Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2025 , Vol. 37 >Issue 6: 3728 - 3740

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2025.306

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Glycine Chelated Iron on Growth Performance, Meat Quality and Serum Biochemical, Immune and Antioxidant Indicators of Yellow-Feathered Broilers under Vaccine Stress Condition

  • YANG Xiangke , 1 ,
  • YAN Shiwei 2 ,
  • XU Ziping 2 ,
  • ZHANG Mengyao 1 ,
  • YE Jiajun 1 ,
  • PAN Long , 1, *
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  • 1 Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Digestive Nutrition and Animal Health, International Joint Research Center for Animal Digestive Nutrition, Laboratory of Digestive Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
  • 2 Shanghai Paiside Biochemical Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201808, China
* associate professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2024-11-11

  Online published: 2025-06-12

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Abstract

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of glycine chelated iron (Fe-Gly) on growth performance, meat quality and serum biochemical, immune and antioxidant indicators of yellow-feathered broilers under vaccine stress condition. A total of 96 one-day-old slow yellow-feathered broiler roosters were selected and randomly divided into 2 groups with 8 replicates in each group and 6 chickens in each replicate. Broilers in control group and Fe-Gly group were fed the same diet, the control group received regular drinking water, and the Fe-Gly group received drinking water supplement of 1 g/L Fe-Gly. The experiment lasted for 73 days, and divided into the early stage (1 to 24 days of age), medium stage (25 to 49 days of age) and later stage (50 to 73 days of age). On 1, 10, 20, 30 and 40 days of age of broilers, the Marek's disease, bivalent avian influenza, Newcastle disease dual, bursal of Fabricius and new flow dual vaccines were administered, respectively. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with the control group, the metatarsal length during medium stage and later stage of Fe-Gly group was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the feed to gain ratio during later stage was significantly decreased (P<0.05). 2) Compared with the control group, the serum iron and calcium contents during early stage, medium stage and later stage of Fe-Gly group were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the serum zinc content during later stage was significantly increased (P<0.05). 3) Compared with the control group, the leg muscle drip loss of Fe-Gly group was significantly decreased (P<0.05). 4) Compared with the control group, the blood hemoglobin, mean hemoglobin contents and mean hemoglobin concentration during early stage and medium stage of Fe-Gly group were significantly increased (P<0.05). 5) Compared with the control group, the serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and glucose (GLU) content during medium stage was significantly decreased (P<0.05). 6) Compared with the control group, the serum immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin M (IgM) contents and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZn SOD), catalase (CAT) activities and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) during medium stage and later stage of Fe-Gly group were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the serum malondialdehyde (MDA) content during early stage and later stage was significantly decreased (P<0.05). In conclusion, adding Fe-Gly to drinking water can improve the growth performance and metatarsal length of yellow-feathered broilers under vaccine stress condition, improve the meat quality and metabolic capacity, and enhance the body immune function.

Key words： glycine chelated iron; yellow-feathered broilers; vaccine stress; growth performance; meat quality; immune; antioxidant

Cite this article

YANG Xiangke , YAN Shiwei , XU Ziping , ZHANG Mengyao , YE Jiajun , PAN Long . Effects of Glycine Chelated Iron on Growth Performance, Meat Quality and Serum Biochemical, Immune and Antioxidant Indicators of Yellow-Feathered Broilers under Vaccine Stress Condition[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2025 , 37(6) : 3728 -3740 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2025.306

规模化鸡场养殖过程中需进行多次疫苗接种,频繁疫苗接种会导致机体处于免疫应激状态,造成炎性细胞因子异常增多,影响机体激素水平,进而直接或间接影响营养物质代谢,抑制动物生长。疫苗应激会使机体组织细胞出现氧化损伤,尤其是免疫细胞,从而降低机体免疫功能[1]。此外,疫苗应激会使机体分泌大量肾上腺素,分解体内肝糖原与肌糖原,导致肉色暗淡、坚实、干燥,对肉品质产生不利影响[2]。疫苗应激对禽业生产有诸多不利影响,因此,缓解疫苗应激对于禽业生产至关重要。
铁是生物机体所必需的微量元素,通过参与代谢而维持机体稳态,对动物的生长、造血以及机体免疫功能至关重要[3]。相比于无机铁,甘氨酸螯合铁(Fe-Gly)作为第三代铁添加剂,具有适口性好、化学稳定性高、利用速度快等优点[4]。Fe-Gly具有稳定的环状结构,可减少消化道中其他因素对铁离子的影响,提高铁离子在生物机体的高效利用[5]。此外,Fe-Gly还提供了甘基酸,可以作为一种很好的有效微量营养添加剂[6]。研究指出,饲粮中添加Fe-Gly可以增强断奶仔猪的抗氧化能力,从而改善其生长性能并缓解腹泻[6]。但是有关Fe-Gly对疫苗应激条件下黄羽肉鸡生长性能、肉品质和机体免疫功能影响方面的研究较少。因此,本试验通过模拟肉鸡生产中频繁疫苗接种的疫苗应激,探究在饮水中添加Fe-Gly对黄羽肉鸡生长性能、肉品质及血清生化、免疫和抗氧化指标的影响,为缓解疫苗应激对黄羽肉鸡的影响提供依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验设计

南京农业大学机构动物护理和使用委员会批准了本研究的所有程序(许可证号:SYXK-2023-00196)。选择96只初始体重为(31±1) g、同批次、遗传背景相同的1日龄慢速黄羽肉鸡公鸡(购于镇江温氏畜牧有限公司),采用单因素随机试验设计,分为2个组,每组8个重复,每个重复6只鸡。试验期为73 d,分为前期(1~24日龄)、中期(25~49日龄)、后期(50~73日龄)3个时期,2组均饲喂相同的全价颗粒料,购自南京温氏畜禽有限公司,饲粮组成及营养水平见表1。对照组普通饮水,Fe-Gly组饮水中添加1 g/L的Fe-Gly。Fe-Gly由上海派斯德有限公司提供,铁含量为0.8~3.5 g/kg。在肉鸡1、10、20、30和40日龄时分别注射马立克、禽流感双价、新支二联、法氏囊、新流二联疫苗。马立克、禽流感双价、新支二联、新流二联疫苗由哈药集团生物疫苗有限公司提供,生产批号:080072368;法氏囊疫苗由武汉科前生物股份有限公司,生产批号:170042026。
表1 饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of diets (DM basis)

项目Items 前期Early stage 中期Medium stage 后期Later stage
原料Ingredients/(g/kg)
玉米Corn 506.5 611.3 638.1
标粉Standard powder 60.0 60.0 60.0
豆粕Soybean meal 227.0 38.0
花生粕Peanut meal 50.0 75.0 75.0
菜籽粕Rapeseed meal 90.0 130.0 119.0
水解羽毛粉Hydrolyzed feather meal 15.0 20.0
米糠油Rice bran oil 28.8 31.5 50.8
石粉Limestone 13.2 12.7 12.8
磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 10.6 5.7 4.2
赖氨酸盐酸盐Lysine·HCl 3.6 7.7 7.9
液体蛋氨酸Liquid Met 1.8 3.0 2.1
苏氨酸Thr 0.4 1.5 1.5
精氨酸Arg 0.6 0.8
缬氨酸Val 0.4 0.3
氯化胆碱Choline chloride 0.8 0.5 0.4
氯化钠NaCl 3.3 3.1 3.1
预混料Premix1) 4.0 4.0 4.0
合计Total 1 000.0 1 000.0 1 000.0
营养水平Nutrient levels2)
代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) 12.13 12.73 13.31
粗蛋白质CP/% 20.93 18.20 16.96
粗脂肪EE/% 6.02 5.95 8.09
钙Ca/% 0.90 0.75 0.70
铁Fe/(mg/kg) 90.10 82.33 75.16
磷P/% 0.60 0.49 0.44

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets: VA 9 000 IU,VD3 550 IU,VE 40 IU,VK 2.5 mg,VB1 2 mg,VB2 5 mg,VB12 0.01 mg,烟酸 niacin 35 mg,泛酸钙 calcium pantothenate 10 mg,生物素 biotin 0.10 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.7 mg,氯化胆碱 choline chloride 1 000 mg,Fe 80 mg,Cu 7 mg,Mn 70 mg,Zn 60 mg,0.60 mg,Se 0.15 mg。
2)代谢能、钙和磷依据《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2021年第32版)》中各原料对应数值进行计算,铁、粗蛋白质和粗脂肪为实测值,分别参照GB 5009.90—2016、GB/T 6432—2018和GB 5009.6—2016测定。ME, Ca and P were calculated based on the corresponding values of each raw material in the China Feed Ingredients and Nutritional Value Table (32nd Edition, 2021), while Fe, CP and EE were measured values, according to GB 5009.90—2016, GB/T 6432—2018 and GB 5009.6—2016, respectively.

1.2 饲养管理

试验鸡采用笼养,通过灯光补光,1~6日龄全天光照,7日龄开始在17:00—19:00黑暗2 h,之后每隔4 d黑暗时间增加1 h,直到黑暗6 h保持不变。试验期前3 d温度保持在35 ℃,往后每天温度下降1 ℃,直至降到22 ℃并保持不变。鸡舍自然通风,定期打扫鸡舍卫生、清洗水箱。室内相对温度保持在50%~65%,自由采食与饮水(前期、中期、后期平均每日每只鸡饮水量约为150、50、700 mL)。

1.3 样品采集

每个试验时期结束后清晨,对接近该组平均体重的鸡禁饲8 h后进行翅根静脉采血,分别用乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)抗凝管与促凝管取5 mL,待离心管中血液凝固后,以3 500×g离心10 min分离血清,分装后于-20 ℃下保存,用于血常规、血清指标测定。试验结束后,每重复选1只接近平均体重的鸡进行屠宰,取左侧胸肌和腿肌组织,用于肉品质测定。

1.4 测定指标及方法

1.4.1 生长性能和跖骨长度

每个试验时期结束对鸡进行8 h禁食,然后肉鸡进行称重、记录对应饲料消耗量并使用游标卡尺测量每只鸡跖骨长度,计算各组肉鸡平均日增重(ADG)、平均日采食量(ADFI)和料重比(F/G)。

1.4.2 血清金属离子含量

根据标准曲线的线性方程,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定血清金属离子含量。

1.4.3 肉品质

屠宰后45 min,使用色差仪和pH计分别测定胸肌和腿肌组织相同部位的肉色亮度(L*)、红度(a*)、黄度(b*)值和pH。将1.5 cm×1.0 cm×1.0 cm大小的胸肌和腿肌组织放置在自封袋中,置于水浴锅中80 ℃水浴1 h,水浴结束干燥后,使用嫩度仪测定剪切力。将5 cm×3 cm×2 cm大小的胸肌和腿肌组织称重后,在4 ℃条件下悬挂24 h后再次称重,计算滴水损失:

滴水损失(%)=100×(挂前重-挂后重)/挂前重。

1.4.4 血常规及血清生化、免疫和抗氧化指标

采用全自动五分类血球分析仪(BC-5300,深圳迈瑞生物医疗电子股份有限公司)进行血常规检测。采用全自动血液生化分析仪器(AU680,美国贝克曼库尔特有限公司)测定血清乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)活性和总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、尿素氮(UN)、葡萄糖(GLU)含量,严格按照相关试剂盒说明书进行操作。采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)测定血清免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)含量,严格按照试剂盒说明书进行操作。血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(CuZn-SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量及总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)根据试剂盒(南京建成生物工程研究所)说明书进行测定。利用钼酸铵比色法测定过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性。

1.5 数据处理与统计分析

试验数据用Excel 2016软件进行简单处理后,采用SPSS 27.0软件的独立样本t检验程序进行统计分析,以P<0.05为差异显著性判断标准。试验结果以“平均值±标准误”表示。

2 结果

2.1 Fe-Gly对疫苗应激条件下黄羽肉鸡生长性能和跖骨长度的影响

由表2可知,与对照组相比,Fe-Gly组中期、后期的跖骨长度显著提高(P<0.05),后期的F/G显著降低(P<0.05)。
表2 Fe-Gly对疫苗应激条件下黄羽肉鸡生长性能和跖骨长度的影响

Table 2 Effects of Fe-Gly on growth performance and metatarsal length of yellow-feathered broilers under vaccine stress condition

项目Items 对照组Control group Fe-Gly组Fe-Gly group P值P-value
前期Early stage
跖骨长度Metatarsal length/cm 5.61±0.03 5.60±0.04 0.751
初始体重IBW/(g/只) 31.05±0.05 30.99±0.06 0.453
终末体重FBW/(g/只) 427.22±3.89 427.40±4.83 0.932
平均日增重ADG/(g/d) 16.17±0.20 16.18±0.17 0.972
平均日采食量ADFI/(g/d) 29.45±0.33 28.79±0.27 0.162
料重比F/G 1.81±0.02 1.78±0.02 0.243
中期Medium stage
跖骨长度Metatarsal length/cm 9.28±0.05 9.43±0.05 0.040
初始体重IBW/(g/只) 427.22±3.89 427.40±4.83 0.932
终末体重FBW/(g/只) 1 385.42±18.30 1 427.60±26.57 0.424
平均日增重ADG/(g/d) 31.94±0.46 33.34±0.78 0.141
平均日采食量ADFI/(g/d) 76.92±0.84 76.71±1.63 0.913
料重比F/G 2.41±0.04 2.30±0.04 0.072
后期Later stage
跖骨长度Metatarsal length/cm 10.71±0.04 10.90±0.07 0.031
初始体重IBW/(g/只) 1 385.42±18.30 1 427.60±26.57 0.422
终末体重FBW/(g/只) 2 041.11±21.70 2 120.35±40.21 0.221
平均日增重ADG/(g/d) 38.57±0.36 40.75±1.04 0.094
平均日采食量ADFI/(g/d) 128.82±1.53 132.45±3.52 0.393
料重比F/G 3.34±0.02 3.25±0.02 0.034
全期Whole period
平均日增重ADG/(g/d) 28.10±0.30 29.21±0.53 0.091
平均日采食量ADFI/(g/d) 70.53±0.54 71.67±1.61 0.522
料重比F/G 2.51±0.03 2.45±0.02 0.162

2.2 Fe-Gly对疫苗应激条件下黄羽肉鸡血清金属离子含量的影响

由表3可知,与对照组相比,Fe-Gly组前期、中期和后期的血清铁离子和钙离子含量显著提高(P<0.05),后期的血清锌离子含量显著提高(P<0.05)。
表3 Fe-Gly对疫苗应激条件下黄羽肉鸡血清金属离子含量的影响

Table 3 Effects of Fe-Gly on serum metal ion contents of yellow-feathered broilers under vaccine stress condition g/L

项目Items 对照组Control group Fe-Gly组Fe-Gly group P值P-value
前期Early stage
锌Zn 0.57±0.03 0.76±0.10 0.092
铁Fe 2.40±0.03 2.50±0.02 0.021
钙Ca 4.29±0.13 4.86±0.11 <0.001
铜Cu 2.40±0.20 2.21±0.18 0.513
中期Medium stage
锌Zn 0.70±0.04 0.76±0.10 0.572
铁Fe 2.68±0.07 3.05±0.04 <0.001
钙Ca 5.15±0.26 7.26±0.21 <0.001
铜Cu 2.56±0.25 2.92±0.26 0.341
后期Later stage
锌Zn 0.76±0.02 0.88±0.03 <0.001
铁Fe 3.11±0.11 3.78±0.16 <0.001
钙Ca 5.44±0.33 8.33±0.43 <0.001
铜Cu 2.82±0.24 3.05±0.26 0.543

2.3 Fe-Gly对疫苗应激条件下黄羽肉鸡肉品质的影响

由表4可知,与对照组相比,Fe-Gly组的腿肌滴水损失显著降低(P<0.05)。
表4 Fe-Gly对疫苗应激条件下黄羽肉鸡肉品质的影响

Table 4 Effects of Fe-Gly on meat quality of yellow-feathered broilers under vaccine stress condition

项目Items 对照组Control group Fe-Gly组Fe-Gly group P值P -value
胸肌Chest muscle
pH 6.53±0.07 6.48±0.09 0.693
剪切力Shear force/N 12.37±0.55 12.51±0.44 0.753
滴水损失Drip loss/% 17.93±1.29 16.06±1.86 0.424
亮度L* 45.66±0.52 45.26±0.79 0.671
红度a* 1.47±0.25 1.98±0.57 0.430
黄度b* 12.22±0.67 11.22±1.11 0.452
腿肌Leg muscle
pH 6.55±0.06 6.53±0.07 0.862
剪切力Shear force/N 12.12±0.72 10.36±0.61 0.081
滴水损失Drip loss/% 17.26±0.89 13.51±1.44 0.043
亮度L* 48.13±1.26 49.40±0.89 0.424
红度a* 7.92±0.59 7.13±1.05 0.521
黄度b* 11.72±0.75 11.92±0.99 0.881

2.4 Fe-Gly对疫苗应激条件下黄羽肉鸡血常规指标的影响

由表5可知,与对照组相比,Fe-Gly组前期、中期的血液血红蛋白、平均血红蛋白含量和平均血红蛋白浓度显著提高(P<0.05),后期的血液平均血红蛋白含量显著提高(P<0.05)。
表5 Fe-Gly对疫苗应激条件下黄羽肉鸡血常规指标的影响

Table 5 Effects of Fe-Gly on blood routine indicators of yellow feathered broilers under vaccine stress condition

项目Items 对照组Control group Fe-Gly组Fe-Gly group P值P-value
前期Early stage
红细胞计数RBC/(×1012个/L) 4.72±0.44 5.08±0.45 0.561
平均红细胞体积MCV/fL 72.98±1.00 73.26±0.60 0.803
血红蛋白HGB/(g/L) 149.40±4.27 167.27±6.39 0.044
平均血红蛋白MCH/(g/L) 37.66±1.90 50.33±3.87 0.011
平均血红蛋白浓度MCHC/(g/L) 502.95±23.56 620.67±16.93 <0.001
中期Medium stage
红细胞计数RBC/(×1012个/L) 4.82±0.35 4.81±0.21 0.982
平均红细胞体积MCV/fL 75.48±1.54 73.13±0.93 0.274
血红蛋白HGB/(g/L) 147.14±2.74 169.11±3.02 <0.001
平均血红蛋白MCH/(g/L) 38.46±1.33 42.21±1.19 0.050
平均血红蛋白浓度MCHC/(g/L) 530.47±9.88 571.37±12.02 0.021
后期Later stage
红细胞计数RBC/(×1012个/L) 5.00±0.43 5.93±0.38 0.133
平均红细胞体积MCV/fL 73.95±0.65 72.30±0.76 0.181
血红蛋白HGB/(g/L) 127.38±6.00 144.01±5.70 0.092
平均血红蛋白MCH/(g/L) 37.48±1.33 41.40±0.64 0.032
平均血红蛋白浓度MCHC/(g/L) 486.40±19.48 527.43±6.85 0.093

2.5 Fe-Gly对疫苗应激条件下黄羽肉鸡血清生化指标的影响

由表6可知,与对照组相比,Fe-Gly组前期的血清TP、ALB含量显著降低(P<0.05),中期的血清ALP活性和GLU含量显著降低(P<0.05)。
表6 Fe-Gly对疫苗应激条件下黄羽肉鸡血清生化指标的影响

Table 6 Effects of Fe-Gly on serum biochemical indicators of yellow feathered broilers under vaccine stress condition

项目Items 对照组Control group Fe-Gly组Fe-Gly group P值P-value
前期Early stage
乳酸脱氢酶LDH/(U/L) 88.00±5.14 72.12±4.83 0.041
碱性磷酸酶ALP/(U/L) 23.75±3.76 26.38±1.21 0.522
总蛋白TP/(g/L) 50.34±1.12 45.04±1.26 0.011
白蛋白ALB/(g/L) 13.80±0.27 12.36±0.30 <0.001
尿素氮UN/(mmol/L) 0.59±0.05 0.64±0.06 0.522
葡萄糖GLU/(mmol/L) 12.08±0.18 11.39±0.46 0.181
丙氨酸氨基转移酶ALT/(U/L) 6.99±1.94 5.16±1.28 0.293
天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶AST(U/L) 328.49±16.67 311.04±18.27 0.492
中期Medium stage
乳酸脱氢酶LDH/(U/L) 129.25±15.24 124.25±9.38 0.781
碱性磷酸酶ALP/(U/L) 36.88±1.87 27.12±3.31 0.022
总蛋白TP/(g/L) 58.86±1.17 62.40±1.52 0.094
白蛋白ALB/(g/L) 14.65±0.26 14.62±0.26 0.953
尿素氮UN/(mmol/L) 0.57±0.04 0.47±0.06 0.163
葡萄糖GLU/(mmol/L) 14.69±0.31 12.25±0.54 <0.001
丙氨酸氨基转移酶ALT/(U/L) 8.25±0.37 7.44±0.88 0.412
天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶AST(U/L) 265.86±14.70 279.50±12.84 0.501
后期Later stage
乳酸脱氢酶LDH/(U/L) 113.75±6.71 97.50±8.41 0.152
碱性磷酸酶ALP/(U/L) 38.75±1.24 35.38±1.13 0.063
总蛋白TP/(g/L) 60.29±1.81 64.72±1.74 0.093
白蛋白ALB/(g/L) 15.04±0.46 15.74±0.21 0.191
尿素氮UN/(mmol/L) 0.46±0.04 0.40±0.04 0.414
葡萄糖GLU/(mmol/L) 14.47±0.26 14.55±0.36 0.852
丙氨酸氨基转移酶ALT/(U/L) 8.18±0.38 6.52±0.32 0.192
天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶AST(U/L) 298.89±20.63 276.45±13.14 0.373

2.6 Fe-Gly对疫苗应激条件下黄羽肉鸡血清免疫和抗氧化指标的影响

由表7可知,与对照组相比,Fe-Gly组前期、中期、后期的血清IgM含量显著提高(P<0.05),中期、后期血清IgA和IgG含量显著提高(P<0.05),前期、中期和后期的血清GSH-Px活性和T-AOC显著提高(P<0.05),前期和中期的血清T-SOD活性显著提高(P<0.05),中期和后期的血清CuZn-SOD和CAT活性显著提高(P<0.05),前期和后期的血清MDA含量显著降低(P<0.05)。
表7 Fe-Gly对疫苗应激条件下黄羽肉鸡血清免疫和抗氧化指标的影响

Table 7 Effects of Fe-Gly on serum immune and antioxidant indicators of yellow feathered broilers under vaccine stress condition

项目Items 对照组Control group Fe-Gly组Fe-Gly group P值P-value
前期Early stage
免疫球蛋白A IgA/(pg/mL) 168.42±7.52 166.41±4.19 0.820
免疫球蛋白G IgG/(pg/mL) 351.68±13.40 385.57±13.26 0.081
免疫球蛋白M IgM/(pg/mL) 51.08±2.29 62.49±3.21 0.012
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(U/mL) 439.63±165 521.92±24.10 0.020
总超氧化物岐化酶T-SOD/(U/mL) 56.90±1.88 64.12±1.67 0.013
铜锌超氧化物歧化酶CuZn-SOD/(U/mL) 38.72±0.36 38.31±0.73 0.634
过氧化氢酶CAT/(U/mL) 220.59±26.95 233.31±54.32 0.842
丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mL) 14.74±0.78 11.72±2.00 0.031
总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(U/mL) 32.88±0.81 36.02±0.81 0.023
中期Medium stage
免疫球蛋白A IgA/(pg/mL) 183.17±6.82 233.33±10.58 <0.001
免疫球蛋白G IgG/(pg/mL) 408.83±14.67 527.23±21.06 <0.001
免疫球蛋白M IgM/(pg/mL) 58.10±3.56 87.62±5.63 <0.001
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(U/mL) 555.64±54.47 848.66±36.72 <0.001
总超氧化物岐化酶T-SOD/(U/mL) 69.13±1.05 98.87±8.93 0.011
铜锌超氧化物歧化酶CuZn-SOD/(U/mL) 39.22±0.26 42.48±0.98 0.014
过氧化氢酶CAT/(U/mL) 402.06±16.77 555.49±21.41 <0.001
丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mL) 15.16±0.85 12.76±0.80 0.057
总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(U/mL) 43.66±1.41 60.30±3.64 <0.001
后期Later stage
免疫球蛋白A IgA/(pg/mL) 219.08±7.86 276.62±12.26 <0.001
免疫球蛋白G IgG/(pg/mL) 452.43±16.81 614.53±29.72 <0.001
免疫球蛋白M IgM/(pg/mL) 70.13±3.48 101.37±5.82 <0.001
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(U/mL) 607.18±44.85 837.58±61.44 0.001
总超氧化物岐化酶T-SOD/(U/mL) 79.75±1.93 85.94±2.44 0.071
铜锌超氧化物歧化酶CuZn-SOD/(U/mL) 44.44±0.63 50.21±0.61 <0.001
过氧化氢酶CAT/(U/mL) 514.30±24.84 708.48±29.94 <0.001
丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mL) 15.11±1.07 12.56±0.70 0.029
总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(U/mL) 49.18±0.82 65.20±2.74 <0.001

3 讨论

3.1 Fe-Gly对疫苗应激条件下黄羽肉鸡生长性能和跖骨长度的影响

免疫应激会降低肉鸡的生长性能[7-8]。在免疫应激状态下,免疫系统可能通过减弱机体蛋白质和脂肪的合成并提高代谢来满足营养需求以及维持免疫稳态[9]。本试验中,饮水中添加Fe-Gly趋于提高肉鸡后期的ADG,显著降低后期的F/G,可能由于铁是参与碳水化合物代谢的各种酶不可或缺的激活剂,Fe-Gly因其良好的生物利用性,提高了含铁化合物的含量和含铁酶的活性。这有助于载体的组成、转运以及机体的物质代谢和能量代谢,从而促进肉鸡的生长性能[6]。
钙对肉鸡生长发育十分重要,不同形式的钙源以及钙元素的吸收和利用都会影响肉鸡骨骼的发育。食入的钙离子可以与小肠分泌的氨基酸或短肽链螯合生成中性氨基酸螯合钙,而整体形式的氨基酸螯合钙容易被小肠所吸收,进入细胞后,在胞内酶的作用下易将螯合键断开,通过这种方式提高钙离子吸收量[10]。本试验中,饮水中添加Fe-Gly显著提高了肉鸡中期、后期的跖骨长度。这可能是因为Fe-Gly进入细胞后被胞内酶断开,甘氨酸透过细胞膜再次被分泌与钙离子结合,进而增加了钙离子的吸收[10],促进了黄羽肉鸡跖骨的发育。

3.2 Fe-Gly对疫苗应激条件下黄羽肉鸡血清金属离子含量的影响

甘氨酸作为铁的螯合剂,其主要作用是提高铁的生物利用率。然而,由于Fe-Gly是以复合形式添加到饲粮中,本试验未能直接测量甘氨酸的独立摄入量。根据已有研究,甘氨酸亚铁螯合物在肠道中的吸收效率高于无机铁[4-5]。因此,尽管本试验未单独测量甘氨酸摄入量,但其作为铁载体的作用可能对铁的吸收和利用产生了积极影响。
血清铁含量能直接反映动物体铁营养状况。李妍[11]研究发现,基础饲粮中添加铁源可显著提高断奶仔猪的血清铁含量。杨柳[12]研究表明,随着饲粮中铁添加水平的提升,肉仔鸡血浆铁含量显著增加。本研究中,饮水中添加Fe-Gly显著提高了肉鸡前期、中期和后期血清铁含量,说明饮水中添加Fe-Gly对于改善黄羽肉鸡铁营养状况具有可行性。本研究还发现,饮水中添加Fe-Gly显著提高了肉鸡前期、中期和后血清钙含量以及后期血清锌含量,这与李江涛[13]的研究结果一致,说明氨基酸螯合的微量元素能够抑制矿物元素之间的相互拮抗作用,间接提高了动物机体的吸收,进而促进了动物生长发育。

3.3 Fe-Gly对疫苗应激条件下黄羽肉鸡肉品质的影响

目前,关于铁对肉品质具体有何影响尚无定论。滴水损失、剪切力等都是反映畜禽肉品质的关键指标[14-15]。影响肌肉持水力的原因有多种,如维生素E[16]、脂肪[17]等均可通过抗氧化作用保持肌肉组织完整性,从而降低肌肉的滴水损失。铁作为过氧化氢酶重要组成成分,添加适宜剂量的铁能够清除过氧化物,保证细胞膜的完整性[18]。Almeldin等[19]研究表明,随着饲粮中纳米氧化铁的添加水平增加,肉鸡肌肉的保水能力提高。本试验中,饮水中添加Fe-Gly显著降低了肉鸡腿肌滴水损失,说明Fe-Gly可提高黄羽肉鸡肉品质。
剪切力是评价肌肉嫩度的重要指标,剪切力大小与肌纤维直径以及肌间脂肪含量密切相关,剪切力越低则肌肉越嫩[20]。本试验中,饮水中添加Fe-Gly降低了肉鸡腿肌剪切力。可能原因是由于Fe-Gly的添加提高了肉鸡生长速度,影响了组织形态和肌肉纤维中蛋白质水解酶活性[21]。

3.4 Fe-Gly对疫苗应激条件下黄羽肉鸡血常规和血清生化指标的影响

铁是血红蛋白重要组成成分,铁元素可以促进血细胞的合成[22-23]。本试验中,饮水中添加Fe-Gly提高了肉鸡血液中血红蛋白、平均血红蛋白含量和平均血红蛋白浓度,是因为通过提高饮水中铁含量来提高肉鸡铁的摄入量,进而提高了血红蛋白的合成效率,与上述血清铁含量显著增加相呼应。
血清生化指标为动物营养研究中一项重要指标,能够直接或间接反映动物代谢水平与健康状况。血清ALP主要来源于肝脏与骨骼,可促使骨骼中骨骼比率上升,而血清TP含量一定程度上反映了机体的免疫水平与蛋白质合成水平[24]。谢一平等[25]研究发现,饲粮中添加甘氨酸铁显著提高了仔猪血清TP含量,与本研究结果相一致;但是,饲粮中添加不同来源和水平微量元素对断奶仔猪血清ALP活性没有显著影响[26],与本试验结果不同,具体机制尚不清楚,需进一步研究。

3.5 Fe-Gly对疫苗应激条件下黄羽肉鸡血清免疫和抗氧化指标的影响

铁作为必需微量元素几乎在所有生物体中调节广泛生物学过程,当机体铁元素缺乏时会导致各种病理状态。Baliga等[27]报道,小鼠缺铁使得体内IgG和IgM含量明显减少,免疫机能降低。本研究结果发现,饮水中添加Fe-Gly能够显著提高肉鸡中期、后期血清IgG含量,这与周志[28]在母猪妊娠和哺乳期饲喂添加Fe-Gly饲粮能够显著提高仔猪血清IgG含量结果相一致。其原因可能是Fe-Gly的使用提高了肉鸡对铁的利用率,进而提高了与铁相关酶的活性,从而提高了淋巴细胞的增殖和IgG的分泌[29]。此外,本试验还发现饮水中添加Fe-Gly可以显著增加肉鸡中期、后期的血清IgM和IgA含量。但周志[28]发现在母猪妊娠和哺乳期饲喂添加Fe-Gly饲粮对仔猪血清IgM和IgA含量提升无显著效果。其原因可能是试验动物或剂量等试验条件不同所造成的结果差异,其具体机理有待进一步研究。
动物机体铁含量显著影响机体抗氧化能力,在抗氧化系统中,铁有双面作用,一是铁为多种抗氧化酶的催化中心,铁摄入不足会降低动物的抗氧化能力[30]。二是若铁摄入过量,则促进体内氧化自由基产生,并催化生成有毒的氧中间体[31]。孙健[32]研究表明,随着甘氨酸铁水平升高,肉鸡血清CAT、T-SOD活性均呈线性增加。Xie等[33]研究表明,60和80 mg/kg甘氨酸铁组的肉鸡血清CuZn-SOD活性以及80 mg/kg甘氨酸铁组的肉鸡血清T-SOD活性显著增加。
本试验中,饮水中添加Fe-Gly提高了血清T-SOD和CuZn-SOD活性,这可能与血清铁含量增加有关;饮水中添加Fe-Gly提高了血清GSH-Px和CAT活性。但在Xie等[33]的研究结果中显示,随着饲粮中Fe-Gly含量增加,并没有显著提高血清GSH-Px和CAT活性,分析原因可能是由于饲喂方式的不同或添加水平不足而导致没有出现显著差异。雷凯文等[34]研究表明,随着饲粮铁含量提高,显著提高了血清MDA含量,与本试验饮水中添加Fe-Gly降低了血清MDA含量的研究结果不同,其具体原因有待进一步探究。血清T-AOC代表整个机体的抗氧化水平,是体内各种抗氧化酶和抗氧化剂共同作用的结果[35]。饮水中添加Fe-Gly显著提高了血清T-AOC,说明Fe-Gly的添加对于黄羽肉鸡机体抗氧化能力有显著提升。
GLU作为Fe-Gly的载体,其摄入量可能与铁的添加量相关。然而,本试验未对GLU的摄入量进行单独测量。GLU在动物体内主要作为能量来源,其摄入量的变化可能对肠道健康和免疫应激产生间接影响。例如,高剂量的GLU摄入可能会导致肠道氧化应激增加,从而影响肠道健康[36]。本试验中尚未考虑GLU对机体的影响,但未来研究应进一步探讨GLU摄入量对黄羽肉鸡生长性能及免疫应激的潜在作用。

4 结论

饮水中添加Fe-Gly提高了疫苗应激条件下黄羽肉鸡的生长性能和跖骨长度,改善了肉品质和机体代谢能力,并增强了机体免疫功能。

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