Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2025 , Vol. 37 >Issue 6: 3697 - 3712

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2025.304

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Schizochytrium Powder on Growth Performance, Lipid Metabolism and Antioxidant Function of Partridge Shank Chickens

  • JIA Daihan , 1 ,
  • DU Mingfang 2, 3, * ,
  • JI Wei 1 ,
  • ZHU Peiji , 1, ** ,
  • WEN Chao 3 ,
  • ZHOU Yanmin 3
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  • 1 Jiangsu Lihua Foods Group Co., Ltd., Changzhou 213168, China
  • 2 College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China
  • 3 College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
** senior livestock specialist, E-mail:

*Contributed equally

Received date: 2024-10-17

  Online published: 2025-06-12

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Abstract

This experiment was aimed to investigate the effects of dietary Schizochytrium powder on growth performance, lipid metabolism and antioxidant function of partridge shank chickens. A total of 1 488 one-day-old male partridge shank chickens were randomly allocated into 4 groups with 6 replicates per group and 62 chicks per replicate. Chickens in the control group were fed a basal diet, and others in experimental groups were fed the basal diets supplemented with 0.25%, 0.50% and 1.00% Schizochytrium powder, respectively. The experiment lasted for 63 days. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with the control group, dietary supplemented with 0.25%, 0.50% and 1.00% Schizochytrium powder significantly increased the average daily gain during 43 to 63 days of age (P<0.05), and significantly decreased the ratio of feed to gain during 43 to 63 days of age (P<0.05). 2) Compared with the control group, dietary supplemented with 0.50% and 1.00% Schizochytrium powder significantly increased the leg muscle rate (P<0.05). 3) Compared with the control group, dietary supplemented with 1.00% Schizochytrium powder significantly decreased the serum total cholesterol (TC) content (P<0.05); dietary supplemented with 0.50% and 1.00% Schizochytrium powder significantly decreased the serum low density lipoprotein cholesterin (LDL-C) content and liver fatty acid synthetase activity (P<0.05), and significantly increased the liver hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) activity (P<0.05). 4) Compared with the control group, dietary supplemented with 0.25% Schizochytrium powder significantly increased the breast muscle docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content and leg muscle palmitoleic acid and DHA contents (P<0.05); dietary supplemented with 0.50% Schizochytrium powder significantly increased the breast muscle linolenic acid, arachidonic acid (ARA) and DHA contents and leg muscle DHA content (P<0.05), and significantly decreased the breast muscle palmitic acid content (P<0.05). 5) Compared with the control group, dietary supplemented with 0.50% Schizochytrium powder significantly decreased the serum malondialdehyde (MDA) content (P<0.05). In conclusion, dietary Schizochytrium powder can increase the growth performance and slaughter performance, improve the muscle polyunsaturated fatty acid contents, enhance the body lipid metabolism and antioxidant function of partridge shank chickens. Based on the growth performance, muscle fatty acid contents and antioxidant capacity, the optimal dietary supplemental level of Schizochytrium powder for partridge shank chickens is 0.54% to 0.61%.

Key words： Schizochytrium; partridge shank chickens; growth performance; lipid metabolism; polyunsaturated fatty acid; antioxidant function

Cite this article

JIA Daihan , DU Mingfang , JI Wei , ZHU Peiji , WEN Chao , ZHOU Yanmin . Effects of Schizochytrium Powder on Growth Performance, Lipid Metabolism and Antioxidant Function of Partridge Shank Chickens[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2025 , 37(6) : 3697 -3712 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2025.304

裂壶藻(Schizochytrium),又名裂殖壶藻和裂殖壶菌,属于真菌门、卵菌纲、水霉目、破囊壶菌科,是一类单细胞、球形的海洋微藻[1]。裂壶藻可进行异养发酵培养,细胞生长速度快、成分稳定,易于实现规模化生产[2-3]。裂壶藻细胞内含有大量的蛋白质、脂质等成分,同时富含二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)、角鲨烯、虾青素等有益活性物质,营养价值较高[4-5]。作为原料或添加剂,裂壶藻具有促进动物生长发育、提高机体免疫机能等功效,还能用于生产高附加值的肉、蛋、奶等产品,增加畜牧生产经济效益[6-7]。裂壶藻油脂中DHA含量高,不含二十碳五烯酸(EPA),与传统DHA补充剂鱼油相比,裂壶藻产量稳定、腥味较低、适口性好,其在饲料添加生产的畜产品适用人群更广[8-9]。随着新型藻株的选育、发酵工艺的优化和发酵设备的改造,裂壶藻成为工业化生产DHA的主要藻种之一,为其在畜禽饲料中的应用提供了基础。
裂壶藻含有必需氨基酸、维生素、多糖、矿物元素、多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)等营养物质,能促进动物生长发育[10]。相关研究表明,饲粮中添加裂壶藻粉有利于罗斯308肉鸡肠道发育,可提高肉鸡采食量、体重和屠宰率[11-12]。Park等[13]报道,饲粮中添加裂壶藻粉可显著降低伊莎褐蛋鸡血清甘油三酯(TG)和总胆固醇(TC)含量;类似地,秦学文等[14]通过补饲裂壶藻粉降低了荷斯坦奶牛血清TC和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量,提示饲粮中添加裂壶藻粉对机体脂质代谢有积极影响。DHA是人体所必需的一种PUFA,裂壶藻中DHA占细胞总脂肪酸的40%~50%,且主要以TG形式存在,生物利用率高,因此裂壶藻常用于生产高DHA的肉、蛋、奶等产品,提高动物源性产品营养价值和功能特性[15-17]。Wang等[16]报道,用含裂壶藻粉的试验饲粮饲喂海兰W-36蛋鸡28 d后,鸡蛋中ω-3 PUFA和DHA含量显著提高;苏世灿等[18]报道,饲粮中添加裂壶藻粉可提高牛奶中PUFA含量,DHA富集效果显著,且与母乳DHA含量接近;Kumar等[19]在裂壶藻粉替代饲粮鱼油对南美白对虾影响的研究中也得到了相似结果。另外,裂壶藻中的DHA、维生素E、甾醇和类黄酮等化合物具有较强的抗氧化活性[20-21];添加裂壶藻粉后,爱拔益加肉鸡肌肉总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著提高,丙二醛(MDA)含量显著降低[22];饲粮中添加裂壶藻粉可显著提高山羊血清中谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和SOD活性[21]。以上研究表明,通过在饲粮补充裂壶藻粉可降低动物机体脂质过氧化反应,提高抗氧化能力。
青脚麻鸡属于快大型黄羽肉鸡,具有肉质细嫩、口感鲜美、营养价值高的特点,深受消费者喜爱。目前,关于裂壶藻粉对优质黄羽肉鸡的生长性能和产品品质影响的相关研究较少。因此,本研究以青脚麻鸡为对象,研究裂壶藻粉对青脚麻鸡生长性能、脂质代谢和抗氧化功能的影响,旨在评价裂壶藻粉在青脚麻鸡饲粮中的应用效果,以期为优质黄羽肉鸡生产和产品改善提供依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 动物试验伦理声明

动物实验方案经南京农业大学实验动物福利与伦理委员会审核批准,批准编号为NJAU.No20230929N13。

1.2 试验材料

试验所用裂壶藻粉由南京某生物科技有限公司提供,产品为均匀的黄色粉末状颗粒,其中DHA含量≥20.0%,粗蛋白质含量≥10.0%,水分含量≤5.0%,粗灰分含量≤15.0%,丙二醛(MDA)含量(以粗脂肪为基础计)≤10 mg/kg。

1.3 试验设计、饲粮和饲养管理

选取1 488只1日龄体重[(34.68±0.08) g]相近、体况良好的青脚麻鸡公雏,随机分为4组,每组6重复,每重复62只鸡。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加0.25%、0.50%和1.00%的裂壶藻粉(等量替代玉米)。试验期为63 d,分为1~21日龄、22~42日龄和43~63日龄3个阶段。按照《黄羽肉鸡营养需要量》(NY/T 3645—2020)配制颗粒料,基础饲粮组成及营养水平见表1。饲粮粗蛋白质、钙、总磷和氨基酸含量分别参照《饲料中粗蛋白的测定 凯氏定氮法》(GB/T 6432—2018)、《饲料中钙的测定》(GB/T 6436—2018)、《饲料中总磷的测定 分光光度法》(GB/T 6437—2018)和《饲料中氨基酸的测定》(GB/T 18246—2019)中方法测定,代谢能依据《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2021年第32版)》计算。试验在江苏立华牧业股份有限公司试验基地开展,试验鸡采用地面平养,自由采食和饮水,其他饲养管理和免疫程序按照公司饲养标准执行。
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of basal diets (air-dry basis) %

项目
Items		 含量Content
1~21日龄
1 to 21 days of age		 22~42日龄
22 to 42 days of age		 43~63日龄
43 to 63 days of age
原料Ingredients
玉米Corn 51.58 56.56 60.29
小麦Wheat 10.00 10.00 10.00
豆粕Soybean meal 30.50 24.20 18.20
玉米蛋白粉Corn protein meal 2.00 3.00 4.00
豆油Soybean oil 1.25 1.95 3.62
石粉Limestone 1.63 1.54 1.43
磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 1.25 1.05 0.85
DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met 0.27 0.19 0.12
L-赖氨酸L-Lys 0.42 0.41 0.39
氯化胆碱Choline chloride 0.10 0.10 0.10
预混料Premix1) 1.00 1.00 1.00
合计Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels2)
代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) 12.13 12.55 13.18
粗蛋白质CP 20.98 18.95 16.89
钙Ca 1.02 0.87 0.75
总磷TP 0.64 0.55 0.48
赖氨酸Lys 1.21 1.04 0.92
蛋氨酸Met 0.53 0.47 0.42

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 8 000 U,VD 3 000 U,VE 20 U,VK3 1.5 mg,VB1 2.7 mg,VB2 9 mg,VB6 2 mg,VB12 0.015 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 30 mg,泛酸钙 pantothenate 9 mg,生物素 biotin 0.06 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.6 mg,Fe 80 mg,Cu 7 mg,Mn 70 mg,Zn 60 mg,I 0.6 mg,Se 0.15 mg。
2)代谢能为计算值,其余为实测值。ME was a calculated value, while the others were measured values.

1.4 测定指标及方法

1.4.1 样品采集

于青脚麻鸡63日龄称重结束后,每个重复随机选取1只接近平均体重的青脚麻鸡进行称重、屠宰和分割。采取颈静脉放血,采集血液于洁净离心管中,室温倾斜放置析出血清,在低温离心机中以4 ℃、926×g离心15 min后分装血清,放置于-20 ℃冰箱中保存待测。采集青脚麻鸡相同部位的肝脏、胸肌和腿肌样品各10 g于10 mL冻存管中,液氮保存待测。

1.4.2 生长性能

分别于青脚麻鸡1、21、42和63日龄时,以重复(栏)为单位对试验鸡进行空腹称重(禁食12 h),统计各重复饲料消耗量,计算青脚麻鸡的初重(IBW)以及各阶段的平均日增重(ADG)、平均日采食量(ADFI)、料重比(F/G)和末重(FBW)。

1.4.3 屠宰性能

按照《家禽生产性能名词术语和度量计算方法》(NY/T 823—2020)测定青脚麻鸡屠宰性能。屠宰测定包括屠体重、半净膛重、全净膛重、腿肌重、胸肌重和腹脂重。以活体重为基础计算屠宰率、半净膛率和全净膛率,以全净膛重为基础计算胸肌率、腿肌率和腹脂率。

1.4.4 血清生化指标

按照试剂盒说明书所述方法测定青脚麻鸡血清中总蛋白(TP)、葡萄糖(GLU)、TG、TC、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)及LDL-C含量,测定所用试剂盒均购自南京建成生物工程研究所。

1.4.5 脂肪代谢相关酶活性

称取肝脏样品与4 ℃预冷的灭菌生理盐水按照比例1∶5(质量体积比)混合后匀浆,匀浆液于4 ℃、1 301×g离心10 min,取上清液分装,于-20 ℃保存待测。取组织匀浆于4 ℃解冻,按照试剂盒说明书所述方法测定肝脏中脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)、乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACC)和激素敏感脂肪酶(HSL)活性,测定所用试剂盒均购自南京建成生物工程研究所。

1.4.6 肌肉脂肪酸含量

胸肌和腿肌样品称重后使用真空冷冻干燥机干燥48 h,经研钵粉碎后混匀备用。按照《食品中脂肪酸的测定》(GB 5009.168—2016)的外标-酯交换法用气相色谱仪(Agilent 7820A,安捷伦科技有限公司)测定肌肉脂肪酸含量。色谱柱为Agilent DB-FastFAME色谱柱(30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm),检测器为氢火焰离子检测器(FID),进样量1 μL,进样器温度220 ℃,检测器温度280 ℃,载气为氮气,程序升温:50 ℃保持1 min;25 ℃/min升温至220 ℃,保持0 min;3 ℃/min升温至230 ℃,保持18 min。

1.4.7 血清和肌肉抗氧化指标

制备肌肉组织匀浆液操作步骤同1.4.5,按照试剂盒说明书所述方法测定青脚麻鸡血清、胸肌和腿肌中SOD活性、T-AOC和MDA含量,测定所用试剂盒均购自南京建成生物工程研究所。

1.5 数据统计分析

试验数据经Excel 2019进行初步整理,采用SPSS 20.0软件进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),组间差异采用Duncan氏多重比较检验,使用多项式比较法分析饲粮中裂壶藻粉添加水平与测定指标的线性关系和二次效应,统计显著性水平为P<0.05。结果以平均值和均值标准误(SEM)表示。对二次效应显著的指标进行二次曲线(Y=aX2+bX+c)拟合以确定裂壶藻粉适宜添加水平,其中X为饲粮裂壶藻粉添加水平,Y为对应指标测定值,a和b分别为回归方程二次项和一次项的系数,c为方程的常数项,X0=-B/2A为裂壶藻粉适宜添加水平。

2 结果

2.1 裂壶藻粉对青脚麻鸡生长性能的影响

由表2可知,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加0.25%、0.50%和1.00%裂壶藻粉可显著提高青脚麻鸡43~63日龄ADG(P<0.05),显著降低43~63日龄F/G(P<0.05)。随裂壶藻粉添加水平增加,青脚麻鸡43~63日龄ADG和FBW以及1~63日龄ADG呈线性增加(P<0.05),43~63日龄F/G呈线性降低(P<0.05),43~63日龄和1~63日龄F/G呈二次曲线变化(P<0.05)。其中,43~63日龄和1~63日龄F/G二次曲线模型拟合方程分别为Y=0.67X2-0.82X+2.98(R2=0.386 6)和Y=0.21X2-0.25X+2.41(R2=0.311 3),依此模型进行计算,裂壶藻粉适宜添加水平分别为0.61%和0.60%。
表2 裂壶藻粉对青脚麻鸡生长性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of Schizochytrium powder on growth performance of partridge shank chickens

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 裂壶藻粉添加水平
Schizochytrium powder supplemental levels/%		 均值标准误
SEM		 P值P-value
处理
Treatment		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
0.25 0.50 1.00
1~21日龄1 to 21 days of age
平均日增重ADG/g 20.21 20.15 19.91 19.80 0.14 0.732 0.280 0.937
平均日采食量ADFI/g 33.57 33.63 33.50 33.49 0.21 0.996 0.856 0.932
料重比F/G 1.66 1.67 1.68 1.69 0.01 0.511 0.141 0.969
初重IBW/g 34.61 34.82 34.89 34.81 0.08 0.686 0.395 0.398
末重FBW/g 458.77 457.92 452.94 450.52 2.94 0.742 0.291 0.899
22~42日龄22 to 42 days of age
平均日增重ADG/g 51.09 49.91 50.97 50.79 0.31 0.554 0.958 0.434
平均日采食量ADFI/g 111.68 109.44 109.52 109.20 0.58 0.418 0.171 0.418
料重比F/G 2.19 2.19 2.15 2.15 0.01 0.359 0.140 0.870
末重FBW/g 1 531.75 1 506.12 1 523.24 1 517.18 6.98 0.646 0.683 0.503
43~63日龄43 to 63 days of age
平均日增重ADG/g 53.55b 58.60a 58.79a 58.87a 0.75 0.016 0.009 0.060
平均日采食量ADFI/g 159.92 162.14 162.57 166.08 1.10 0.269 0.063 0.766
料重比F/G 3.00a 2.77b 2.77b 2.82b 0.03 0.010 0.026 0.009
末重FBW/g 2 656.35 2 736.66 2 757.92 2 753.48 15.27 0.052 0.018 0.134
1~63日龄1 to 63 days of age
平均日增重ADG/g 41.62 42.89 43.22 43.16 0.24 0.053 0.018 0.137
平均日采食量ADFI/g 100.26 100.90 101.09 102.06 0.37 0.398 0.103 0.824
料重比F/G 2.41 2.35 2.34 2.37 0.01 0.054 0.073 0.030

同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below.

2.2 裂壶藻粉对青脚麻鸡屠宰性能的影响

由表3可知,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加0.50%和1.00%裂壶藻粉可显著提高青脚麻鸡腿肌率(P<0.05)。随裂壶藻粉添加水平增加,青脚麻鸡腿肌率呈线性提高(P<0.05)。
表3 裂壶藻粉对青脚麻鸡屠宰性能的影响

Table 3 Effects of Schizochytrium powder on slaughter performance of partridge shank chickens %

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 裂壶藻粉添加水平
Schizochytrium powder supplemental levels/%		 均值标准误
SEM		 P值P-value
处理
Treatment		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
0.25 0.50 1.00
屠宰率Dressed rate 90.52 91.01 91.02 91.34 0.21 0.607 0.211 0.851
半净膛率Half eviscerated rate 82.97 82.89 83.37 84.10 0.22 0.200 0.055 0.353
全净膛率Eviscerated rate 69.98 69.67 70.23 70.65 0.20 0.367 0.157 0.368
胸肌率Breast muscle rate 18.15 19.35 18.09 17.61 0.30 0.214 0.279 0.163
腿肌率Leg muscle rate 19.78b 20.51ab 21.21a 21.25a 0.20 0.014 0.002 0.303
腹脂率Abdominal fat rate 3.08 3.29 3.38 3.36 0.18 0.937 0.580 0.764

2.3 裂壶藻粉对青脚麻鸡血清生化指标的影响

由表4可知,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加1.00%裂壶藻粉可显著降低青脚麻鸡血清TC含量(P<0.05);饲粮中添加0.50%和1.00%裂壶藻粉可显著降低青脚麻鸡血清LDL-C含量(P<0.05)。随裂壶藻粉添加水平增加,青脚麻鸡血清TC和LDL-C呈线性降低(P<0.05)。
表4 裂壶藻粉对青脚麻鸡血清生化指标的影响

Table 4 Effects of Schizochytrium powder on serum biochemical indices of partridge shank chickens

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 裂壶藻粉添加水平
Schizochytrium powder supplemental levels/%		 均值标准误
SEM		 P值P-value
处理
Treatment		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
0.25 0.50 1.00
总蛋白TP/(mg/mL) 33.11 35.47 32.09 33.90 0.63 0.296 0.861 0.825
葡萄糖GLU/(mmol/L) 14.19 14.29 13.84 13.98 0.39 0.981 0.776 0.983
甘油三酯TG/(mmol/L) 0.36 0.32 0.33 0.31 0.01 0.496 0.181 0.843
总胆固醇TC/(mmol/L) 3.14a 2.95a 2.77ab 2.44b 0.09 0.039 0.005 0.669
高密度脂蛋白胆固醇HDL-C/(mmol/L) 1.97 2.11 2.18 1.99 0.10 0.871 0.881 0.433
低密度脂蛋白胆固醇LDL-C/(mmol/L) 1.57a 1.39ab 1.32b 1.32b 0.04 0.040 0.010 0.185

2.4 裂壶藻粉对青脚麻鸡肝脏脂肪代谢相关酶活性的影响

由表5可知,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加0.50%和1.00%裂壶藻粉可显著降低青脚麻鸡肝脏FAS活性(P<0.05),显著提高肝脏HSL活性(P<0.05)。随裂壶藻粉添加水平增加,青脚麻鸡肝脏FAS活性呈线性降低(P<0.05),肝脏HSL活性呈线性提高(P<0.05)。
表5 裂壶藻粉对青脚麻鸡肝脏脂肪代谢相关酶活性的影响

Table 5 Effects of Schizochytrium powder on activities of lipid metabolism related enzyme in liver of partridge shank chickens U/g prot

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 裂壶藻粉添加水平
Schizochytrium powder supplemental levels/%		 均值标准误
SEM		 P值P-value
处理
Treatment		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
0.25 0.50 1.00
脂肪酸合成酶FAS 14.30a 12.83ab 11.60b 12.36b 0.34 0.029 0.015 0.073
乙酰辅酶A羧化酶ACC 42.25 39.40 44.57 44.68 1.12 0.308 0.219 0.507
激素敏感脂肪酶HSL 26.17c 28.35bc 32.48ab 35.12a 1.06 0.004 <0.001 0.887

2.5 裂壶藻粉对青脚麻鸡肌肉脂肪酸组成的影响

由表6可知,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加0.25%裂壶藻粉可显著提高青脚麻鸡胸肌DHA含量(P<0.05);饲粮中添加0.50%裂壶藻粉可显著降低青脚麻鸡胸肌棕榈酸含量(P<0.05),显著提高胸肌亚麻酸、花生四烯酸(ARA)和DHA含量(P<0.05);饲粮中添加1.00%裂壶藻粉可显著提高胸肌ARA和DHA含量(P<0.05)。随裂壶藻粉添加水平增加,青脚麻鸡胸肌ARA和DHA含量呈线性提高(P<0.05),胸肌ARA含量呈二次曲线变化(P<0.05)。其中,胸肌ARA含量二次曲线模型拟合方程为Y=0.11X2+0.06X+0.06(R2=0.750 7)。
表6 裂壶藻粉对青脚麻鸡胸肌脂肪酸含量的影响

Table 6 Effects of Schizochytrium powder on contents of fatty acids in breast muscle of partridge shank chickens %

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 裂壶藻粉添加水平
Schizochytrium powder supplemental levels/%		 均值标准误
SEM		 P值P-value
处理
Treatment		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
0.25 0.50 1.00
肉豆蔻酸C14∶0 0.30 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.01 0.529 0.152 0.965
棕榈酸C16∶0 18.46a 18.42a 17.41b 18.16a 0.14 0.019 0.088 0.112
棕榈油酸C16∶1 2.97 3.12 2.40 2.55 0.12 0.111 0.062 0.991
十七烷酸C17∶0 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.00 0.106 0.205 0.092
硬脂酸C18∶0 14.86 14.25 15.02 16.14 0.35 0.300 0.149 0.226
油酸C18∶1n9c 46.37 46.45 46.65 44.19 0.60 0.454 0.255 0.308
亚油酸C18∶2n6c 11.67 12.11 12.43 11.45 0.20 0.317 0.843 0.086
花生酸C20∶0 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.01 0.427 0.211 0.293
亚麻酸C18∶3n3 0.28b 0.27b 0.35a 0.26b 0.01 0.045 0.793 0.086
二十一烷酸C21∶0 0.40 0.37 0.35 0.42 0.02 0.436 0.764 0.138
花生三烯酸C20∶3n6 3.84 3.19 2.83 2.97 0.16 0.107 0.410 0.884
花生四烯酸C20∶4n6 (ARA) 0.06c 0.07c 0.12b 0.22a 0.01 <0.001 <0.001 0.010
二十三烷酸C23∶0 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 <0.01 0.253 0.284 0.089
二十四碳一烯酸C24∶1 0.35 0.34 0.37 0.48 0.02 0.139 0.053 0.184
二十二碳六烯酸C22∶6n3 (DHA) 0.31c 1.01b 1.65b 2.78a 0.22 <0.001 <0.001 0.357
饱和脂肪酸SFA 34.14 33.45 33.19 35.09 0.36 0.254 0.415 0.080
单不饱和脂肪酸MUFA 49.70 49.91 49.42 47.22 0.65 0.462 0.193 0.371
多不饱和脂肪酸PUFA 16.16 16.65 17.39 17.69 0.37 0.473 0.126 0.904
由表7可知,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加0.25%裂壶藻粉可显著提高青脚麻鸡腿肌棕榈油酸和DHA含量(P<0.05);饲粮中添加0.50%裂壶藻粉可显著提高腿肌DHA含量(P<0.05);饲粮中添加1.00%裂壶藻粉可显著提高腿肌ARA和DHA含量(P<0.05)。随裂壶藻粉添加水平增加,青脚麻鸡腿肌ARA、二十四碳一烯酸、DHA和PUFA含量线性提高(P<0.05),腿肌棕榈油酸含量呈二次曲线变化(P<0.05)。其中,腿肌棕榈油酸含量二次曲线模型拟合方程为Y=-0.90X2+0.98X+1.73(R2=0.112 4),依此模型进行计算,裂壶藻粉适宜添加水平为0.54%。
表7 裂壶藻粉对青脚麻鸡腿肌脂肪酸含量的影响

Table 7 Effects of Schizochytrium powder on contents of fatty acids in leg muscle of partridge shank chickens %

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 裂壶藻粉添加水平
Schizochytrium powder supplemental levels/%		 均值标准误
SEM		 P值P-value
处理
Treatment		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
0.25 0.50 1.00
肉豆蔻酸C14∶0 0.23 0.22 0.19 0.22 0.01 0.600 0.458 0.497
棕榈酸C16∶0 19.25 18.82 16.91 18.03 0.38 0.140 0.099 0.294
棕榈油酸C16∶1 1.63b 2.18a 1.81b 1.85b 0.06 0.010 0.570 0.023
十七烷酸C17∶0 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.00 0.379 0.488 0.573
硬脂酸C18∶0 15.69 14.80 15.30 15.85 0.39 0.801 0.788 0.386
油酸C18∶1n9c 44.99 45.92 46.78 43.58 0.73 0.474 0.613 0.176
亚油酸C18∶2n6c 12.00 11.61 10.75 11.81 0.21 0.146 0.416 0.079
花生酸C20∶0 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 <0.01 0.212 0.055 0.405
亚麻酸C18∶3n3 0.25 0.22 0.22 0.24 0.01 0.844 0.674 0.443
二十一烷酸C21∶0 0.61 0.52 0.53 0.52 0.03 0.766 0.408 0.582
花生三烯酸C20∶3n6 4.07 3.37 3.55 3.18 0.19 0.419 0.165 0.677
花生四烯酸C20∶4n6 (ARA) 0.12b 0.14b 0.18ab 0.23a 0.01 0.006 0.001 0.410
二十三烷酸C23∶0 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.06 <0.01 0.526 0.210 0.465
二十四碳一烯酸C24∶1 0.47 0.48 0.65 0.64 0.03 0.090 0.026 0.818
二十二碳六烯酸C22∶6n3 (DHA) 0.57c 1.60b 3.01a 3.77a 0.30 <0.001 <0.001 0.667
饱和脂肪酸SFA 35.88 34.46 33.05 34.72 0.55 0.355 0.325 0.171
单不饱和脂肪酸MUFA 47.10 48.59 49.24 46.06 0.73 0.433 0.712 0.128
多不饱和脂肪酸PUFA 17.02 16.95 17.71 19.22 0.40 0.159 0.043 0.314

2.6 裂壶藻粉对青脚麻鸡血清和肌肉抗氧化指标的影响

由表8可知,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加0.50%裂壶藻粉可显著降低青脚麻鸡血清MDA含量(P<0.05)。随裂壶藻粉添加水平增加,青脚麻鸡胸肌MDA含量呈线性降低(P<0.05),血清MDA含量和胸肌SOD活性呈二次曲线变化(P<0.05)。其中,血清MDA含量和胸肌SOD活性二次曲线模型拟合方程分别为Y=2.41X2-2.93X+3.01(R2=0.322 1)和Y=-73.84X2+81.84X+258.10(R2=0.191 0),依此模型进行计算,裂壶藻粉适宜添加水平分别为0.61%和0.55%。
表8 裂壶藻粉对青脚麻鸡血清和肌肉抗氧化指标的影响

Table 8 Effects of Schizochytrium powder on serum and muscle antioxidant indices of partridge shank chickens

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 裂壶藻粉添加水平
Schizochytrium powder supplemental levels/%		 均值标准误
SEM		 P值P-value
处理
Treatment		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
0.25 0.50 1.00
血清Serum
超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(U/mL) 1 204.83 1 220.64 1 251.30 1 284.09 24.17 0.693 0.244 0.867
总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(mmol/L) 1.15 1.25 1.27 1.23 0.02 0.276 0.221 0.127
丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mL) 2.99a 2.47ab 2.10b 2.49ab 0.11 0.045 0.053 0.037
胸肌Breast muscle
超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(U/mg prot) 255.87 279.89 276.10 266.84 4.02 0.144 0.399 0.039
总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(mmol/g prot) 28.70 29.97 32.22 30.71 1.46 0.877 0.556 0.657
丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mg prot) 0.71 0.56 0.52 0.55 0.03 0.092 0.045 0.112
腿肌Leg muscle
超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(U/mg prot) 248.89 261.81 284.97 272.20 8.79 0.544 0.258 0.481
总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(mmol/g prot) 37.64 43.71 42.22 39.42 1.24 0.318 0.728 0.084
丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mg prot) 0.70 0.63 0.67 0.66 0.03 0.862 0.758 0.641

3 讨论

3.1 裂壶藻粉对青脚麻鸡生长性能的影响

裂壶藻含有丰富的氨基酸、维生素、矿物质、多糖和PUFA,其中的DHA可调节激素分泌,提高机体抗炎和抗氧化能力。因此,裂壶藻替代部分蛋白质和能量饲料有助于提高动物生长性能[2,10]。Kibria等[23]研究表明,饲粮中添加0.50%和1.00%的裂壶藻粉可以提高断奶仔猪对营养物质的消化利用,促进机体免疫系统发育,进而改善断奶仔猪生长性能;Long等[22]报道,爱拔益加肉鸡饲粮中添加1.00%和2.00%富含DHA的裂壶藻粉可显著提高其采食量、体增重和饲料转化率。本试验中,饲粮中添加0.25%、0.50%和1.00%裂壶藻粉不同程度改善了青脚麻鸡生长后期和全期的ADG、F/G和FBW。但Armin等[24]研究发现,爱拔益加肉鸡采食过量裂壶藻粉对其生长性能有一定负面作用,可能由于藻中含有的酚类化合物等抗营养因子对机体产生副作用;亦有研究报道,饲粮中添加裂壶藻粉对生长育肥猪生长性能指标无显著影响[25]。造成以上的原因可以归结为添加、品种、日龄和环境因素等方面差异所致。

3.2 裂壶藻粉对青脚麻鸡屠宰性能的影响

肉鸡屠宰率和全净膛率分别达到80%和60%是产肉性能良好的标志[26]。本试验中,各组青脚麻鸡屠宰率均高于90%,全净膛率均大于69%,表明青脚麻鸡产肉性能优良;与对照组相比,饲粮中添加0.50%和1.00%裂壶藻粉可显著提高青脚麻鸡腿肌率。裂壶藻粉可提供动物生长发育所需的营养物质,其富含的DHA对机体营养代谢具有一定调控作用,能够提高营养物质利用效率,改善能量和蛋白质代谢状况,加快肌肉组织生长[22];饲粮中添加6%小球藻(富含DHA)可显著提高罗斯308肉鸡胸肌率和腿肌率[27];Wei等[28]报道,提高饲粮中DHA含量可上调肌肉中胰岛素样生长因子-1的mRNA表达,促进肌肉蛋白质的合成。另外,饲粮脂肪酸组成可影响动物屠宰性能,如罗斯308肉鸡饲粮中补充1%、2%和3%鱼油(富含长链PUFA)显著提高了胸肌重和腿肌重[29],与低ω-3/ω-6 PUFA比例相比,高ω-3/ω-6 PUFA比例饲粮能够显著提高北京油鸡腿肌率[30]。马秀花[31]研究表明,可通过添加裂壶藻粉调节饲粮PUFA组成,进而提高滩羊净肉率。以上结果提示,饲粮中添加裂壶藻粉对青脚麻鸡屠宰性能有一定的改善作用。

3.3 裂壶藻粉对青脚麻鸡脂质代谢的影响

当脂质合成和分解代谢平衡失调时,脂质及其代谢产物的种类和含量均会发生异常,造成机体代谢紊乱,诱发肥胖症、脂肪肝和心血管损伤等疾病。血清生化指标可衡量机体营养代谢和健康状况,其中,血清TG、TC、HDL-C和LDL-C含量是评价脂质代谢水平的重要指标[32-33];测定过程中存在测量误差和偏差,在检测允许的误差范围之内可能出现HDL-C与LDL-C含量之和大于TC含量的情况[34-35]。研究发现,裂壶藻具有调节脂质代谢紊乱的能力,其中的PUFA能提高脂质的再分配和利用,促进机体脂质代谢平衡[36-37]。Yu等[38]研究发现,裂壶藻可改善高脂饮食诱导的血脂异常,缓解机体代谢紊乱,具体表现为:饮食中补充裂壶藻油显著降低了肥胖小鼠血清TG、TC和LDL-C含量,抑制了小鼠肝脏脂滴形成和腹部脂肪沉积;Park等[13]报道,饲粮中添加0.50%和1.00%裂壶藻粉,蛋鸡血清中TG和TC含量显著下降,且与裂壶藻粉添加水平二次相关,裂壶藻粉中的DHA等有益物质对脂质代谢有调节作用;Wahid等[39]在罗斯308肉鸡试验中发现,饲粮中添加不同水平的DHA补充剂可线性降低肉鸡血清TC和LDL-C含量,以及线性提高血清HDL-C含量。本试验中,饲粮中添加裂壶藻粉线性降低了青脚麻鸡血清TC和LDL-C含量,提示裂壶藻粉可促进青脚麻鸡血脂代谢且具有剂量效应。
肝脏是动物合成和分解脂质的场所,是脂质代谢的重要器官;FAS和ACC是脂肪酸合成过程中的关键酶,而HSL广泛存在于脂肪、肝脏、心脏、骨骼肌等组织中,是脂肪分解过程中的主要催化限速酶,可通过检测肝脏FAS、ACC和HSL等脂肪代谢相关酶活性反映动物机体脂质代谢情况[40-42]。裂壶藻中PUFA含量较高,尤其是DHA,可作为饲粮DHA补充剂使用[43]。腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)是组织和细胞能量代谢的重要传感器[44],过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α(PPARα)能感知机体能量变化并影响脂肪酸利用、酮体合成和脂肪合成速率[45],而PUFA可通过调控AMPK/PPARα信号通路调节脂肪代谢关键酶的表达,以维持机体脂质代谢稳态,有助于降低脂肪肝等疾病的发生[46-47];Zheng等[48]报道,高PUFA可下调小鼠肝脏FAS和ACC表达来抑制脂肪酸合成,这对饮食诱导的非酒精性脂肪性肝病具有改善作用;Shang等[49]报道,高脂饮食条件下添加DHA能够提高小鼠肝脏HSL的mRNA相对表达量,进而加快脂肪分解速率,一定程度上缓解脂质代谢紊乱和肝脏损伤。本试验结果显示,裂壶藻粉可显著提高青脚麻鸡肝脏HSL活性并显著降低FAS活性,提示添加裂壶藻粉可通过促进脂质分解、抑制脂质合成而调节青脚麻鸡脂肪代谢。朱泽梦[50]在裂壶藻粉对蛋鸡脂质代谢影响的研究中也有类似发现,但有关裂壶藻粉调控青脚麻鸡脂肪代谢相关酶活性的具体机制有待进一步研究。
肌肉中的脂肪酸组成直接影响其理化性质、风味和营养价值,通过调节饲粮脂肪酸来源和比例可以达到改变肌肉脂肪酸组成的效果[51-52]。DHA是人体必需脂肪酸之一,仅能从食物中直接摄取或通过食物中的α-亚麻酸少量转化生成,而饲粮中添加裂壶藻对动物组织DHA的富集有促进作用,可作为DHA强化剂生产富含DHA的动物产品[50,53]。裂壶藻粉替代部分蛋白质和能量饲料可显著提高羊肉中的共轭亚油酸、DHA和总ω-3 PUFA含量[54];在适当添加范围内,鸡蛋中DHA含量随裂壶藻粉添加水平和饲喂天数增加而提高[55];长期给荷斯坦牛饲喂含裂壶藻粉饲粮后,牛奶中DHA含量由对照组的0.44 mg/dL提高到20.9 mg/dL,且不饱和脂肪酸(USFA)含量显著升高[18]。本试验中,饲粮中添加裂壶藻粉后,青脚麻鸡胸肌中亚麻酸、ARA和DHA含量以及腿肌中ARA、DHA和总PUFA含量显著提高,实现了DHA等必需脂肪酸富集,与Moran等[25]研究裂壶藻对生长育肥猪的影响结果一致;胸肌中棕榈油酸等单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)的沉积有所增加,较高含量的MUFA可改善肌肉嫩度、多汁性和风味等感官性状[51]。以上结果提示,饲粮中添加裂壶藻粉可优化肌肉脂肪酸的构成,提高青脚麻鸡肌肉品质和营养价值。

3.4 裂壶藻粉对青脚麻鸡抗氧化功能的影响

SOD是抗氧化系统中关键的抗氧化酶,在清除过量自由基、减少氧化应激损伤方面发挥重要作用;T-AOC能够衡量机体对氧化应激的整体调节能力;MDA是脂质过氧化的终产物之一,可反映机体氧化应激程度。本试验结果显示,饲粮中添加裂壶藻粉降低了血清和胸肌MDA含量,并提高了胸肌SOD活性。类似地,犊牛补充裂壶藻粉可显著提高血清GSH-Px活性[56];饲粮中添加1.00%和2.00%裂壶藻粉可显著提高爱拔益加肉鸡胸肌和腿肌SOD活性及T-AOC,并降低MDA含量,有效提升肉鸡肌肉抗氧化能力,且1.00%添加水平的作用效果优于2.00%[22]。核因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)是调节细胞氧化应激反应的重要转录因子,而血红素氧合酶-1(HO-1)是受Nrf2调控的下游抗氧化酶,具有抗炎、抗氧化和抗凋亡等作用[57],研究表明DHA可激活Nrf2/HO-1通路缓解氧化应激和细胞损伤[58];经DHA处理后,小鼠初级小胶质细胞SOD活性提高,抑制活性氧(ROS)的产生。除DHA等PUFA外,裂壶藻还含有较高浓度的维生素E、类胡萝卜素、甾醇和类黄酮等多种具有抗氧化活性的物质,其协同作用可更有效地抑制ROS合成,减少氧化应激损伤[21],裂壶藻对动物抗氧化能力的改善效果可能与组织中类胡萝卜素等抗氧化剂的沉积有关[59]。另外,过量添加裂壶藻会造成宰后肌肉氧化敏感性增加,肌肉中的USFA加速氧化产生过氧化物和腐败味道,肌肉MDA含量显著提高,嫩度和风味等品质显著下降[12]。本试验结果表明,饲粮中添加0.25%~1.00%裂壶藻粉对青脚麻鸡的抗氧化功能有很好改善作用。

4 结论

① 饲粮中添加裂壶藻粉可提高青脚麻鸡的生长性能和屠宰性能,改善机体的脂质代谢和抗氧化功能,提高肌肉PUFA含量,提升鸡肉营养价值。
② 本试验条件下,青脚麻鸡饲粮中裂壶藻粉的适宜添加水平为0.54%~0.61%。

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