1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
1.2 试验设计
表1 试验分组(鲜样基础)Table 1 Experimental groups (FM basis) |
| 组别 Groups | 原料组合 Raw material combination | 混合比例 Mixing ratio |
|---|---|---|
| H | 花椰菜+玉米秸秆 | 2∶1 |
| G | 甘蓝+玉米秸秆 | 2∶1 |
| X | 西葫芦+玉米秸秆 | 2∶1 |
| Q | 芹菜+玉米秸秆 | 2∶1 |
| HG | 花椰菜+甘蓝+玉米秸秆 | 1∶1∶1 |
| HX | 花椰菜+西葫芦+玉米秸秆 | 1∶1∶1 |
| HQ | 花椰菜+芹菜+玉米秸秆 | 1∶1∶1 |
| GX | 甘蓝+西葫芦+玉米秸秆 | 1∶1∶1 |
| GQ | 甘蓝+芹菜+玉米秸秆 | 1∶1∶1 |
| XQ | 西葫芦+芹菜+玉米秸秆 | 1∶1∶1 |
1.3 指标测定
1.3.1 营养成分
1.3.2 主要微生物数量
1.3.3 霉菌毒素
1.3.4 混合青贮饲料感官评定
1.3.5 混合青贮饲料发酵品质
1.4 数据分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 混合青贮原料的营养特性和主要微生物数量
表2 混合青贮原料的营养特性主和要微生物数量Table 2 Nutritional characteristics and main microbial numbers of mixed silage raw materials |
| 项目 Items | 尾菜Vegetable waste | 玉米秸秆 Corn stalk | 麸皮 Bran | P值 P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 花椰菜 Broccoli | 甘蓝 Cabbage | 西葫芦 Zucchini | 芹菜 Celery | |||||
| 营养特性Nutritional characteristics/% | ||||||||
| 干物质DM | 5.68±0.08d | 8.66±0.05c | 4.67±0.04e | 4.59±0.04e | 86.75±0.75a | 85.67±0.67b | <0.001 | |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 17.20±0.20c | 26.32±0.32a | 26.06±0.05a | 23.38±0.07b | 4.53±0.01d | 2.86±0.02e | <0.001 | |
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF | 28.67±2.75d | 31.31±0.23c | 24.40±0.19e | 25.00±0.24e | 68.10±0.01a | 39.51±0.07b | <0.001 | |
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF | 20.34±0.12b | 17.13±0.02c | 16.60±0.20d | 14.27±0.07e | 38.56±0.06a | 12.92±0.37f | <0.001 | |
| 可溶性碳水化合物 WSC | 4.35±0.03c | 9.83±0.02a | 7.57±0.02b | 4.00±0.12d | 1.57±0.19f | 2.06±0.05e | <0.001 | |
| 主要微生物数量(鲜样基础) Main microbial numbers (FM basis)/[log10/(CFU/g)] | ||||||||
| 乳酸菌LAB | 4.25±0.05c | 4.04±0.05d | 3.12±0.10f | 3.24±0.08e | 5.19±0.04a | 4.63±0.06b | <0.001 | |
| 酵母菌Yeast | 3.06±0.10 | ND | ND | 3.06±0.10 | 4.52±0.08 | 3.59±0.36 | ||
| 霉菌Mold | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.34±0.23 | ND | ||
| 大肠杆菌 Escherichia coli | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.06±0.10 | ND | ||
同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). | |
ND:未检出。表6和表7同。ND: not detected. The same as Table 6 and Table 7. |
2.2 尾菜和玉米秸秆混合青贮的感官评价
表3 尾菜和玉米秸秆混合青贮的感官评价Table 3 Sensory evaluation of vegetable waste and corn stalk mixed silage |
| 组别 Groups | 色泽评分 Color score | 气味评分 Smell score | 质地评分 Texture score | 总分 Total score | 等级 Level |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H | 黄绿色(2) | 酸香味(12) | 茎叶结构保存良好(2) | 16 | 一级优良 |
| G | 黄绿色(2) | 酸香味(12) | 茎叶结构保存良好(2) | 15 | 二级尚好 |
| X | 黄褐色(1) | 酒香味(9) | 茎叶结构保存良好(2) | 12 | 二级尚好 |
| Q | 黄绿色(2) | 酸香味(13) | 茎叶结构保存良好(2) | 17 | 一级优良 |
| HG | 黄绿色(2) | 酒香味(9) | 茎叶结构保存良好(2) | 13 | 二级尚好 |
| HX | 黄绿色(2) | 酸香味(13) | 茎叶结构保存良好(2) | 17 | 一级优良 |
| HQ | 黄绿色(2) | 酸香味(12) | 茎叶结构保存良好(2) | 16 | 一级优良 |
| GX | 黄绿色(2) | 酒香味(10) | 茎叶结构保存良好(2) | 14 | 二级尚好 |
| GQ | 黄绿色(2) | 酸香味(11) | 茎叶结构保存良好(2) | 14 | 二级尚好 |
| XQ | 黄绿色(2) | 酸香味(11) | 茎叶结构保存良好(2) | 15 | 二级尚好 |
2.3 尾菜和玉米秸秆混合青贮的发酵特性
表4 尾菜和玉米秸秆混合青贮的发酵特性(干物质基础)Table 4 Fermentation characteristics of vegetable waste and corn stalk mixed silage (DM basis) |
| 项目 Items | pH | 氨态氮/总氮 AN/TN/% | 乳酸 LA/% | 乙酸 AA/% | 丙酸 PA/% | 丁酸 BA/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 组别Groups | ||||||
| H | 4.36±0.21b | 4.34±1.48 | 7.77±3.84cd | 2.03±0.91b | 0.01±0.00b | 0.001±0.000c |
| G | 4.74±0.10a | 2.77±1.13 | 2.53±0.04e | 4.06±2.02a | 0.08±0.03a | 0.005±0.000ab |
| X | 4.23±0.10b | 2.52±0.16 | 12.22±0.97abc | 2.37±0.37b | 0.01±0.00b | 0.002±0.000bc |
| Q | 4.06±0.12c | 3.23±1.28 | 16.52±1.38a | 1.31±0.08b | 0.01±0.00b | 0.001±0.000c |
| HG | 4.61±0.09a | 2.46±1.46 | 12.23±6.02abc | 2.12±0.65b | 0.03±0.02b | 0.002±0.000bc |
| HX | 4.12±0.15c | 3.68±0.81 | 12.32±3.11abc | 2.32±0.33b | 0.02±0.02b | 0.002±0.000c |
| HQ | 4.10±0.07c | 2.53±0.04 | 13.20±1.37abc | 2.13±0.24b | 0.03±0.03b | 0.001±0.000c |
| GX | 4.77±0.20a | 1.77±0.83 | 3.03±0.06e | 4.00±1.16a | 0.01±0.00b | 0.002±0.000bc |
| GQ | 4.75±0.06a | 3.40±0.68 | 10.29±3.97bc | 2.42±1.14b | 0.01±0.01b | 0.006±0.000ab |
| XQ | 4.04±0.10c | 2.20±1.32 | 13.85±1.94ab | 1.41±0.03b | 0.01±0.00b | 0.001±0.000c |
| P值P-value | <0.001 | 0.172 | <0.001 | 0.016 | <0.001 | 0.032 |
同列数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same column, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below. |
2.4 尾菜和玉米秸秆混合青贮的营养成分
表5 尾菜和玉米秸秆混合青贮的营养成分Table 5 Nutrients of vegetable waste and corn stalk mixed silage % |
| 项目 Items | 干物质 DM | 粗蛋白质 CP | 中性洗涤纤维 NDF | 酸性洗涤纤维 ADF | 可溶性碳水化合物 WSC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 组别Groups | |||||
| H | 38.78±0.80 | 6.52±0.34d | 58.72±2.26abc | 38.81±2.36abc | 0.32±0.02d |
| G | 39.98±0.36 | 10.98±0.86a | 58.31±0.39abc | 41.74±0.48a | 0.42±0.03c |
| X | 39.66±0.37 | 9.31±0.65bc | 54.35±1.02de | 33.75±1.11d | 0.68±0.01b |
| Q | 39.48±1.27 | 9.13±0.09c | 52.47±0.14e | 34.91±1.72cd | 0.87±0.06a |
| HG | 39.31±0.57 | 10.82±0.62ab | 57.53±1.87abc | 34.83±0.34cd | 0.25±0.02e |
| HX | 38.75±1.30 | 9.17±1.67c | 57.39±2.14abc | 34.75±0.15cd | 0.65±0.05b |
| HQ | 38.52±0.99 | 9.42±1.42bc | 59.62±1.72ab | 40.33±2.67ab | 0.85±0.06a |
| GX | 39.72±0.85 | 10.16±0.08abc | 60.06±0.49a | 39.20±0.47ab | 0.39±0.02c |
| GQ | 37.83±0.86 | 10.31±0.53abc | 56.30±1.60cd | 37.75±1.13bc | 0.45±0.02c |
| XQ | 39.43±0.30 | 9.13±0.10c | 56.67±1.24bcd | 41.91±2.44a | 0.66±0.01b |
| P值P-value | 0.121 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
除干物质外,其余营养成分含量均为干物质基础。 | |
Except for dry matter, the contents of other nutrients were based on dry matter. |
2.5 尾菜和玉米秸秆混合青贮的主要微生物数量
表6 尾菜和玉米秸秆混合青贮的主要微生物数量(鲜样基础)Table 6 Main microbial numbers of vegetable waste and corn stalk mixed silage (FM basis) log10(CFU/g) |
| 项目 Items | 乳酸菌 Lactic acid bacteria | 酵母菌 Yeast | 霉菌 Mold | 大肠杆菌 Escherichia coli |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 组别Groups | ||||
| H | 4.06±0.08fg | 4.56±0.05e | 1.00±1.73 | ND |
| G | 3.74±0.14h | 4.89±0.02de | ND | ND |
| X | 3.90±0.05gh | 4.87±0.11de | 2.00±1.76 | ND |
| Q | 4.61±0.02c | 5.07±0.04cde | 1.38±2.38 | ND |
| HG | 4.23±0.06ef | 5.61±0.60abc | ND | ND |
| HX | 4.11±0.19f | 5.93±0.38a | ND | ND |
| HQ | 6.15±0.10a | 5.76±0.64ab | 1.00±1.73 | ND |
| GX | 5.08±0.05b | 5.13±0.44bcde | ND | ND |
| GQ | 4.46±0.09cd | 5.36±0.44abcd | 0.90±1.56 | ND |
| XQ | 4.30±0.14de | 5.88±0.04a | ND | ND |
| P值P-value | <0.001 | <0.001 |
2.6 尾菜和玉米秸秆混合青贮的霉菌毒素含量
表7 发酵前、后尾菜和玉米秸秆混合青贮的霉菌毒素含量Table 7 Contents of mycotoxins in vegetable waste and corn stalk mixed silage before and after fermentation μg/kg |
| 项目 Items | 黄曲霉毒素B1 AFB1 | 呕吐毒素DON | 玉米赤霉烯酮ZEN | 伏马毒素B1 FB1 | 赭曲霉毒素OTA | T2毒素T2 | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 发酵前 Before fermentation | 发酵后 After fermentation | 发酵前 Before fermentation | 发酵后 After fermentation | 发酵前 Before fermentation | 发酵后 After fermentation | 发酵前 Before fermentation | 发酵后 After fermentation | 发酵前 Before fermentation | 发酵后 After fermentation | 发酵前 Before fermentation | 发酵后 After fermentation | ||||||
| 组别Groups | |||||||||||||||||
| H | 4.80 | <4.00 | <100.00 | 114.37 | 58.03f | 43.18 | <100.00 | <100.00 | <4.00 | <4.00 | <10.00 | <10.00 | |||||
| G | 7.30 | ND | <100.00 | ND | 74.02e | ND | 0.17 | ND | <4.00 | ND | <10.00 | ND | |||||
| X | <4.00 | <4.00 | 134.03 | 390.66 | 110.14d | 25.51 | 117.99 | <100.00 | <4.00 | <4.00 | <10.00 | <10.00 | |||||
| Q | <4.00 | 4.74 | 111.78 | 142.89 | 197.13a | 93.50 | <100.00 | <100.00 | <4.00 | <4.00 | <10.00 | <10.00 | |||||
| HG | <4.00 | ND | <100.00 | ND | 25.18h | ND | 0.18 | ND | <4.00 | ND | <10.00 | ND | |||||
| HX | 8.16 | ND | 687.18 | ND | 184.88b | ND | 0.22 | ND | <4.00 | ND | <10.00 | ND | |||||
| HQ | <4.00 | <4.00 | <100.00 | <100.00 | 174.58c | 68.24 | <100.00 | 715.76 | <4.00 | <4.00 | <10.00 | <10.00 | |||||
| GX | 5.82 | ND | <100.00 | ND | 52.81fg | ND | 0.21 | ND | <4.00 | ND | <10.00 | ND | |||||
| GQ | <4.00 | <4.00 | 123.27 | 119.88 | 52.41g | 58.56 | 164.49 | 712.17 | <4.00 | <4.00 | <10.00 | <10.00 | |||||
| XQ | 7.40 | ND | <100.00 | ND | 74.60e | ND | 1.44 | ND | <4.00 | ND | <10.00 | ND | |||||
| P值P-value | <0.001 | ||||||||||||||||
<4.00、<100.00、<10.00代表仪器检测最低限分别为4.00、100.00、10.00 μg/kg,即未检出。 | |
<4.00, <100.00 and <10.00 indicated that the instrument detection minimums were 4.00, 100.00 μg/kg and 10.00 μg/kg, respectively, that was not detection. |
2.7 尾菜和玉米秸秆混合青贮的发酵品质评定
表8 尾菜和玉米秸秆混合青贮的发酵品质评定Table 8 Fermentation quality evaluation of vegetable waste and corn stalk mixed silage |
| 项目Items | V-Score评分V-Score score | 灰色关联度Grey correlation degree | 排序Rank |
|---|---|---|---|
| 组别Groups | |||
| H | 90.94±2.17 | 1.16 | 7 |
| G | 89.60±0.12 | 0.85 | 10 |
| X | 89.80±0.16 | 1.73 | 2 |
| Q | 91.39±0.65 | 2.09 | 1 |
| HG | 89.84±0.08 | 1.34 | 6 |
| HX | 89.87±0.09 | 1.47 | 5 |
| HQ | 89.89±0.10 | 1.62 | 3 |
| GX | 89.85±0.06 | 1.12 | 8 |
| GQ | 90.47±1.93 | 1.04 | 9 |
| XQ | 90.57±0.27 | 1.57 | 4 |
| P值P-value | 0.370 |
