 20 weeks are 12.97 MJ/kg and 16%, respectively.

Key words： Lueyang black-boned chickens; metabolizable energy; crude protein; growth performance; apparent digestibility; intestinal health

Cite this article

LI Shuailong , HAN Chenglong , LI Qingyuan , SHI Jiayi , ZHANG Xinyi , REN Zhouzheng , YANG Xiaojun . Effects of Dietary Metabolizable Energy and Crude Protein Levels on Growth and Development of Lueyang Black-Boned Chicken Roosters Aged from 15 to 20 Weeks[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2025 , 37(5) : 3082 -3098 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2025.256

略阳乌鸡是陕西省汉中市略阳县的特产,是一种古老的地方家禽品种,因其主要分布在黑河流域,又称黑河乌鸡[1]。略阳乌鸡外貌独特,具有“六端乌”的特征,即乌皮、乌腿、乌趾、乌喙、乌舌、乌冠[2],与泰和乌鸡、郧阳乌鸡、江山乌鸡齐名,是中国四大乌鸡品种之一,亦是中国目前体型最大的乌鸡品种[3]。1982年和2009年略阳乌鸡分别被编入《陕西省地方畜禽品种志》和《陕西省畜禽遗传资源保护名录》,是陕西省唯一的家禽保护品种[4]。2010年国家工商总局授予略阳乌鸡地理标志证明商标,2017年略阳乌鸡通过农业部农产品地理标志登记,确立为中国地理标志产品,已发展成为重要的区域富民产业[5]。
饲粮中代谢能和粗蛋白质是家禽生长和生产的重要养分基础[6],其适宜水平受家禽品种、性别和生理阶段等多种因素的影响。訾宝兵等[7]研究表明,在饲粮代谢能水平为11.90 MJ/kg条件下,推荐育雏期略阳乌鸡饲粮粗蛋白质水平为18.69%。王娟娟等[8]研究饲粮粗蛋白质水平对7~12周龄略阳乌鸡生长发育的影响发现,在饲粮代谢能水平为12.34 MJ/kg条件下,平均日增重(ADG)和料重比(F/G)随饲粮粗蛋白质水平的增加均呈现二次曲线变化,以ADG和F/G为评价指标,推荐7~12周龄略阳乌鸡饲粮粗蛋白质水平分别为17.52%和17.18%。杨文鹏等[9]建议育成期雪山鸡种母鸡饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平分别为11.30 MJ/kg和15.50%。目前,关于略阳乌鸡的研究主要集中在其生长发育规律、肉用性能以及种质特性等方面[10-14],有关15~20周龄略阳乌鸡代谢能和粗蛋白质需要量的研究尚未见报道。因此,本试验旨在综合分析饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平及二者互作对略阳乌鸡生长性能、血清生化指标、养分表观消化率、肠道形态以及肠道消化酶活性的影响,探讨饲粮适宜的代谢能和粗蛋白质水平,为15~20周龄略阳乌鸡养殖提供营养参数。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验设计

选取14周龄末、体重相近、健康状况良好的略阳乌鸡公鸡180只,随机分为6组,每组5个重复,每个重复6只鸡。采用2×3双因素试验设计,设置2个代谢能水平(12.13和12.97 MJ/kg)和3个粗蛋白质水平(14%、16%和18%)。试验饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平的设计参考略阳乌鸡产业发展研究院的产业调研以及陕西华秦农牧科技有限公司的应用数据。试验期42 d。

1.2 试验饲粮

参考略阳乌鸡产业发展研究院肉用型和蛋用型六世代略阳乌鸡饲粮组成以及《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2020年第31版)》设计饲料配方,试验饲粮组成及营养水平见表1。
表1 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (air-dry basis) %

项目Items 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg)
12.13 12.13 12.13 12.97 12.97 12.97
粗蛋白质CP/%
14 16 18 14 16 18
原料Ingredients
玉米Corn 70.00 65.00 63.00 70.00 65.00 63.00
豆粕Soybean meal 17.00 22.40 27.20 17.00 22.40 27.20
植物油Vegetable oil 2.50 2.80 2.20 4.70 5.10 4.50
细麦饭石Fine wheat rice stone 5.70 4.90 2.60 3.50 2.60 0.30
磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50
氯化胆碱Choline chloride 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15
食盐NaCl 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30
L-赖氨酸盐酸盐L-Lys·HCl 0.68 0.74 0.82 0.68 0.74 0.82
DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met 0.17 0.21 0.23 0.17 0.21 0.23
预混料Premix1) 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
合计Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels2)
代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) 12.11 12.17 12.10 12.96 12.94 13.02
粗蛋白质CP 13.88 16.21 18.02 14.01 15.96 17.93
粗脂肪EE 5.29 5.21 5.48 7.20 7.95 7.35
粗灰分Ash 8.46 7.61 7.75 8.39 7.34 8.22
粗纤维CF 3.99 3.42 4.30 2.43 2.92 2.79
赖氨酸Lys 0.93 0.95 0.99 0.91 0.94 0.98
蛋氨酸Met 0.30 0.40 0.53 0.28 0.35 0.48
苏氨酸Thr 0.61 0.62 0.64 0.58 0.60 0.62
钙Ca 1.09 1.10 1.10 1.08 1.09 1.09
总磷TP 0.55 0.57 0.59 0.55 0.57 0.59
有效磷AP 0.37 0.37 0.38 0.37 0.37 0.38

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 10 080 IU,VB1 5.26 mg,VB2 11.09 mg,VB6 13.22 mg,VB12 0.05 mg,VD3 3 600 IU,VE 61.17 mg,VK 3.24 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 26.39 mg,叶酸 folic acid 1.87 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 82.08 mg,D-生物素 D-biotin 0.28 mg,胆碱 choline 1 927.50 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 155.78 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 92.01 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 112.05 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 19.64 mg,I (as calcium iodate) 0.32 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.40 mg,植酸酶 phytase 1 250 U。

2)代谢能、钙、总磷和有效磷为计算值,其余为实测值。ME, Ca, TP and AP were calculated values, while the others were measured values.

1.3 饲养管理

饲养试验在杨凌鑫春农业有限公司进行,采用完全随机区组试验设计,在纵向通风型密闭式鸡舍进行3层阶梯笼养,2只每笼。试验鸡只自由采食和饮水,饲养管理和免疫程序按常规进行[15]。所有动物实验程序均已获得西北农林科技大学动物福利伦理委员会的批准(DK2021005),并按照指导原则进行。

1.4 样品采集和指标测定

1.4.1 生长性能

试验期间每天以重复为单位记录鸡只的死淘情况,每周以重复为单位记录耗料量。试验第1天、第21天、第42天以重复为单位称取鸡只空腹体重,计算平均日采食量(ADFI)、ADG和F/G。

1.4.2 血清生化指标

试验第42天,从各重复随机选取1只与该重复平均体重相近的试验鸡,翅静脉采血4~5 mL,分离血清,于-20 ℃保存,使用全自动生化分析仪(BK-400型,山东博科生物产业有限公司)测定血清总蛋白(TP,双缩脲法)、白蛋白(ALB,溴甲酚绿法)、尿酸(UA,TBHBA法)、总胆固醇(T-CHO,CHOD-PAP法)、甘油三酯(TG,GPO-PAP法)、葡萄糖(GLU,氧化酶法)含量。

1.4.3 养分表观消化率

饲养试验结束后,从各重复随机选取2只与该重复平均体重相近的鸡,采用全收粪法进行代谢试验。连续采集3 d的粪样,去除羽毛等杂物,用盐酸进行固氮,于-20 ℃保存待测。饲粮和粪样中的总能(GE)使用氧弹热量计(A1329DD型,美国Parr公司)进行测定,干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、粗脂肪(EE)、粗纤维(CF)、粗灰分(Ash)以及氨基酸含量测定分别参考GB/T 6435—2014、GB/T 6432—2018、GB/T 6433—2006、GB/T 6434—2022、GB/T 6438—2007和GB/T 18246—2019。饲粮代谢能及钙、总磷和有效磷含量参照《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2020年第31版)》计算。养分表观消化率计算公式如下:
$ \text { 养分表观消化率（％）}=\text {[（饲粮中该养分含量－粪中该养分含量）／饲粮中该养分含量]} \times 100 \text { 。 }$

1.4.4 肠道形态

试验第42天,从各重复随机选取1只与该重复平均体重相近的鸡,颈部脱臼法处死,分离十二指肠、空肠和回肠,从各肠段中部取样1~2 cm,用生理盐水冲洗去除内容物,用4%多聚甲醛固定,用苏木精-伊红(HE)染色,在40倍光学显微镜下随机选取绒毛和隐窝图像,测量绒毛高度(villus height,VH)和隐窝深度(crypt depth,CD),计算绒毛高度/隐窝深度(V/C)。

1.4.5 肠道消化酶活性

试验第42天,从屠宰鸡只的十二指肠、空肠和回肠中采集食糜,冻存于-80 ℃冰箱。使用多功能酶标仪(Epoch型,美国Bio Tek公司),通过比色法测定肠道食糜中胰蛋白酶(trypsin)、糜蛋白酶(chymotrypsin)和脂肪酶(lipase)活性。测定试剂盒(试剂盒编号:A080-2-2、A080-3-1、A054-1-1)购自南京建成生物工程研究所,按说明书进行操作。

1.5 数据统计分析

采用SPSS 25.0软件一般线性模型(GLM)中的多变量模型分析代谢能和粗蛋白质的主效应和互作效应,用Duncan氏法进行多重比较。试验结果用平均值±标准误表示,以P<0.05为差异显著。

2 结果

2.1 饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对略阳乌鸡公鸡生长性能的影响

由表2可知,饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平以及二者的互作效应对99、119和140日龄的体重均无显著影响(P>0.05)。15~17周龄时,主效应分析结果表明,ADFI随饲粮代谢能水平的升高而显著降低(P=0.001),饲粮代谢能水平对ADG和F/G无显著影响(P>0.05);18%粗蛋白质组F/G显著低于14%粗蛋白质组(P=0.028),与16%粗蛋白质组没有显著差异(P>0.05),饲粮粗蛋白质水平对ADG和ADFI无显著影响(P>0.05)。饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对ADG、ADFI和F/G无显著互作效应(P>0.05)。18~20周龄时,主效应分析结果表明,ADFI随饲粮代谢能水平的升高而显著降低(P<0.001),饲粮代谢能水平对ADG和F/G无显著影响(P>0.05);18%粗蛋白质组F/G显著高于16%粗蛋白质组(P=0.048),与14%粗蛋白质组F/G无显著差异(P>0.05),饲粮粗蛋白质水平对ADG和ADFI无显著影响(P>0.05)。饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对ADG、ADFI和F/G无显著互作效应(P>0.05)。15~20周龄时,主效应分析结果表明,ADFI随饲粮代谢能水平的升高而显著降低(P=0.005),饲粮代谢能水平对ADG和F/G无显著影响(P>0.05);16%粗蛋白质组F/G显著低于14%和18%粗蛋白质组(P=0.017),饲粮粗蛋白质水平对ADG和ADFI无显著影响(P>0.05)。饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对ADG、ADFI和F/G无显著互作效应(P>0.05)。
表2 饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对略阳乌鸡公鸡生长性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of dietary metabolizable energy and crude protein levels on growth performance of Lueyang black-boned chicken roosters

项目Items 体重BW/g 15~17周龄15 to 17 weeks of age 18~20周龄18 to 20 weeks of age 15~20周龄15 to 20 weeks of age
99日龄99 days of age 119日龄119 days of age 140日龄140 days of age 平均日增重ADG/(g/d) 平均日采食量ADFI/(g/d) 料重比F/G 平均日增重ADG/(g/d) 平均日采食量ADFI/(g/d) 料重比F/G 平均日增重ADG/(g/d) 平均日采食量ADFI/(g/d) 料重比F/G
代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) 粗蛋白质CP/%
12.13 14 1 307.00±36.46 1 644.56±45.61 1 950.65±37.41 16.11±1.18 83.57±1.86 5.16±0.32 12.85±1.55 90.95±2.53 7.37±0.52 15.27±1.11 86.29±1.52 5.72±0.34
12.13 16 1 281.25±31.17 1 602.57±55.50 1 944.53±34.42 16.49±1.95 78.85±1.82 4.90±0.30 13.55±2.19 84.50±2.07 5.73±0.74 15.85±1.06 77.61±4.37 4.92±0.14
12.13 18 1 282.00±33.37 1 645.81±41.57 1 878.28±24.91 16.61±0.45 81.00±0.41 4.57±0.21 11.46±1.05 85.00±2.38 7.50±0.46 14.14±0.58 78.38±1.68 5.56±0.17
12.97 14 1 314.63±29.74 1 618.98±35.73 1 888.04±45.75 15.36±0.91 76.27±1.47 5.08±0.26 12.39±0.47 79.93±0.07 6.02±0.14 12.83±0.62 74.49±1.52 5.61±0.24
12.97 16 1 270.00±10.18 1 565.13±32.94 1 817.31±43.53 16.25±1.01 74.25±2.42 4.74±0.14 13.44±1.22 76.38±1.09 5.19±0.35 14.24±1.14 73.88±0.63 4.85±0.18
12.97 18 1 319.67±23.44 1 671.30±38.70 1 893.14±51.35 16.06±1.90 73.36±2.20 4.29±0.10 11.79±1.11 76.75±0.25 6.88±0.83 13.87±1.84 70.21±1.65 5.57±0.27
主效应Main effects
代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) 12.13 1 290.08±17.57 1 630.98±25.26 1 924.49±27.04 16.40±0.77 81.14±1.13a 4.88±0.16 12.62±0.84 86.81±1.08a 6.87±0.38 15.09±0.61 80.76±1.40a 5.40±0.14
12.97 1 301.43±18.67 1 618.47±25.26 1 866.16±26.41 15.89±0.71 74.63±1.18b 4.70±0.14 12.54±0.90 77.68±1.27b 6.03±0.39 13.65±0.67 72.86±1.86b 5.34±0.15
粗蛋白质CP/% 14 1 310.82±20.68 1 631.77±27.99 1 919.35±29.95 15.74±0.85 79.92±1.32 5.12±0.16a 12.62±1.01 85.44±1.55 6.70±0.50ab 14.05±0.80 80.39±2.09 5.67±0.17a
16 1 275.63±24.97 1 583.85±36.13 1 880.92±36.17 16.37±0.97 76.55±1.22 4.82±0.22ab 13.50±0.97 80.44±1.20 5.46±0.45b 15.05±0.74 75.75±1.85 4.89±0.18b
18 1 300.83±20.68 1 658.55±27.99 1 885.71±31.77 16.34±0.91 77.18±1.66 4.43±0.17b 11.63±1.21 80.87±1.55 7.19±0.47a 14.01±0.80 74.30±2.09 5.56±0.17a
P值P-value
代谢能ME 0.663 0.730 0.138 0.632 0.001 0.425 0.949 <0.001 0.150 0.130 0.005 0.765
粗蛋白质CP 0.556 0.285 0.650 0.852 0.185 0.028 0.497 0.061 0.048 0.565 0.134 0.017
代谢能×粗蛋白质ME×CP 0.742 0.736 0.349 0.981 0.678 0.904 0.969 0.741 0.819 0.637 0.374 0.968

同列数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。

In the same column, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below.

2.2 饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对略阳乌鸡公鸡血清生化指标的影响

由表3可知,主效应分析结果表明,12.97 MJ/kg代谢能组血清TG和T-CHO含量显著高于12.13 MJ/kg代谢能组(P=0.044,P=0.012),饲粮代谢能水平对血清TP、ALB、UA和GLU含量无显著影响(P>0.05);14%粗蛋白质组血清TP和ALB含量显著低于18%粗蛋白质组(P=0.034,P=0.028),饲粮粗蛋白质水平对血清UA、T-CHO、TG和GLU含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质对血清生化指标无显著互作效应(P>0.05)。
表3 饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对略阳乌鸡公鸡血清生化指标的影响

Table 3 Effects of dietary metabolizable energy and crude protein levels on serum biochemical indexes of Lueyang black-boned chicken roosters

项目Items 总蛋白TP/(g/L) 白蛋白ALB/(g/L) 尿酸UA/(μmol/L) 总胆固醇T-CHO/(mmol/L) 甘油三酯TG/(mmol/L) 葡萄糖GLU/(mmol/L)
代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) 粗蛋白质CP/%
12.13 14 40.30±1.22 26.40±0.40 158.00±4.92 3.23±0.28 0.26±0.03 11.38±0.15
12.13 16 43.50±1.40 27.57±0.66 168.67±24.17 3.21±0.15 0.28±0.01 10.98±0.28
12.13 18 45.63±2.19 27.97±0.22 161.00±2.83 2.96±0.12 0.28±0.01 11.31±0.70
12.97 14 39.33±0.97 27.23±1.13 160.67±33.20 3.54±0.10 0.39±0.07 11.29±0.16
12.97 16 42.70±2.26 28.20±0.47 181.00±24.01 3.56±0.07 0.38±0.01 11.22±0.61
12.97 18 46.75±2.92 30.05±0.29 183.00±26.46 3.52±0.15 0.34±0.03 10.52±0.43
主效应Main effects
代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) 12.13 43.14±1.36 27.31±0.46 162.56±11.71 3.13±0.09b 0.27±0.03b 11.22±0.25
12.97 42.93±1.14 28.49±0.35 174.89±11.25 3.54±0.11a 0.37±0.03a 11.01±0.25
粗蛋白质CP/% 14 39.81±1.55b 26.81±0.55b 159.33±12.89 3.38±0.12 0.33±0.03 11.34±0.31
16 43.10±1.49ab 27.88±0.46ab 174.83±13.78 3.38±0.12 0.33±0.04 11.10±0.29
18 46.19±1.55a 29.01±0.48a 172.00±15.40 3.24±0.12 0.31±0.04 10.91±0.31
P值P-value
代谢能ME 0.903 0.058 0.462 0.012 0.044 0.552
粗蛋白质CP 0.034 0.028 0.690 0.652 0.894 0.631
代谢能×粗蛋白质ME×CP 0.870 0.529 0.890 0.753 0.800 0.489

2.3 饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对略阳乌鸡公鸡养分表观消化率的影响

由表4可知,主效应分析结果表明,DM、GE和EE的表观消化率随饲粮代谢能水平升高而显著增加(P=0.006,P=0.003,P<0.001),饲粮代谢能水平对CP、CF、Ash的表观消化率均没有显著影响(P>0.05);16%粗蛋白质组EE和CP的表观消化率显著高于14%和18%粗蛋白质组(P<0.001),14%粗蛋白质组DM的表观消化率显著低于16%粗蛋白质组(P=0.038),饲粮粗蛋白质水平对GE、CF和Ash的表观消化率无显著影响(P>0.05)。饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对各养分表观消化率无显著互作效应(P>0.05)。
表4 饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对略阳乌鸡公鸡养分表观消化率的影响

Table 4 Effects of dietary metabolizable energy and crude protein levels on nutrient apparent digestibility of Lueyang black-boned chicken roosters %

项目Items 干物质DM 总能GE 粗蛋白质CP 粗脂肪EE 粗纤维CF 粗灰分Ash
代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) 粗蛋白质CP/%
12.13 14 77.35±1.08 68.63±2.17 54.88±1.16 82.53±0.45 18.28±0.83 39.65±2.08
12.13 16 79.40±1.02 69.39±2.07 63.38±1.55 84.16±0.31 19.03±0.51 38.68±1.11
12.13 18 77.54±0.92 65.77±1.76 57.84±1.43 81.85±0.42 18.69±1.26 37.17±1.53
12.97 14 78.87±1.31 72.18±1.35 59.37±2.04 83.91±0.29 18.27±0.59 39.36±2.53
12.97 16 83.06±0.87 75.63±1.76 65.79±1.93 86.49±0.22 18.57±0.72 41.01±2.60
12.97 18 80.95±1.46 71.23±1.67 59.40±2.40 84.34±0.35 16.52±0.51 36.60±0.80
主效应Main effects
代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) 12.13 78.10±0.65b 67.93±1.05b 58.70±1.04 82.85±0.20b 18.67±0.45 38.50±1.10
12.97 80.96±0.65a 73.01±1.05a 61.52±1.04 84.91±0.20a 17.79±0.45 39.00±1.10
粗蛋白质CP/% 14 78.11±0.80b 70.41±1.29 57.12±1.27b 83.22±0.25b 18.27±0.55 39.51±1.34
16 81.23±0.80a 72.51±1.29 64.58±1.27a 85.32±0.25a 18.80±0.55 39.85±1.34
18 79.25±0.80ab 68.50±1.29 58.62±1.27b 83.10±0.25b 17.61±0.55 36.89±1.34
P值P-value
代谢能ME 0.006 0.003 0.071 <0.001 0.185 0.754
粗蛋白质CP 0.038 0.116 <0.001 <0.001 0.334 0.260
代谢能×粗蛋白质ME×CP 0.590 0.751 0.709 0.262 0.367 0.707

2.4 饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对略阳乌鸡公鸡氨基酸表观消化率的影响

由表5可知,饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对赖氨酸和精氨酸的表观消化率有显著互作效应(P=0.001,P=0.015),12.97 MJ/kg代谢能和18%粗蛋白质组的赖氨酸表观消化率显著低于其他各组(P=0.001),12.13 MJ/kg代谢能和16%粗蛋白质组的精氨酸表观消化率最高,显著高于12.13 MJ/kg代谢能和18%粗蛋白质组及12.97 MJ/kg代谢能和14%粗蛋白质组(P=0.015);饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对苏氨酸、缬氨酸、蛋氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸和组氨酸的表观消化率均没有显著互作效应(P>0.05)。主效应分析结果表明,苏氨酸、苯丙氨酸和组氨酸的表观消化率随饲粮代谢能水平升高而显著增加(P=0.002,P=0.013,P=0.018),蛋氨酸和赖氨酸的表观消化率随饲粮代谢能水平升高而显著降低(P=0.019,P=0.041),饲粮代谢能水平对异亮氨酸、亮氨酸和精氨酸的表观消化率无显著影响(P>0.05);16%粗蛋白质组苏氨酸、异亮氨酸、组氨酸、赖氨酸和精氨酸的表观消化率显著高于14%和18%粗蛋白质组(P<0.001,P=0.001,P=0.004,P<0.001,P=0.014),14%粗蛋白质组缬氨酸的表观消化率显著低于16%和18%粗蛋白质组(P=0.003),16%粗蛋白质组蛋氨酸的表观消化率显著高于14%粗蛋白质组(P=0.029),18%粗蛋白质组亮氨酸的表观消化率显著低于14%和16%粗蛋白质组(P<0.001),饲粮粗蛋白质水平对苯丙氨酸的表观消化率没有显著影响(P>0.05)。
表5 饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对略阳乌鸡公鸡氨基酸表观消化率的影响

Table 5 Effects of dietary metabolizable energy and crude protein levels on apparent digestibility of amino acids of Lueyang black-boned chicken roosters %

项目Items 苏氨酸Thr 缬氨酸Val 蛋氨酸Met 异亮氨酸Ile 亮氨酸Leu 苯丙氨酸Phe 组氨酸His 赖氨酸Lys 精氨酸Arg
代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) 粗蛋白质CP/%
12.13 14 80.23±0.20 80.79±2.17 90.96±0.94 86.16±0.26 91.24±0.39 90.09±0.57 90.65±0.38 91.24±0.74b 91.76±0.84ab
12.13 16 84.74±0.26 84.25±0.34 91.84±0.92 89.98±0.45 92.63±0.44 90.41±0.34 92.31±0.84 95.49±0.26a 93.40±0.16a
12.13 18 79.88±0.15 83.69±0.58 90.95±0.98 86.59±1.10 86.70±1.22 88.03±0.82 90.10±0.93 92.22±0.71b 89.43±0.77b
12.97 14 81.94±1.32 82.10±0.60 86.60±0.89 87.85±1.33 90.98±0.96 91.48±1.21 92.89±0.84 93.29±0.66ab 89.44±0.81b
12.97 16 86.11±0.13 87.34±0.23 91.46±0.61 92.78±1.34 93.29±0.14 91.38±0.26 94.56±0.44 94.75±0.92a 92.32±0.98a
12.97 18 82.36±0.45 84.33±0.29 89.59±1.11 82.07±1.19 86.84±1.50 90.54±0.39 90.53±0.77 86.84±0.89c 91.98±0.47a
主效应Main effects
代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) 12.13 81.62±0.34b 82.91±0.56 91.25±0.53a 87.58±0.60 90.19±0.53 89.51±0.39b 91.02±0.42b 92.98±0.42a 91.53±0.42
12.97 83.47±0.34a 84.59±0.56 89.22±0.53b 89.24±0.60 90.37±0.53 91.13±0.39a 92.66±0.42a 91.63±0.42b 91.25±0.42
粗蛋白质CP/% 14 81.08±0.42b 81.44±0.69b 88.78±0.65b 87.00±0.73b 91.11±0.65a 90.78±0.48 91.77±0.52b 92.26±0.52b 90.60±0.51b
16 85.43±0.42a 85.79±0.69a 91.65±0.65a 91.38±0.73a 92.96±0.65a 90.90±0.48 93.43±0.52a 95.12±0.52a 92.86±0.51a
18 81.12±0.42b 84.01±0.69a 90.27±0.65ab 86.83±0.73b 86.77±0.65b 89.28±0.48 90.31±0.52b 89.53±0.51c 90.71±0.51b
P值P-value
代谢能ME 0.002 0.056 0.019 0.074 0.809 0.013 0.018 0.041 0.643
粗蛋白质CP <0.001 0.003 0.029 0.001 <0.001 0.064 0.004 <0.001 0.014
代谢能×粗蛋白质ME×CP 0.637 0.451 0.123 0.552 0.880 0.524 0.389 0.001 0.015

2.5 饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对略阳乌鸡公鸡肠道形态的影响

由表6可知,主效应分析结果表明,十二指肠的CD随饲粮代谢能水平升高而显著降低(P=0.021),空肠的V/C随饲粮代谢能水平升高而显著增加(P=0.010),饲粮代谢能水平对十二指肠的VH和V/C、空肠的VH和CD以及回肠的VH、CD和V/C均没有显著影响(P>0.05)。16%粗蛋白质组十二指肠的V/C显著高于18%粗蛋白质组(P=0.009),与14%粗蛋白质组没有显著差异(P>0.05);18%粗蛋白质组回肠的VH显著低于14%和16%粗蛋白质组(P=0.009),饲粮粗蛋白质水平对十二指肠的VH和CD、空肠的VH、CD和V/C以及回肠的CD和V/C均没有显著影响(P>0.05)。饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对肠道形态无显著互作效应(P>0.05)。
表6 饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对略阳乌鸡公鸡肠道形态的影响

Table 6 Effects of dietary metabolizable energy and crude protein levels on intestinal morphology of Lueyang black-boned chicken roosters

项目Items 十二指肠Duodenum 空肠Jejunum 回肠Ileum
绒毛高度VH/μm 隐窝深度CD/μm 绒毛高度/隐窝深度V/C 绒毛高度VH/μm 隐窝深度CD/μm 绒毛高度/隐窝深度V/C 绒毛高度VH/μm 隐窝深度CD/μm 绒毛高度/隐窝深度V/C
代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) 粗蛋白质CP/%
12.13 14 1 121.18±1.92 137.41±0.22 8.16±0.02 960.73±6.29 118.12±0.26 8.13±0.07 857.40±3.61 103.41±0.58 8.29±0.02
12.13 16 1 118.11±11.22 135.35±0.63 8.26±0.04 960.03±5.13 117.94±0.39 8.14±0.06 859.90±5.47 102.00±0.58 8.43±0.05
12.13 18 1 106.70±6.41 136.71±0.72 8.10±0.06 952.77±1.66 117.63±0.68 8.10±0.03 843.01±2.54 101.19±0.63 8.33±0.03
12.97 14 1 104.39±8.44 133.56±1.00 8.27±0.09 973.62±1.19 118.46±0.42 8.22±0.04 854.49±8.37 102.59±0.58 8.33±0.08
12.97 16 1 121.00±8.46 132.67±0.99 8.45±0.03 955.90±8.50 115.28±1.42 8.29±0.04 860.36±5.87 102.28±1.07 8.42±0.10
12.97 18 1 103.22±4.10 135.90±0.23 8.12±0.12 958.17±5.88 116.79±0.45 8.21±0.05 855.19±5.33 104.40±1.41 8.20±0.10
主效应Main effects
代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) 12.13 1 115.33±3.62 136.49±0.68a 8.17±0.04 957.84±3.13 117.89±0.41 8.13±0.03b 853.44±1.83 102.20±0.50 8.35±0.04
12.97 1 109.54±3.62 134.04±0.68b 8.28±0.04 962.56±3.13 116.84±0.41 8.24±0.03a 856.68±1.83 103.09±0.50 8.31±0.04
粗蛋白质CP/% 14 1 112.79±4.43 135.49±0.84 8.21±0.05ab 967.17±3.84 118.29±0.51 8.18±0.03 855.94±2.24a 103.00±0.62 8.31±0.05
16 1 119.55±4.43 134.01±0.84 8.36±0.05a 957.96±3.84 116.61±0.51 8.23±0.03 860.13±2.24a 102.14±0.62 8.42±0.05
18 1 104.96±4.43 136.30±0.84 8.11±0.05b 955.47±3.84 117.21±0.51 8.15±0.03 849.10±2.24b 102.80±0.62 8.27±0.05
P值P-value
代谢能ME 0.273 0.021 0.074 0.301 0.089 0.010 0.226 0.226 0.520
粗蛋白质CP 0.093 0.174 0.009 0.104 0.087 0.441 0.009 0.598 0.096
代谢能×粗蛋白质ME×CP 0.302 0.450 0.535 0.314 0.138 0.771 0.068 0.085 0.466

2.6 饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对略阳乌鸡公鸡肠道消化酶活性的影响

由表7可知,饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对十二指肠的胰蛋白酶和糜蛋白酶活性、空肠的胰蛋白酶活性以及回肠的糜蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性均有显著互作效应(P=0.003,P=0.006,P<0.001,P=0.030,P=0.037),12.13 MJ/kg代谢能和14%粗蛋白质组十二指肠的胰蛋白酶活性显著低于其他各组(P=0.003),12.13 MJ/kg代谢能和18%粗蛋白质组十二指肠的糜蛋白酶活性显著低于其他各组(P=0.006);12.97 MJ/kg代谢能和16%粗蛋白质组空肠的胰蛋白酶活性显著高于其他各组(P<0.001);12.13 MJ/kg代谢能和14%粗蛋白质组回肠的糜蛋白酶活性显著低于其他各组(P=0.030),12.13 MJ/kg代谢能和14%粗蛋白质组回肠的脂肪酶活性显著低于12.97 MJ/kg代谢能和14%粗蛋白质组、12.97 MJ/kg代谢能和16%粗蛋白质组及12.97 MJ/kg代谢能和18%粗蛋白质组(P=0.037);饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对十二指肠的脂肪酶活性、空肠的糜蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性以及回肠的胰蛋白酶活性均没有显著互作效应(P>0.05)。主效应分析结果表明,十二指肠的胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性,空肠的胰蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性以及回肠的糜蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性均随饲粮代谢能水平的升高而显著增加(P<0.001,P<0.001,P=0.002,P<0.001,P=0.006,P<0.001,P<0.001),饲粮代谢能水平对空肠的糜蛋白酶活性及回肠的胰蛋白酶活性均没有显著影响(P>0.05);14%粗蛋白质组十二指肠的胰蛋白酶活性、空肠的胰蛋白酶活性及回肠的胰蛋白酶和糜蛋白酶活性显著低于16%和18%粗蛋白质组(P<0.001,P<0.001,P<0.001,P<0.001),16%粗蛋白质组十二指肠的糜蛋白酶活性显著高于14%和18%粗蛋白质组(P<0.001),饲粮粗蛋白质水平对十二指肠的脂肪酶活性、空肠的糜蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性及回肠的脂肪酶活性均没有显著影响(P>0.05)。
表7 饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对略阳乌鸡公鸡肠道消化酶活性的影响

Table 7 Effects of dietary metabolizable energy and crude protein levels on intestinal digestive enzyme activities of Lueyang black-boned chicken roosters

项目Items 十二指肠Duodenum 空肠Jejunum 回肠Ileum
胰蛋白酶Trypsin/(U/mg prot) 糜蛋白酶Chymotrypsin/(U/mg prot) 脂肪酶Lipase/(U/g prot) 胰蛋白酶Trypsin/(U/mg prot) 糜蛋白酶Chymotrypsin/(U/mg prot) 脂肪酶Lipase/(U/g prot) 胰蛋白酶Trypsin/(U/mg prot) 糜蛋白酶Chymotrypsin/(U/mg prot) 脂肪酶Lipase/(U/g prot)
代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) 粗蛋白质CP/%
12.13 14 5 565.70±186.56d 4.48±0.25c 31.63±0.99 6 243.01±115.31d 6.22±0.51 33.37±3.24 5 436.48±135.75 3.96±0.15d 30.79±2.19c
12.13 16 7 794.11±363.27c 6.51±0.28ab 33.90±1.95 12 882.23±261.34b 6.59±0.28 35.14±2.01 8 357.41±106.63 6.06±0.35ab 34.83±2.16bc
12.13 18 9 860.14±470.37a 3.61±0.08d 34.56±2.72 10 841.39±448.84c 6.18±0.60 33.30±1.62 9 919.44±340.33 4.90±0.24c 36.15±1.66bc
12.97 14 8 366.83±72.74bc 6.15±0.21b 41.41±2.34 11 196.12±311.84c 7.39±0.37 33.88±1.31 5 707.10±253.53 5.29±0.09bc 45.37±2.38a
12.97 16 8 888.01±129.21b 7.41±0.13a 41.61±1.78 15 844.64±326.67a 7.42±0.76 40.36±2.19 8 130.68±75.13 6.37±0.38a 43.98±2.98a
12.97 18 9 978.15±392.39a 6.88±0.54ab 38.81±3.34 12 368.87±198.89b 6.58±0.48 38.71±0.75 9 320.28±179.42 6.72±0.25a 38.74±1.14ab
主效应Main effects
代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) 12.13 7 739.99±177.01b 4.99±0.17b 33.36±1.33b 9 988.88±172.05b 6.33±0.37 33.94±1.18b 7 904.45±129.13 4.97±0.16b 33.92±1.31b
12.97 9 077.66±177.01a 6.81±0.19a 40.61±1.33a 13 136.54±159.29a 7.13±0.33 39.32±1.15a 7 719.35±119.55 6.13±0.15a 42.69±1.21a
粗蛋白质CP/% 14 6 966.26±216.79c 5.50±0.21b 36.52±1.63 8 719.57±195.09c 6.80±0.42 36.13±1.61 5 571.79±155.30c 4.63±0.19b 38.08±1.58
16 8 341.06±216.79b 6.96±0.24a 37.76±1.63 14 363.43±206.92a 7.01±0.39 37.75±1.35 8 244.05±155.30b 6.22±0.19a 39.40±1.58
18 9 919.15±216.79a 5.24±0.21b 36.69±1.63 11 605.13±206.92b 6.38±0.48 36.00±1.29 9 619.86±146.42a 5.81±0.18a 37.44±1.49
P值P-value
代谢能ME <0.001 <0.001 0.002 <0.001 0.126 0.006 0.304 <0.001 <0.001
粗蛋白质CP <0.001 <0.001 0.846 <0.001 0.603 0.611 <0.001 <0.001 0.661
代谢能×粗蛋白质ME×CP 0.003 0.006 0.501 <0.001 0.834 0.998 0.149 0.030 0.037

3 讨论

3.1 饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对略阳乌鸡公鸡生长性能的影响

代谢能和粗蛋白质是饲粮中满足家禽营养需要的2个关键元素,二者并非相互独立,而是存在互作关系[16]。家禽具有为能而食的特点,其采食量和F/G通常随着饲粮代谢能水平的提高而降低。饲粮粗蛋白质水平过低会阻碍家禽正常生长发育,过高则会增加代谢负担,造成养分浪费,降低生产效应。訾宝兵[17]研究饲粮粗蛋白质水平对育雏期略阳乌鸡生长性能的影响,发现饲粮粗蛋白质水平对ADG、ADFI和F/G均有显著影响,并且ADG和ADFI随着饲粮粗蛋白质水平升高呈现先上升后下降趋势,F/G随饲粮粗蛋白质水平升高呈现先下降后上升趋势。Liu等[18]研究表明,饲粮粗蛋白质水平显著影响7~12周龄略阳乌鸡的ADG和F/G,对42日龄体重和ADFI均没有显著影响,并且随着饲粮粗蛋白质水平的升高,ADG呈现先上升后下降趋势,F/G呈现先下降后上升趋势。孟宇等[19]研究报道,饲粮代谢能水平显著影响育雏期雪山草鸡种母鸡的ADG、ADFI和F/G,并且随着饲粮代谢能水平升高,ADFI呈现下降趋势;饲粮粗蛋白质水平显著影响ADFI,对42日龄体重没有显著影响。这些结果与本试验的研究结果基本一致,但本试验并未发现饲粮代谢能水平对ADG和F/G有显著影响,这可能与本试验设置的2个代谢能水平基本满足了略阳乌鸡公鸡能量需要有关。此外,也有研究发现ADFI随着饲粮代谢能水平的升高而升高[20],这与本试验的研究结果不同,可能是由试验鸡的品种、阶段和生长环境的不同引起的。

3.2 饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对略阳乌鸡公鸡血清生化指标的影响

血清生化指标可以用来反映机体组织器官功能变化情况和营养代谢水平,也可以间接反映机体健康状况[21]。血清TP、ALB和UA含量可以反映机体肝脏和肾脏的功能状况,也可以反映机体蛋白质吸收、合成和分解状况[22];血清T-CHO和TG是衡量机体脂类代谢的重要指标[23]。刘少凯[24]研究饲粮粗蛋白质水平对7~12周龄略阳乌鸡血清生化指标的影响,结果发现饲粮粗蛋白质水平显著影响血清ALB含量,并且血清ALB含量随着饲粮粗蛋白质水平升高总体呈现上升趋势。刘少凯等[25]研究表明,饲粮粗蛋白质水平显著影响13~18周龄略阳乌鸡母鸡血清UA含量,并且血清UA含量随着饲粮粗蛋白质水平升高总体呈现上升趋势。吴亮等[26]研究发现,饲粮粗蛋白质水平显著影响8~11周龄东兰乌鸡血清TP和UA含量,并且血清TP和UA含量随着粗蛋白质水平升高而升高。这些与本试验的研究结果基本一致,但本试验并未发现饲粮粗蛋白质水平对血清UA含量有显著影响,可能是不同品种和性别的鸡对蛋白质的消化利用存在差异的缘故。此外,也有研究表明,饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对1~6周龄凌云乌鸡母鸡的血清生化指标没有显著影响[27];血清TG含量随饲粮代谢能水平升高而降低[28],这些结果与本研究结果不同,说明饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对血清生化指标的影响可能与家禽的品种、生理阶段和性别等相关。

3.3 饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对略阳乌鸡公鸡养分表观消化率的影响

养分表观消化率是反映机体对饲粮养分消化吸收程度的指标。有关饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对略阳乌鸡养分表观消化率影响的研究很少,本试验弥补了这部分的研究空缺。王鹏飞等[29]研究表明,饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对13~16周龄凌云乌鸡的GE和CP表观消化率均有显著影响,并且GE的表观消化率随饲粮代谢能水平升高而升高,随饲粮粗蛋白质水平升高先升高再下降。梁天柱等[30]研究报道,饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对8~11周龄东兰乌鸡的GE和CP表观消化率均有显著影响,并且GE和CP的表观消化率随代谢能水平升高而升高。吴琼等[31]研究饲粮代谢能水平对1~12周龄麒麟鸡母鸡养分表观消化率的影响,结果发现饲粮代谢能水平显著影响DM、GE、EE和Ash的表观消化率,并且DM和GE的表观消化率随饲粮代谢能水平升高而升高,EE和Ash的表观消化率随饲粮代谢能水平升高呈现先升高再下降趋势。这些结果与本试验结果基本一致。
将养分表观消化率的结果与生长性能的结果联系起来发现二者恰好对应,均是高代谢能水平和中等粗蛋白质水平结果更好,这可能是因为养分表观消化率越高,机体对营养物质吸收利用程度越高,进而致使生长性能更好。但本试验并未发现饲粮代谢能水平对Ash的表观消化率有显著影响,这可能是因为不同品种和性别的鸡对Ash的消化吸收能力各异。此外,宋志芳等[32]研究产蛋期略阳乌鸡蛋白质需要量,结果发现饲粮粗蛋白质水平对GE和CP的表观消化率没有显著影响;章飞等[33]研究报道,饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对7~18周龄坝上长尾公鸡的GE和CP表观消化率没有显著影响,这些结果与本试验结果不同,说明饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对养分表观消化率的影响可能与家禽的品种、阶段和性别相关。
氨基酸表观消化率是衡量家禽对饲粮氨基酸消化吸收水平的一个重要指标。有关饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对略阳乌鸡氨基酸表观消化率影响的研究报道十分匮乏,并且在家禽上的相关研究大多只关注蛋白质这一个营养元素,本试验弥补了相关研究空缺。王江水等[34]研究饲粮粗蛋白质水平对产蛋后期罗曼粉蛋鸡氨基酸表观消化率的影响,结果表明饲粮粗蛋白质水平显著影响苏氨酸、缬氨酸、蛋氨酸、异亮氨酸、赖氨酸和精氨酸的表观消化率,并且随着粗蛋白质水平升高,氨基酸表观消化率先升高再下降。这与本试验研究结果基本一致。将氨基酸表观消化率的结果与养分表观消化率和生长性能的结果联系起来,发现三者均是高代谢能水平和中等粗蛋白质水平结果更好,这可能是因为氨基酸表观消化率越高,说明机体消化吸收能力越强,对养分的吸收利用越高效,进而致使生长性能更好。此外,Teng等[35]研究发现,饲粮粗蛋白质水平对12~28日龄经过艾美球虫攻击的雄性肉鸡的氨基酸表观消化率没有显著影响;Poudel等[36]研究表明,饲粮粗蛋白质水平对30~50周龄的海兰W36蛋鸡的氨基酸表观消化率没有显著影响,这些结果与本试验结果不同,可能是由试验鸡的品种、阶段和生长环境等不同引起的。

3.4 饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对略阳乌鸡公鸡肠道形态的影响

小肠是家禽消化吸收营养物质的重要场所,肠道VH、CD以及V/C是评估肠道健康的重要指标[37]。一般来说,在一定范围内,较高的VH、较低的CD以及较高的V/C会使肠道黏膜具有更大的表面积,有助于机体对营养物质的消化吸收。有关饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对略阳乌鸡肠道形态的影响的研究报道很少,并且在家禽上的相关研究大多集中在蛋白质这一个营养元素上,本试验弥补了相关研究空缺。刘玮等[38]研究表明,饲粮粗蛋白质水平显著影响汶上芦花鸡十二指肠的VH和V/C以及空肠的VH和V/C,并且随饲粮粗蛋白质水平升高,空肠的V/C先升高再下降。宋景昱[39]研究饲粮粗蛋白质水平对42日龄白羽肉鸡肠道形态的影响,结果表明饲粮粗蛋白质水平显著影响十二指肠和回肠的V/C,并且随饲粮粗蛋白质水平升高,十二指肠和回肠的V/C先升高再下降。陈媛等[40]研究发现,饲粮粗蛋白质水平对1~28日龄信鸽十二指肠和回肠的VH、CD以及V/C均有显著影响,对空肠的VH和CD有显著影响,并且随饲粮粗蛋白质水平升高,VH和V/C先升高再下降,CD先降低再升高。这些与本试验的研究相符,说明饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平可以影响略阳乌鸡的肠道形态,影响其对养分的消化吸收。将肠道形态的结果和氨基酸表观消化率、养分表观消化率及生长性能的结果联系起来,发现他们均是高代谢能水平和中等粗蛋白质水平结果更好,这可能是因为肠道形态越好,说明机体消化吸收能力越强,对养分的吸收利用越高效,进而致使生长性能更好。此外,王彦茹[41]研究饲粮能量水平对1~14日龄肉鸭肠道形态的影响,结果发现饲粮能量水平对肠道形态没有显著影响,这与本试验结果不符,可能是由家禽物种、生理阶段和生长环境等不同造成的。

3.5 饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对略阳乌鸡公鸡肠道消化酶活性的影响

小肠是机体营养物质消化吸收的主要场所,肠道中的消化酶可以将饲粮中大分子分解成小分子,有利于机体吸收利用,而肠道消化酶活性则是评价肠道消化吸收能力的重要指标[42]。有关饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对略阳乌鸡肠道消化酶活性的影响的研究报道十分匮乏,本试验弥补了相关研究空缺。汪珩等[43]研究表明,饲粮代谢能水平显著影响番鸭空肠胰蛋白酶活性,并且随饲粮代谢能水平升高,空肠胰蛋白酶活性升高。Yang等[44]研究报道,饲粮代谢能显著影响鹅空肠糜蛋白酶活性,并且空肠胰蛋白酶活性随着代谢能水平升高而升高;饲粮粗蛋白质水平显著影响空肠胰蛋白酶和糜蛋白酶活性,并且空肠胰蛋白酶和糜蛋白酶活性随饲粮粗蛋白质水平升高而升高。这些与本试验的研究结果基本一致,说明饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平可以通过影响小肠消化酶活性来影响家禽小肠消化吸收能力。将肠道消化酶活性的结果和肠道形态、氨基酸表观消化率、养分表观消化率及生长性能的结果联系起来,发现他们均是高代谢能水平和中等粗蛋白质水平结果更好,这可能是因为肠道消化酶活性越高、肠道形态越好,说明机体消化吸收能力越强,对养分的吸收利用越高效,进而致使生长性能更好。此外,叶晓梦等[45]研究饲粮粗蛋白质水平对22~35日龄肉鸡肠道消化酶活性的影响,结果发现饲粮粗蛋白质水平对十二指肠、空肠和回肠的胰蛋白酶和糜蛋白酶活性均没有显著影响,这与本试验结果不同,可能是由家禽品种、阶段和生长环境等不同引起的。

4 结论

综合分析各项指标,优先考虑显著性结果,推荐15~20周龄略阳乌鸡公鸡饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平分别为12.97 MJ/kg和16%。

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