Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2025 , Vol. 37 >Issue 6: 3852 - 3862

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2025.316

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Replacing Soybean Meal with Jasmine Flower Residue on Growth Performance, Nutrient Apparent Digestibility and Serum Biochemical Indices of Milk Buffaloes

  • LI Mengwei ,
  • ZENG Fanquan ,
  • WANG Keyao ,
  • LUO Xianqing ,
  • PENG Lijuan ,
  • LI Jingzhen ,
  • XIE Huade ,
  • DENG Qian ,
  • LIANG Li ,
  • LIAO Pinfeng ,
  • YANG Chengjian , *
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  • Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (Guangxi), Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Nanning 530001, China
* professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2024-09-13

  Online published: 2025-06-12

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Abstract

The main purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effects of replacing soybean meal with jasmine flower residue on the growth performance, nutrient apparent digestibility and serum biochemical indices of milk buffaloes. Thirty fourteen-month-old Mora milk buffaloes with similar body weight [(281.4±25.8) kg] were randomly divided into 3 groups with 10 replicates per group and 1 buffalo per replicate. Buffaloes in control group were fed a basal diet, and those in the experimental groups were fed diets with replacing 27.85% and 55.70% soybean meal by jasmine flower residue, respectively. The experiment lasted for 10 weeks, including 1 week of pre-feeding period, and 8 weeks of test period, and the last 1 week was the adaptation and sampling period of fecal bags and urine collection bags, including 1 day of preparation period, 3 days of adaptation period and 3 days of sampling period. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with the control group, the dry matter intake (DMI) and feed/gain ratio (F/G) in experimental groups was increased; there was no significant difference in average daily gain (ADG) among all groups (P>0.05); the weight gain cost in replacing 27.85% soybean meal group was significantly lower than that in the control group and replacing 55.70% soybean meal group (P<0.05). 2) There were no significant differences in relevant indexes of body size traits and meat performance among all groups (P>0.05). 3) The apparent digestibility of organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and gross energy was significantly decreased in experimental groups (P<0.05), and the apparent digestibility of dry matter in replacing 27.85% soybean meal group and the apparent digestibility of phosphorus in replacing 55.70% soybean meal group were significantly decreased compared with the control group (P<0.05). 4) The intake nitrogen in replacing 55.70% soybean meal group was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the fecal nitrogen in experimental groups was significantly increased compared with the control group (P<0.05). 5) The intake gross energy, digestible energy and metabolize energy of replacing 55.70% soybean meal group were significantly increased (P<0.05), while the metabolizability of digestible energy was significantly decreased compared with the control group (P<0.05). 6) With the decrease of dietary soybean meal content, serum urea nitrogen content was significantly decreased (P<0.05). In conclusion, replacing 27.85% soybean meal with jasmine flower residue in the diet can increase the DMI of milk buffaloes, it has no negative effect on growth performance and can reduce feeding cost.

Key words： jasmine flower residue; milk buffaloes; growth performance; digestion of nutrients; serum biochemical indices

Cite this article

LI Mengwei , ZENG Fanquan , WANG Keyao , LUO Xianqing , PENG Lijuan , LI Jingzhen , XIE Huade , DENG Qian , LIANG Li , LIAO Pinfeng , YANG Chengjian . Effects of Replacing Soybean Meal with Jasmine Flower Residue on Growth Performance, Nutrient Apparent Digestibility and Serum Biochemical Indices of Milk Buffaloes[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2025 , 37(6) : 3852 -3862 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2025.316

持续推进饲用豆粕减量替代,是保障粮食和重要农产品稳定安全供给、构建多元化食物供给体系的重要举措。2023年,农业农村部印发《饲用豆粕减量替代三年行动方案》,聚焦“提质提效、开源增料”,引导饲料养殖行业科学减少豆粕用量,促进饲料粮节约降耗。在当前饲料成本上涨而肉牛价格下跌的背景下,开发和利用替代饲料资源,对于缓解饲料压力、降低生产成本具有重要意义。饲粮蛋白质来源直接影响反刍动物的生产性能和饲料成本[1],开发和优化多种饲料蛋白质来源已成为确保反刍动物行业社会和环境可持续未来的关键和持久要求。茉莉花渣是窨制茉莉花茶后产生的废弃物,其蛋白质含量可高达25.5%[2]。覃朝彬等[3]研究发现,在基础饲粮中添加5%的金银花渣和茉莉花渣可以促进隆林黑山羊生长发育。冯明等[4]用10%茉莉花渣替代6%玉米和4%豆粕的全价颗粒料饲喂黑山羊,对黑山羊的生长性能无显著影响,但显著降低了饲料成本。陈笑寒等[5]研究表明,补饲茉莉花渣可以提高水牛的平均日增重。Wang等[6]研究证明,饲粮中添加茉莉花渣可以提高山羊肉的嫩度,改善山羊肉风味。以上研究结果表明,茉莉花渣在一定程度上可以替代豆粕,对动物的生长性能和健康产生积极影响,但当前研究多数集中在补饲茉莉花渣在动物生产中的应用效果,针对其作为豆粕替代资源的研究较少。水牛经杂交改良后,主要作为奶畜提供高品质牛奶,奶水牛产业已成为地区农业特色优势产业,对于促进地区经济发展和农民增收具有重要作用。本研究旨在探讨茉莉花渣替代部分豆粕后对后备奶水牛生长性能、营养物质表观消化率和血清生化指标的影响,以期为水牛饲养过程中豆粕减量替代和非常规饲粮资源开发提供科学依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料与时间

本试验于2024年3—5月在广西南宁市广西水牛研究所种畜场进行。茉莉花渣营养水平见表1。
表1 茉莉花渣营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Nutrient levels of jasmine flower residue (air-dry basis) %

项目Items 含量Content
干物质DM 87.96
粗蛋白质CP 22.41
总能GE/(MJ/kg) 18.82
中性洗涤纤维NDF 36.64
酸性洗涤纤维ADF 27.83
粗灰分Ash 8.11
钙Ca 1.10
磷P 0.39

营养水平为实测值。

Nutrient levels were measured values.

1.2 试验设计及试验饲粮

本试验经广西壮族自治区水牛研究所动物研究伦理审查委员会批准(审批号:BRI-20240301)。采用单因素完全随机设计,选择14月龄、体重[(281.4±25.8) kg]相近的育成期摩拉水牛30头,随机分为3组,每组10头。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,豆粕占比为11.20%;试验1组饲喂茉莉花渣占比为7.40%的饲粮,豆粕替代比例为27.85%;试验2组饲喂茉莉花渣占比为14.80%的饲粮,豆粕替代比例为55.70%。试验期10周,其中预试期1周,正试期8周,最后1周为粪袋和集尿袋适应与采样期,其中准备期1 d,适应期3 d,采样期3 d。试验饲粮参考ICAR(2013)[7]推荐标准,以等氮等能原则和后备奶水牛预期日增重800 g以上为目标配制,其组成及营养水平见表2。
表2 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 2 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (air-dry basis) %

项目
Items		 豆粕替代比例Soybean meal replacing proportions/%
0(对照Control) 27.85 55.70
原料Ingredients
青贮玉米Corn silage 45.00 45.00 45.20
花生藤Groundnut stem 20.00 20.60 20.00
茉莉花渣Jasmine flower residue 7.40 14.80
豆粕Soybean meal 11.20 8.08 4.96
玉米Corn 19.06 15.06 11.25
麸皮Wheat bran 2.73 1.85 1.78
食盐NaCl 0.24 0.24 0.24
小苏打NaHCO3 0.32 0.32 0.32
磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 0.33 0.33 0.33
碳酸钙CaCO3 0.12 0.12 0.12
预混料Premix1) 1.00 1.00 1.00
合计Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels2)
综合净能NEmf/(MJ/kg) 5.49 5.47 5.46
干物质DM 61.64 61.84 62.03
粗蛋白质CP 15.52 15.52 15.52
总能GE/(MJ/kg) 16.90 16.93 16.98
中性洗涤纤维NDF 33.85 38.32 37.25
酸性洗涤纤维ADF 23.47 28.36 27.23
粗灰分Ash 8.48 9.99 9.00
钙Ca 1.06 1.18 1.04
磷P 0.41 0.37 0.42

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供The premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 5 500 IU,VD3 2 900 IU,VE 25 IU,Fe 55 mg,Cu 14 mg,Mn 44 mg,Zn 54 mg,I 0.55 mg,Se 0.45 mg,Co 0.25 mg。
2)综合净能为参照《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2024年第35版)》所得计算值,其余为实测值。NEmf was a calculated value obtained by reference to Tables of Feed Composition and Nutritive Values in China (2024 thirty-fifth edition), while the others were measured values.

1.3 饲养管理

试验牛于同一圈舍内分3组饲喂,牛舍为半敞开式,每天08:00清粪1次,每周牛舍消毒1次。饲粮以全混合日粮形式饲喂,每天08:30和16:30各饲喂1次,自由采食和饮水,并确保采食2 h后饲粮有10%以上剩余。

1.4 样品采集与指标检测

1.4.1 营养成分

试验期内每天收集每组饲喂料和剩料各200 g,65 ℃烘72 h后粉碎,过40目筛后采用自封袋常温保存,混合样品后用于饲粮营养成分测定;试验第10周连续3 d采用全收粪法收集试验牛粪便,24 h值班,随排随收,每日08:00将收集的粪便称重,搅拌均匀,取总量1%左右留作样品,65 ℃烘72 h后粉碎,过40目筛后采用自封袋常温保存待测;采用导尿管全收尿,24 h值班,随排随收,收集的尿液加入一定量的硫酸固氮,每日08:00将收集的尿液称重,取总尿量的1%作为尿样放入样品瓶中,4 ℃冰箱内保存待测。
干物质(DM)含量参考GB/T 6435—2014检测,粗蛋白质(CP)或氮含量参考GB/T 6432—2018采用凯氏定氮仪(FOSS Kjeltec-8400)检测,总能(GE)参考ISO 9831:1998采用氧弹热量仪(PARR-6400)检测,粗灰分(Ash)、钙、磷含量分别参考GB/T 6438—2007、GB/T 6436—2018和GB/T 6437—2018检测,有机物(OM)含量通过样品的DM含量减去Ash含量计算得出,中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量采用Van Soest等[8]的方法使用纤维仪(ANKOM-A2000I)测定。

1.4.2 生长性能

每日对各组奶水牛的喂料量和剩料量进行称量并记录,以正试期8周的数据来计算干物质采食量(DMI);分别在正试期开始和结束当天08:00空腹称重,试验结束后用记录的数据计算平均日增重(ADG);根据前面得出的干物质采食量和平均日增重数据计算料重比(F/G)和增重成本。相关计算公式如下:

平均日增重(kg/d)=(每头牛终末体重-每头牛初始体重)/试验天数;

干物质采食量(kg/d)=(每组每天饲喂干物质量-每组每天剩料中干物质量)/每组牛头数;

料重比=干物质采食量/平均日增重;

增重成本(元/kg)=饲料成本×料重比。

1.4.3 体尺性状和肉用性能

试验最后1天晨饲前使用测杖和卷尺参照DB45/T 1952—2019对水牛体高、十字部高、体斜长、胸围、腹围、胸宽、胸深、尻宽、尻深进行现场测定。试验期最后1天用背膘仪(Echo Blaster 128)检测水牛背膘厚和眼肌面积等肉用性能指标。

1.4.4 营养物质表观消化率

利用全收粪法计算饲粮中营养物质表观消化率,计算公式如下:

饲粮中某营养物质表观消化率(%)=[(饲粮中该营养物质含量×采食量-粪样中该营养物质含量×排粪量)/(饲粮中该营养物质含量×采食量)]×100。

1.4.5 氮代谢和能量代谢

氮代谢相关指标计算公式如下:

食入氮(g/d)=(投喂量-剩料量)×饲粮中氮含量;

可消化氮(g/d)=食入氮-粪氮;

沉积氮(g/d)=可消化氮-尿氮;

氮利用率(%)=100×沉积氮/食入氮。

能量代谢相关指标计算公式如下:

食入总能(MJ/d)=(投喂量-剩料量)×饲粮总能;

消化能(MJ/d)=食入总能-粪能;

代谢能(MJ/d)=消化能-尿能-甲烷能;

甲烷能(MJ/d)=0.436+0.678×干物质采食量(kg/d)+0.697×中性洗涤纤维摄入量(kg/d)[9];

总能代谢率(%)=100×代谢能/食入总能;

消化能代谢率(%)=100×代谢能/消化能。

1.4.6 血清生化指标

采用普通真空采血管于试验最后1天晨饲前每头牛从颈静脉采集血样10 mL, 867.2×g离心10 min后取血清,分装至2 mL无菌离心管,-20 ℃保存待测。采用试剂盒(上海科华生物有限公司生产)于血液生化分析仪(日立7020型)上检测血清谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性,同时测定血清总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、尿素氮(UN)、葡萄糖(GLU)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量,操作步骤根据试剂盒说明书进行。

1.5 数据分析

试验数据采用SPSS 19.0软件进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),并采用Duncan氏法进行组间多重比较,结果用平均值±标准差表示。当P<0.05时,表示差异显著;当P>0.05时,表示差异不显著。

2 结果与分析

2.1 茉莉花渣替代豆粕对奶水牛生长性能的影响

由表3可知,各组初始体重、终末体重、平均日增重无显著差异(P>0.05);随着豆粕替代比例的增加,干物质采食量增加,料重比升高;27.85%豆粕替代组的增重成本低于其他组。
表3 茉莉花渣替代豆粕对奶水牛生长性能的影响

Table 3 Effects of replacing soybean meal with jasmine flower residue on growth performance of milk buffaloes

项目
Items		 豆粕替代比例
Soybean meal replacing proportions/%		 P值
P-value
0(对照Control) 27.85 55.70
初始体重IBW/kg 279.93±22.24 280.37±26.74 281.75±23.54 0.988
终末体重FBW/kg 332.57±17.20 333.78±35.75 328.79±26.38 0.529
平均日增重ADG/(kg/d) 0.94±0.08 0.95±0.15 0.84±0.18 0.186
干物质采食量DMI/(kg/d) 7.57 7.87 8.34
料重比F/G 8.07 8.11 10.37
增重成本Weight gain cost/(元/kg) 13.30 11.75 13.13

同行数据肩标无字母或相同小写字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。干物质采食量、料重比和增重成本在试验过程中以组为单位进行的计算,重复数不足,因此未进行统计分析。

In the same row, values with the no letter or the same small letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), and with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. DMI, F/G and weight gain cost were calculated at the group level during the experiment, due to insufficient number of repetitions, so no statistical analysis was carried out.

2.2 茉莉花渣替代豆粕对奶水牛体尺性状和肉用性能的影响

由表4可知,各组奶水牛体尺性状和肉用性能相关指标均无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表4 茉莉花渣替代豆粕对奶水牛体尺性状和肉用性能的影响

Table 4 Effects of replacing soybean meal with jasmine flower residue on body size traits and meat performance of milk buffaloes

项目
Items		 豆粕替代比例
Soybean meal replacing proportions/%		 P值
P-value
0(对照Control) 27.85 55.70
体尺性状Body size traits/cm
体高Body height 120.11±6.09 122.16±8.10 117.80±3.08 0.439
十字部高Hip height 125.47±3.86 126.50±5.99 126.01±7.66 0.954
体斜长Body length 128.18±3.37 134.43±20.35 126.57±11.38 0.542
胸围Chest girth 195.04±6.62 192.41±8.24 188.02±11.42 0.363
腹围Abdominal girth 173.17±3.56 173.25±7.65 172.72±5.40 0.984
胸宽Chest breadth 39.51±2.33 36.86±4.97 38.97±3.67 0.430
胸深Chest depth 69.91±2.15 67.61±6.78 63.75±3.40 0.053
尻宽Caudal breadth 27.51±1.92 28.66±1.99 29.14±3.53 0.506
尻长Caudal length 42.32±2.24 41.28±1.82 40.28±2.13 0.218
肉用性能Meat performance
背膘厚FT/mm 5.30±0.81 4.93±0.64 5.07±0.75 0.660
眼肌面积LA/cm2 32.60±4.22 33.49±6.83 34.59±3.54 0.756

2.3 茉莉花渣替代豆粕对奶水牛营养物质表观消化率的影响

由表5可知,对照组的干物质表观消化率显著高于27.85%豆粕替代组(P<0.05),磷表观消化率显著高于55.70%豆粕替代组(P<0.05),有机物、粗蛋白质、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维和总能表观消化率显著高于27.85%和55.70%豆粕替代组(P<0.05);各组钙表观消化率无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表5 茉莉花渣替代豆粕对奶水牛营养物质表观消化率的影响

Table 5 Effects of replacing soybean meal with jasmine flower residue on nutrient apparent digestibility of milk buffaloes %

项目
Items		 豆粕替代比例
Soybean meal replacing proportions/%		 P值
P-value
0(对照Control) 27.85 55.70
干物质DM 84.49±2.71a 77.51±2.74b 80.77±5.21ab 0.022
有机物OM 65.38±2.32a 52.37±2.87b 54.85±1.60b <0.001
粗蛋白质CP 60.21±1.96a 39.48±5.29b 40.85±2.10b <0.001
中性洗涤纤维NDF 56.34±5.07a 42.44±5.04c 47.85±1.53b <0.001
酸性洗涤纤维ADF 54.56±5.04a 41.96±5.32b 46.54±1.68b <0.001
总能GE 66.48±2.95a 53.11±2.78b 54.16±1.38b <0.001
钙Ca 26.72±1.68 26.18±2.36 27.19±1.86 0.659
磷P 27.27±2.83a 25.05±2.73ab 22.63±1.79b 0.010

2.4 茉莉花渣替代豆粕对奶水牛氮代谢的影响

由表6可知,55.70%豆粕替代组的食入氮显著高于对照组(P<0.05);随着茉莉花渣添加量的增加,粪氮显著增加(P<0.05);27.85%豆粕替代组尿氮较对照组和55.70%豆粕替代组显著降低(P<0.05);各组可消化氮、沉积氮、氮利用率无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表6 茉莉花渣替代豆粕对奶水牛氮代谢的影响

Table 6 Effects of replacing soybean meal with jasmine flower residue on nitrogen metabolism of milk buffaloes

项目
Items		 豆粕替代比例
Soybean meal replacing proportions/%		 P值
P-value
0(对照Control) 27.85 55.70
食入氮Intake nitrogen/(g/d) 95.33±13.06b 105.87±15.03ab 119.53±13.05a 0.020
可消化氮Digestible nitrogen/(g/d) 65.03±8.70 58.20±6.58 66.75±9.48 0.242
粪氮Fecal nitrogen/(g/d) 36.36±4.98c 47.67±3.39b 52.77±3.35a <0.001
尿氮Urinary nitrogen/(g/d) 44.93±4.56a 39.76±2.68b 46.37±2.22a 0.010
沉积氮Retained nitrogen/(g/d) 17.80±1.88 18.43±2.30 20.38±1.18 0.058
氮利用率Nitrogen utilization ratio/% 18.01±1.88 16.89±1.26 16.55±1.84 0.362

2.5 茉莉花渣替代豆粕对奶水牛能量代谢的影响

由表7可知,55.70%豆粕替代组的食入总能、消化能、代谢能显著高于对照组和27.85%豆粕替代组(P<0.05);随着茉莉花渣添加量的增加,粪能显著提高(P<0.05);对照组的消化能代谢率显著低于27.85%和55.70%豆粕替代组(P<0.05);总能代谢率各组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。
表7 茉莉花渣替代豆粕对奶水牛能量代谢的影响

Table 7 Effects of replacing soybean meal with jasmine flower residue on energy metabolism of milk buffaloes

项目
Items		 豆粕替代比例
Soybean meal replacing proportions/%		 P值
P-value
0(对照Control) 27.85 55.70
食入总能Intake GE/(MJ/d) 60.85±6.46b 66.12±4.98b 79.96±5.36a <0.001
粪能FE/(MJ/d) 20.83±1.82c 25.49±2.27b 32.21±2.20a <0.001
消化能DE/(MJ/d) 40.01±1.32b 40.63±1.72b 47.74±1.91a <0.001
代谢能ME/(MJ/d) 29.16±1.68b 31.10±1.89b 37.09±1.77a <0.001
总能代谢率Metabolizability of GE/% 48.24±4.04 47.09±1.42 46.45±1.79 0.482
消化能代谢率Metabolizability of DE/% 72.86±2.48b 76.50±1.51a 77.66±0.94a <0.001

2.6 茉莉花渣替代豆粕对奶水牛血清生化指标的影响

由表8可知,随着饲粮中豆粕含量降低,血清尿素氮含量显著下降(P<0.05);各组血清总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、葡萄糖含量以及白球比无显著差异(P>0.05);各组血清谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶、乳酸脱氢酶活性以及谷草转氨酶/谷丙转氨酶也无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表8 茉莉花渣替代豆粕对奶水牛血清生化指标的影响

Table 8 Effects of replacing soybean meal with jasmine flower residue on serum biochemical indices of milk buffaloes

项目
Items		 豆粕替代比例
Soybean meal replacing proportions/%		 P值
P-value
0(对照Control) 27.85 55.70
总蛋白TP/(g/L) 69.63±5.73 71.11±4.07 72.64±4.19 0.528
白蛋白ALB/(g/L) 35.13±1.87 35.16±2.01 35.81±2.18 0.794
球蛋白GLOB/(g/L) 34.50±4.31 35.95±4.03 36.82±3.22 0.562
白球比ALB/GLOB 1.03±0.10 0.98±0.14 0.98±0.10 0.717
谷丙转氨酶ALT/(U/L) 47.00±8.36 54.83±6.36 51.71±9.41 0.280
谷草转氨酶AST/(U/L) 136.00±17.01 168.33±44.76 144.57±22.96 0.189
谷草转氨酶/谷丙转氨酶AST/ALT 2.95±0.55 3.06±0.68 2.82±0.26 0.713
碱性磷酸酶ALP/(U/L) 221.66±122.63 149.33±55.67 155.42±45.22 0.247
乳酸脱氢酶LDH/(U/L) 758.16±86.45 866.00±280.17 689.71±99.93 0.223
尿素氮UN/(mmol/L) 8.46±1.38a 6.93±1.03b 5.41±1.17c 0.001
总胆固醇TC/(mmol/L) 2.35±0.31 2.23±0.32 2.18±0.29 0.625
甘油三酯TG/(mmol/L) 0.39±0.14 0.35±0.11 0.49±0.18 0.267
高密度脂蛋白胆固醇
HDL-C/(mmol/L)		 1.16±0.21 1.20±0.14 1.15±0.18 0.875
低密度脂蛋白胆固醇
LDL-C/(mmol/L)		 0.86±0.22 0.68±0.16 0.68±0.12 0.145
葡萄糖GLU/(mmol/L) 4.77±0.59 5.30±0.63 5.22±0.96 0.450

3 讨论

3.1 茉莉花渣替代豆粕对奶水牛生长性能的影响

豆粕是反刍动物饲粮中主要的蛋白质来源,目前国内豆粕供给严重依赖进口,但受国际环境、贸易政策等的影响,豆粕价格波动剧烈,严重影响养殖效益[10]。因此,必须寻求有效的替代蛋白质源,以确保畜禽养殖的可持续发展。饲粮和养分摄入量对生产性能有重大影响,并受到物理和化学特性以及适口性等因素的影响[11]。茉莉花渣作为一种潜在的替代氮源,虽然作为能量来源与玉米、豆粕相比相对较差,但动物可以通过增加干物质采食量来满足其营养需求[12]。农悦锋[13]研究发现,莉花渣因其独特香味,可提高动物的干物质采食量。这表明茉莉花渣含有的芳香性物质可以改善饲料风味,增加动物的食欲[14]。本研究中同样发现茉莉花渣显著提高了奶水牛的干物质采食量。因此,茉莉花渣有望成为一种有效的替代氮源,有助于降低饲料成本,同时满足动物的营养需求。平均日增重和料重比是衡量动物生长速度和养殖效益的重要指标。本研究中,55.70%豆粕替代组奶水牛的料重比高于其他组,但各组间平均日采食量无显著差异,说明茉莉花渣替代55.70%豆粕时饲粮的适口性较好,利于促进奶水牛采食,同时不会对其生长性能产生负面影响。王金兴[15]和胡俊杰[2]研究均发现,在饲粮中添加茉莉花渣对山羊的平均日采食量无显著影响,这与本研究结果类似。但陈笑寒等[5]在水牛饲粮中补饲600 g/(头·d)茉莉花渣后显著提高了平均日增重,这表明茉莉花渣可作为营养源促进水牛生长。眼肌面积和背膘厚度是衡量动物肉用性能的重要指标,背膘厚与产肉率呈负相关,眼肌面积与产肉率呈正相关[16]。本研究发现,茉莉花渣替代部分豆粕后对背膘厚和眼肌面积无显著影响,这说明茉莉花渣应用于奶水牛饲粮不会对水牛的肉用性能产生负面影响。经济效益是衡量茉莉花渣是否适合在奶水牛饲粮中推广应用的根本因素。Huang等[17]研究发现,采用木薯渣和啤酒糟组合替代玉米粒和豆粕不影响水牛的生长性能,但降低了增重成本。本研究中,茉莉花渣替代27.85%豆粕时虽然增加了奶水牛的干物质采食量,但因茉莉花渣作为农副产物价格低廉,在保证奶水牛生长速度不受影响的前提下反而降低了增重成本,因此茉莉花渣适合作为奶水牛养殖的饲料资源。

3.2 茉莉花渣替代豆粕对奶水牛营养物质表观消化率的影响

营养物质表观消化率是反映动物消化吸收饲粮中营养物质能力的重要指标。胡俊杰[2]研究发现,饲粮中添加10%茉莉花渣显著降低了山羊的粗蛋白质表观消化率,这与本研究结果一致。饲粮中的纤维被消化和分解,为瘤胃微生物和反刍动物提供能量,对生产性能有重要影响[18]。蛋白质来源对中性洗涤纤维表观消化率有显著影响[19],茉莉花渣中含有不易消化的营养成分,而玉米粉和豆粕中是易降解的淀粉和半纤维素作为主要的碳水化合物成分[20]。在本研究中,茉莉花渣替代部分豆粕后奶水牛的营养物质表观消化率降低,这与El-Fadel等[21]的研究结果一致,在饲粮营养水平一致的情况下,由于试验组干物质采食量增加,过多的营养物质摄入并不能被完全利用而导致营养物质排泄增多,进而降低了营养物质表观消化率。茉莉花渣替代55.70%豆粕时,磷表观消化率降低,在后续应用茉莉花渣饲粮过程中可以考虑适当提高饲粮磷含量以补充奶水牛生长需要。各组钙表观消化率差异不显著,表明茉莉花渣替代27.85%或55.70%豆粕后对奶水牛的钙代谢无显著影响。在饲喂含茉莉花渣饲粮时,水牛表现出较低的营养物质表观消化率,后续有必要针对提高茉莉花渣利用效率进行研究。

3.3 茉莉花渣替代豆粕对奶水牛氮代谢的影响

干物质采食量直接影响动物的营养物质摄入量[22]。本研究中,在使用等氮饲粮饲喂奶水牛情况下,茉莉花渣替代55.70%豆粕后食入氮的增加是由于干物质采食量增加引起的。在饲粮等氮条件下,不同饲粮组成影响了干物质采食量,进而影响了粗蛋白质表观消化率,根据反刍动物饲粮摄入量与饲料成分之间的已知关系,氮排泄量与摄入量呈显著正相关[23],氮沉积和氮利用率可能保持一致[24]。但本研究中茉莉花渣替代55.70%豆粕后食入氮增加,粪氮同样增加,最终各组间氮沉积和氮利用率无显著差异,这是由于与茉莉花渣相比,豆粕中氮在蛋白质合成过程中利用效率更高[25]。

3.4 茉莉花渣替代豆粕对奶水牛能量代谢的影响

饲粮能量代谢水平是评定动物饲粮营养价值的重要指标,饲粮中碳水化合物、蛋白质和脂肪等经瘤胃发酵转化成ATP,为反刍动物生长提供能量[26]。氮摄入量较高的水牛具有较高的能量和氮平衡,在满足水牛营养需要的情况下,氮和能量平衡的变化趋势相同[27]。本研究中,对照组食入总能、消化能、代谢能较低,是由于其干物质采食量低于试验组所致。茉莉花渣替代部分豆粕后增加了能量的摄入,提高了消化能代谢率,在饲粮等能条件下茉莉花渣替代部分豆粕造成能量损失较高,可能会降低奶水牛机体的能量沉积。但进一步研究发现,各组间能量代谢率差异不显著,说明不同处理之间的能量利用效率是相似的,茉莉花渣可以为奶水牛提供充足的能量维持生长。

3.5 茉莉花渣替代豆粕对奶水牛血清生化指标的影响

血清总蛋白及其组分被认为是反映动物生产性能和健康状况的生物学指标。已有研究证实,血液中总蛋白、白蛋白和球蛋白含量不受非常规蛋白质饲粮中替代豆粕比例的影响[28-29],本研究结果与之类似。等能等氮饲粮情况下,微生物对营养物质的有效利用可能是导致血液代谢物不发生显著变化的原因[28,30]。血液中的胆固醇与能量代谢和维生素合成密切相关[31],并作为影响葡萄糖代谢激素的前体物质[32]。研究发现,血清甘油三酯含量、谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶活性同样不受饲粮蛋白质来源的影响[19],这可能是由于反刍动物的葡萄糖代谢与脂质代谢之间存在一定的关系,脂质摄入量的变化会影响血糖水平[33]。尿素氮是判断动物蛋白质摄入水平的指标[34],与反刍动物瘤胃氨浓度呈正相关[35],蛋白质降解速度过快,会导致瘤胃氨合成大于分解,被血液吸收的氨被运送到肝脏,转化为尿素,并通过尿液排出[36]。本研究中,茉莉花渣降低了奶牛血清中尿素氮含量,这可能是由于茉莉花渣饲粮蛋白质降解效率差,瘤胃中氨生成减少,从而降低了血液中尿素氮的含量[28]。为了更好研究茉莉花渣作为蛋白质来源对奶水牛能量和蛋白质代谢的影响,尚需进一步探索茉莉花渣替代豆粕对血液中尿素氮产生影响的机制。

4 结论

在本试验条件下,以茉莉花渣替代饲粮中27.85%和55.70%的豆粕可促进奶水牛采食,不影响奶水牛的生长速度、体尺性状、蛋白质和能量利用率,但会降低其营养物质表观消化率和血清尿素氮含量。考虑到增重成本,以奶水牛饲粮中添加7.40%的茉莉花渣替代27.85%豆粕时养殖效益最佳。

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