1 材料与方法
1.1 伦理声明
1.2 试验动物与试验设计
1.3 试验饲粮和饲养管理
表1 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NP | LP | LP-Lys | LP-Met | LP-Thr | LP-Ile | ||||
| 原料Ingredients | |||||||||
| 玉米Corn | 43.758 | 48.550 | 48.550 | 48.550 | 48.550 | 48.550 | |||
| 小麦Wheat | 13.000 | 13.000 | 13.000 | 13.000 | 13.000 | 13.000 | |||
| 玉米胚芽粕Corn germ meal | 4.000 | 4.000 | 4.000 | 4.000 | 4.000 | 4.000 | |||
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 22.850 | 17.460 | 17.460 | 17.460 | 17.460 | 17.460 | |||
| 棉籽粕Cottonseed meal | 5.000 | 5.000 | 5.000 | 5.000 | 5.000 | 5.000 | |||
| 菜籽粕Rapeseed meal | 6.000 | 6.000 | 6.000 | 6.000 | 6.000 | 6.000 | |||
| 大豆油Soybean oil | 1.750 | 1.078 | 1.078 | 1.078 | 1.078 | 1.078 | |||
| L-赖氨酸盐酸盐L-Lys·HCl | 0.135 | 0.315 | 0.035 | 0.315 | 0.315 | 0.315 | |||
| L-蛋氨酸L-Met | 0.104 | 0.131 | 0.131 | 0.042 | 0.131 | 0.131 | |||
| L-苏氨酸L-Thr | 0.012 | 0.100 | 0.100 | 0.100 | 0.100 | ||||
| L-异亮氨酸L-Ile | 0.098 | 0.098 | 0.098 | 0.098 | |||||
| 食盐NaCl | 0.300 | 0.300 | 0.300 | 0.300 | 0.300 | 0.300 | |||
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 1.335 | 1.550 | 1.550 | 1.550 | 1.550 | 1.550 | |||
| 石粉Limestone | 1.104 | 1.766 | 2.046 | 1.855 | 1.866 | 1.864 | |||
| 抗氧化剂Antioxidant1) | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.050 | |||
| 抗球虫药Anti-coccidiosis drug2) | 0.120 | 0.120 | 0.120 | 0.120 | 0.120 | 0.120 | |||
| 防霉剂Antifungal agent | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.050 | |||
| 植酸酶Phytase | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 | |||
| 维生素预混料Vitamin premix3) | 0.030 | 0.030 | 0.030 | 0.030 | 0.030 | 0.030 | |||
| 氯化胆碱Choline chloride (50%) | 0.200 | 0.200 | 0.200 | 0.200 | 0.200 | 0.200 | |||
| 矿物质预混料Mineral premix4) | 0.200 | 0.200 | 0.200 | 0.200 | 0.200 | 0.200 | |||
| 合计Total | 100.000 | 100.000 | 100.000 | 100.000 | 100.000 | 100.000 | |||
| 营养水平Nutrient levels5) | |||||||||
| 净能NE/(MJ/kg) | 8.47 | 8.47 | 8.47 | 8.47 | 8.47 | 8.47 | |||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 21.32 | 19.79 | 19.73 | 19.80 | 19.68 | 19.73 | |||
| 赖氨酸Lys | 1.11 | 1.12 | 0.93 | 1.10 | 1.11 | 1.11 | |||
| 蛋氨酸Met | 0.44 | 0.45 | 0.44 | 0.36 | 0.45 | 0.46 | |||
| 苏氨酸Thr | 0.73 | 0.74 | 0.75 | 0.73 | 0.66 | 0.76 | |||
| 异亮氨酸Ile | 0.72 | 0.74 | 0.76 | 0.76 | 0.76 | 0.66 | |||
1)抗氧化剂为乙氧基喹啉(60%)。The antioxidant is ethoxyquin (60%). |
1.4 样品采集
1.5 指标测定及方法
1.5.1 常规营养成分含量
1.5.2 生长性能
1.5.3 胴体品质和器官指数
1.5.4 血清生化、免疫指标
1.5.5 抗氧化相关指标
1.5.6 肠道组织形态
1.5.7 肠道屏障功能相关基因的mRNA相对表达量
表2 引物序列Table 2 Primer sequences |
| 基因Genes | 登录号Accession number | 引物序列Primer sequences (5'—3') |
|---|---|---|
| β-肌动蛋白 β-actin | NM_205518.2 | F:CCGTGCTGTGTTCCCATCTA R:TCTGGGCTTCATCACCAACG |
| 闭锁蛋白 Occludin | NM_205128.1 | F:TCATGCTCATCGCCTCCATC R:CCACGGTGCAGTAGTGGTAG |
| 闭合小环蛋白-1 ZO-1 | XM_046925214.1 | F:TCACAGGATAGCCTTGCAGC R:CGTAGCTCGTTCATCTCGCT |
| 封闭蛋白-1 Claudin-1 | NM_001013611.2 | F:GGTATGGCAACAGAGTGGCT R:CAGCCAATGAAGAGGGCTGA |
1.5.8 氨基酸限制性顺序以及适宜比例的计算
限制性氨基酸斜率=△评价指标/△限制性氨基酸摄入量。
1.6 数据处理与分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 不同蛋白质水平饲粮及低蛋白质氨基酸缺乏饲粮对黄羽肉鸡生长性能的影响
表3 不同蛋白质水平饲粮及低蛋白质氨基酸缺乏饲粮对黄羽肉鸡生长性能的影响Table 3 Effects of diets with different protein levels and low-protein diets with amino acids deficiency on growth performance of yellow-feathered broilers |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值P-value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NP | LP | LP-Lys | LP-Met | LP-Thr | LP-Ile | t检验 t-test | 方差分析 ANOVA | |
| 始重Initial body weight/g | 35.08±0.02 | 35.10±0.05 | 35.08±0.05 | 35.08±0.04 | 35.05±0.03 | 35.12±0.04 | 0.765 | 0.631 |
| 末重Final body weight/g | 755.70±7.23 | 753.55±7.07a | 711.18±7.76b | 725.05±7.93ab | 721.84±10.75b | 730.00±10.74ab | 0.833 | 0.029 |
| 平均日采食量ADFI/g | 43.07±0.40 | 42.96±0.42 | 43.50±0.42 | 42.90±0.38 | 41.65±0.59 | 42.13±0.64 | 0.859 | 0.097 |
| 平均日增重ADG/g | 24.02±0.24 | 23.99±0.28a | 22.54±0.26b | 22.80±0.21b | 22.89±0.36b | 23.16±0.36ab | 0.929 | 0.030 |
| 料重比F/G | 1.79±0.01 | 1.79±0.01c | 1.93±0.15a | 1.88±0.01b | 1.82±0.01c | 1.82±0.02c | 0.881 | <0.001 |
对NP组与LP组数据进行非配对t检验,NP组数据标注“*”表示与LP组相比差异显著(P<0.05)。LP组、LP-Lys组、LP-Met组、LP-Thr组、LP-Ile组之间,同行数据肩标不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 | |
Values in the NP group with “*” represented significant difference compared with the LP group (P<0.05). Among LP, LP-Lys, LP-Met, LP-Thr and LP-Ile groups, values in the same row with different letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same letter or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 不同蛋白质水平饲粮及低蛋白质氨基酸缺乏饲粮对黄羽肉鸡胴体品质和器官指数的影响
表4 不同蛋白质水平饲粮及低蛋白质氨基酸缺乏饲粮对黄羽肉鸡胴体品质和器官指数的影响Table 4 Effects of diets with different protein levels and low-protein diets with amino acids deficiency on carcass quality and organ indexes of yellow-feathered broilers % |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值P-value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NP | LP | LP-Lys | LP-Met | LP-Thr | LP-Ile | t检验 t-test | 方差分析 ANOVA | |
| 胸肌率Breast muscle percentage | 10.42±0.13 | 10.34±0.37 | 10.04±0.43 | 10.03±0.20 | 9.90±0.29 | 10.20±0.40 | 0.821 | 0.924 |
| 腿肌率Thigh muscle percentage | 13.22±0.30 | 12.00±0.54 | 12.66±0.35 | 12.09±0.12 | 12.68±0.16 | 12.31±0.59 | 0.068 | 0.661 |
| 腹脂率Abdominal fat percentage | 1.42±0.15 | 1.76±0.11 | 1.53±0.13 | 1.63±0.18 | 1.69±0.26 | 1.58±0.20 | 0.120 | 0.925 |
| 心脏指数Heart index | 0.53±0.02 | 0.54±0.02 | 0.58±0.02 | 0.52±0.03 | 0.56±0.02 | 0.55±0.03 | 0.712 | 0.470 |
| 肝脏指数Liver index | 2.33±0.09 | 2.40±0.23 | 2.38±0.08 | 2.20±0.07 | 2.46±0.03 | 2.37±0.12 | 0.780 | 0.651 |
| 脾脏指数Spleen index | 0.13±0.02 | 0.19±0.03 | 0.16±0.01 | 0.17±0.02 | 0.15±0.02 | 0.20±0.02 | 0.084 | 0.403 |
| 胸腺指数Thymus index | 0.56±0.05 | 0.74±0.10 | 0.63±0.05 | 0.55±0.04 | 0.53±0.08 | 0.67±0.04 | 0.120 | 0.201 |
| 法氏囊指数Bursa of Fabricius index | 0.24±0.03 | 0.29±0.02 | 0.30±0.05 | 0.28±0.03 | 0.26±0.01 | 0.33±0.06 | 0.191 | 0.752 |
2.3 不同蛋白质水平饲粮及低蛋白质氨基酸缺乏饲粮对黄羽肉鸡血清生化指标的影响
表5 不同蛋白质水平饲粮及低蛋白质氨基酸缺乏饲粮对黄羽肉鸡血清生化指标的影响Table 5 Effects of diets with different protein levels and low-protein diets with amino acids deficiency on serum biochemical indexes of yellow-feathered broilers |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值P-value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NP | LP | LP-Lys | LP-Met | LP-Thr | LP-Ile | t检验 t-test | 方差分析 ANOVA | |
| 谷丙转氨酶ALT/(U/L) | 10.29±0.91 | 10.92±0.62 | 10.03±1.01 | 8.08±0.88 | 8.43±0.71 | 8.36±0.83 | 0.595 | 0.113 |
| 谷草转氨酶AST/(U/L) | 206.20±6.21 | 219.20±5.56 | 210.68±8.71 | 222.81±13.56 | 197.62±7.84 | 206.38±6.03 | 0.161 | 0.282 |
| 总蛋白TP/(g/L) | 30.14±1.05 | 30.03±1.40 | 28.45±0.43 | 28.72±1.54 | 28.93±0.94 | 31.74±1.80 | 0.950 | 0.355 |
| 白蛋白ALB/(g/L) | 12.81±0.62 | 12.41±0.22 | 12.16±0.28 | 11.46±0.49 | 11.71±0.57 | 12.78±0.33 | 0.586 | 0.187 |
| 球蛋白GLOB/(g/L) | 17.33±0.52 | 17.60±1.31 | 16.32±0.23 | 16.62±1.09 | 17.22±0.46 | 18.95±1.75 | 0.843 | 0.477 |
| 尿素氮UN/(mmol/L) | 0.20±0.02* | 0.13±0.01b | 0.23±0.03a | 0.23±0.03a | 0.23±0.01a | 0.20±0.02ab | 0.039 | 0.030 |
| 尿酸UA/(μmol/L) | 223.30±29.76 | 220.90±23.15 | 328.65±68.15 | 255.74±23.66 | 225.73±38.13 | 254.93±39.24 | 0.956 | 0.465 |
2.4 不同蛋白质水平饲粮及低蛋白质氨基酸缺乏饲粮对黄羽肉鸡血清免疫、抗氧化指标的影响
表6 不同蛋白质水平饲粮及低蛋白质氨基酸缺乏饲粮对黄羽肉鸡血清免疫、抗氧化指标的影响Table 6 Effects of diets with different protein levels and low-protein diets with amino acids deficiency on serum immune and antioxidant indexes of yellow-feathered broilers |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值P-value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NP | LP | LP-Lys | LP-Met | LP-Thr | LP-Ile | t检验 t-test | 方差分析 ANOVA | |
| 免疫球蛋白A IgA/(μg/mL) | 60.58±22.78* | 185.15±45.29a | 90.43±23.43b | 76.03±20.28b | 104.13±16.36b | 48.96±16.30b | 0.049 | 0.013 |
| 免疫球蛋白G IgG/(μg/mL) | 1 674.00±483.20 | 1 750.30±496.88 | 1 212.70±372.98 | 776.49±150.06 | 1 255.40±454.79 | 555.60±82.35 | 0.915 | 0.191 |
| 免疫球蛋白M IgM/(μg/mL) | 0.36±0.09 | 0.65±0.26 | 0.74±0.28 | 1.17±0.43 | 0.73±0.26 | 0.64±0.20 | 0.268 | 0.729 |
| 总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(U/mL) | 12.81±0.78 | 13.91±1.28 | 14.13±1.80 | 15.02±1.05 | 13.99±1.27 | 15.60±1.29 | 0.467 | 0.885 |
| 丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mL) | 1.98±0.0.35 | 1.86±0.20 | 2.19±0.41 | 2.56±0.10 | 1.79±0.28 | 2.43±0.31 | 0.783 | 0.362 |
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 GSH-Px/(U/mL) | 4 768.00±420.80* | 6 098.90±231.85b | 5 354.40±228.72bc | 3 892.60±168.75d | 5 165.80±404.26c | 7 234.80±253.85a | 0.037 | <0.001 |
2.5 不同蛋白质水平饲粮及低蛋白质氨基酸缺乏饲粮对黄羽肉鸡空肠组织形态、抗氧化能力和屏障功能相关基因表达的影响
表7 不同蛋白质水平饲粮及低蛋白质氨基酸缺乏饲粮对黄羽肉鸡空肠组织形态、抗氧化能力和屏障功能相关基因表达的影响Table 7 Effects of diets with different protein levels and low-protein diets with amino acids deficiency on tissue morphology, antioxidant capacity and barrier function related gene expression in jejunum of yellow-feathered broilers |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值P-value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NP | LP | LP-Lys | LP-Met | LP-Thr | LP-Ile | t检验 t-test | 方差分析 ANOVA | |
| 绒毛高度Villus height/μm | 1 468.00±68.73 | 1 611.00±110.64 | 1 713.50±103.97 | 1 490.90±102.07 | 1 596.10±57.31 | 1 440.10±137.87 | 0.285 | 0.394 |
| 隐窝深度Crypt depth/μm | 171.90±4.54 | 156.42±13.08b | 181.36±14.45b | 173.16±19.64b | 245.95±12.64a | 160.71±12.72b | 0.259 | 0.003 |
| 绒毛高度与隐窝深度比值V/C | 8.59±0.53 | 10.56±0.99a | 9.60±0.62a | 9.32±0.71a | 6.51±0.11b | 8.97±0.61a | 0.099 | 0.006 |
| 总抗氧化能力 T-AOC/(U/mg prot) | 0.468±0.068 | 0.413±0.029 | 0.588±0.038 | 0.514±0.032 | 0.574±0.026 | 0.558±0.122 | 0.476 | 0.143 |
| 丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mg prot) | 0.337±0.127 | 0.113±0.030 | 0.282±0.127 | 0.134±0.088 | 0.094±0.036 | 0.235±0.041 | 0.200 | 0.426 |
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 GSH-Px/(U/mg prot) | 5 310.00±387.20* | 7 921.70±253.58a | 6 711.00±395.59bc | 7 151.10±273.96ab | 6 073.80±315.38cd | 5 592.40±323.31d | <0.001 | 0.002 |
| 闭锁蛋白Occludin | 0.83±0.21 | 1.00±0.03 | 0.99±0.11 | 0.96±0.08 | 0.69±0.11 | 0.98±0.24 | 0.539 | 0.363 |
| 闭合小环蛋白-1 ZO-1 | 0.74±0.19 | 1.00±0.10ab | 1.07±0.14a | 0.88±0.13ab | 0.64±0.11b | 1.07±0.12a | 0.285 | 0.039 |
| 封闭蛋白-1 Claudin-1 | 1.02±0.17 | 1.00±0.07a | 1.08±0.14a | 0.89±0.11ab | 0.56±0.11b | 1.03±0.14a | 0.998 | 0.048 |
2.6 1~30日龄中速型黄羽肉鸡获得最佳F/G、血清GSH-Px活性和空肠V/C的氨基酸限制性顺序和适宜比例
表8 黄羽肉鸡获得最佳F/G、血清GSH-Px活性和空肠V/C的氨基酸限制性顺序和适宜比例Table 8 Amino acid limiting sequence and proper proportion for yellow-feathered broilers to obtain the optimal F/G, serum GSH-Px activity and jejunal V/C |
| 组别 Groups | 料重比F/G | 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性GSH-Px activity | 空肠绒毛高度与隐窝深度比值Jejunal V/C | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S | P | C | R | S | P | C | R | S | P | C | R | |
| LP-Lys | -0.491 | 1.000 | 1.120 | 100 | 0.767 | 0.909 | 1.018 | 100 | 0.571 | 0.878 | 0.983 | 100 |
| LP-Met | -0.250 | 0.921 | 0.414 | 37 | 1.799 | 1.000 | 0.45 | 69 | 0.584 | 0.847 | 0.381 | 39 |
| LP-Thr | -0.124 | 0.905 | 0.670 | 60 | 1.131 | 0.950 | 0.703 | 56 | 2.835 | 1.000 | 0.740 | 75 |
| LP-Ile | -0.134 | 0.915 | 0.677 | 60 | -1.486 | 0.771 | 0.571 | 44 | 1.201 | 0.936 | 0.693 | 70 |
S:斜率,数值代表限制性氨基酸摄入量对F/G、GSH-Px活性和空肠V/C的影响;P:氨基酸缺乏组维持与LP组同样的F/G、GSH-Px活性和空肠V/C所需的氨基酸量(与LP组的比例);C:氨基酸缺乏组维持与LP组同样的F/G、GSH-Px活性和空肠V/C所需的氨基酸量[mg/(kg BW0.75·d)];R:所有氨基酸相对于赖氨酸的比例。 | |
S: slope, the value indicated the effects of limited amino acid intake on F/G, GSH-Px activity andjejunal V/C; P: amino acid requirements (calculated as the proportion of LP group) in the groups with amino acid deficiency required to maintain the same F/G, GSH-Px activity and jejunal V/C as LP group; C: amino acid requirements [mg/(kg BW0.75·d)] in the groups with amino acid deficiency required to maintain the same F/G, serum GSH-Px activity and jejunal V/C as LP group; R: all amino acid proportions of lysine. |
