Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2025 , Vol. 37 >Issue 7: 4321 - 4332

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2025.354

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Dietary Different Energy and Lysine Levels on Reproductive Performance and Serum Biochemical, Hormone, Antioxidant and Immune Indexes of Rongchang Lactating Sows

  • YANG Tianqing , 1, 2 ,
  • QI Renli 1, 3 ,
  • CHEN Zhihua 1, 2 ,
  • LONG Dingbiao 1, 3 ,
  • WANG Jing 1, 3 ,
  • QIU Xiaoyu 1, 3 ,
  • LUO Min 1, 3 ,
  • LIU Zuohua , 1, 3, * ,
  • WANG Qi , 1, 3, *
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  • 1 Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing 402460, China
  • 2 College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China
  • 3 Center of Technology Innovation for Pig (Chongqing), Chongqing 402460, China
* LIU Zuohua, professor, E-mail: ;
WANG Qi, associate professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2024-12-19

  Online published: 2025-07-12

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Abstract

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary different energy and lysine levels on reproductive performance and serum biochemical, hormone, antioxidant and immune indexes of Rongchang lactating sows. Seventy-two Rongchang sows with similar body condition and parity were randomly divided into 9 groups with 8 replicates per group and 1 pig per replicate. A 2 factors and 3 levels experimental design was used, and the dietary net energy (NE) levels were 9.48, 10.21 and 10.94 MJ/kg, respectively, and the standard ileal digestible lysine (SID Lys) levels were 0.65%, 0.75% and 0.85%, respectively. The experiment lasted for 28 days, from the time of sow delivery until piglet weaning. The results showed as follows: 1) dietary net energy level had significant effects on the estrus interval and backfat loss of sows (P<0.05), the estrus interval and backfat loss of sows in 10.21 and 10.94 MJ/kg net energy groups were significantly lower than those in 9.48 MJ/kg group (P<0.05). When the dietary net energy level was 10.21 MJ/kg and SID Lys level was 0.85%, the average daily gain of piglets, weaned survival rate of piglets and milk yield of sows were the highest, and the estrus interval and backfat loss of sows were the least. 2) Dietary net energy and SID Lys levels had significant effects on the serum total protein (TP) and albumin (ALB) contents of sows (P<0.05), the serum TP content in 10.94 MJ/kg net energy group was significantly higher than that in 9.48 MJ/kg net energy group (P<0.05), the serum ALB content in 10.94 MJ/kg net energy group was significantly higher than that in 9.48 and 10.21 MJ/kg net energy groups (P<0.05), and the serum TP and ALB contents in the 0.85% SID Lys group were significantly higher than those in 0.65% and 0.75% SID Lys groups (P<0.05). 3) Dietary net energy and SID Lys levels had significant effects on serum insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-Ⅰ) content of sows (P<0.05), the serum IGF-Ⅰ content in 10.94 MJ/kg net energy group was significantly higher than that in 9.48 and 10.21 net energy MJ/kg groups (P<0.05), and the serum IGF-Ⅰ content in 0.85% SID Lys group was significantly higher than that in 0.65% and 0.75% SID Lys groups (P<0.05). 4) Dietary net energy level had significant effects on the serum total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin M (IgM) contents of sows (P<0.05), the serum T-AOC and IgM content in 10.94 MJ/kg net energy group were significantly higher than those in 9.48 and 10.21 MJ/kg net energy groups (P<0.05), and the serum IgA and IgG contents in 10.21 MJ/kg net energy group were significantly higher than those in 9.48 MJ/kg net energy group (P<0.05). Dietary SID Lys level had a significantly affect on serum T-AOC of sows (P<0.05), the serum T-AOC in 0.85% SID Lys group was significantly higher than that in 0.65% and 0.75% SID Lys groups (P<0.05). In conclusion, under the conditions of this experiment, the appropriate levels of dietary net energy and SID Lys during lactation of Rongchang sows are 10.21 MJ/kg and 0.85%, respectively.

Key words： Rongchang sows; energy; lysine; reproductive performance; hormone level; antioxidant; immune

Cite this article

YANG Tianqing , QI Renli , CHEN Zhihua , LONG Dingbiao , WANG Jing , QIU Xiaoyu , LUO Min , LIU Zuohua , WANG Qi . Effects of Dietary Different Energy and Lysine Levels on Reproductive Performance and Serum Biochemical, Hormone, Antioxidant and Immune Indexes of Rongchang Lactating Sows[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2025 , 37(7) : 4321 -4332 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2025.354

作为母猪营养代谢的核心要素,能量对维持生理活动、妊娠和哺乳具有重要意义[1]。研究表明,合理的能量供给可有效提高哺乳母猪的繁殖性能与生理机能[2-3],而能量摄入不足时,哺乳母猪则会动员身体组织以满足泌乳营养需要,对母猪体况和繁殖性能产生不利影响。赖氨酸作为猪饲粮的第一限制性氨基酸,在母猪的繁殖过程中发挥重要作用[4-6],它不仅参与蛋白质合成,还影响机体激素水平和免疫功能等。研究表明,适当增加饲粮赖氨酸水平,能够提高母猪繁殖性能[7-9],改善仔猪健康[10-11]。不同品种和胎次的哺乳期母猪对能量和赖氨酸需要量不同。Xue等[12]研究表明,“长×大”二元哺乳母猪标准回肠可消化赖氨酸(SID Lys)与代谢能的适宜比为3.05 g/Mcal(1 Mcal=4.184 MJ)。朱芳等[13]以哺乳母猪采食量、发情间隔以及仔猪生长性能为指标,得出夏季哺乳母猪适宜能量水平为13.06 MJ/kg。荣昌猪是我国优良地方猪种,具有适应性强、繁殖力高和遗传性能稳定等特性[14]。黄金秀等[15]以哺乳期体重变化、血清尿素氮和雌二醇含量为指标,得出荣昌母猪哺乳期饲粮SID Lys适宜水平为0.83%~0.89%,但目前没有关于能量和赖氨酸水平交互对荣昌哺乳母猪的报道。因此,本试验通过研究饲粮不同能量和赖氨酸水对荣昌哺乳母猪繁殖性能及血清生化、激素、抗氧化和免疫指标的影响,筛选出适宜的饲粮能量和赖氨酸水平,为科学饲养荣昌哺乳母猪提供参考。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验设计

本试验经重庆市畜牧科学院实验动物伦理委员会批准,批准号:XKY-20231022。
试验选用72头胎次和背膘相近的哺乳期荣昌母猪,随机分成9个组,每组8个重复,每个重复1头猪。采用2因素3水平试验设计,饲粮净能(NE)水平分别为9.48、10.21、10.94 MJ/kg,SID Lys水平分别为0.65%、0.75%、0.85%。试验饲粮参照《猪营养需要量》(GB/T 39235—2020)脂肪型母猪营养推荐水平进行配制,其组成及营养水平见表1。
表1 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (air-dry basis)%

项目
Items		 净能 NE/(MJ/kg)
9.48 9.48 9.48 10.21 10.21 10.21 10.94 10.94 10.94
标准回肠可消化赖氨酸 SID Lys/%
0.65 0.75 0.85 0.65 0.75 0.85 0.65 0.75 0.85
原料 Ingredients
玉米 Corn 56.32 56.29 60.01 59.61 56.20 69.67 66.62 66.28 65.53
豆粕 Soybean meal (43% CP) 15.09 15.00 15.98 14.53 16.03 15.50 14.16 14.31 16.17
麦麸 Wheat bran 21.55 21.68 17.81 15.39 17.84 6.10 5.68 6.35 6.09
进口鱼粉 Imported fish meal 1.33 1.15 0.80 2.23 1.46 2.85 3.17 4.25 2.94
玉米蛋白粉 Corn protein meal 0.69 1.60
大豆油 Soybean oil 1.38 1.47 0.80 3.42 4.11 1.57 4.71 4.85 5.00
L-赖氨酸 L-Lys (78.8%) 0.06 0.20 0.33 0.04 0.17 0.27 0.04 0.11 0.26
DL-蛋氨酸 DL-Met (99%) 0.15 0.06 0.06 0.04 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.03
L-苏氨酸 L-Thr (98.5%) 0.13 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.13 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.10
L-色氨酸 L-Trp (98%) 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.13 0.13
石粉 Limestone 1.08 1.08 1.06 0.99 1.05 0.95 0.95 0.92 0.94
磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 1.38 1.40 1.49 1.41 1.43 1.42 1.41 1.28 1.41
食盐 NaCl 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40
预混料 Premix1) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
合计 Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
营养水平 Nutrient levels2)
净能 NE/(MJ/kg) 9.48 9.48 9.48 10.21 10.21 10.21 10.94 10.94 10.94
粗蛋白质 CP 15.06 15.07 15.06 15.06 15.08 14.98 15.06 14.97 14.99
钙 Ca 0.84 0.83 0.83 0.84 0.84 0.87 0.89 0.86 0.88
有效磷 AP 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40
赖氨酸 Lys 0.79 0.89 0.98 0.77 0.88 0.97 0.76 0.87 0.97
标准回肠可消化赖氨酸 SID Lys 0.65 0.75 0.85 0.65 0.75 0.85 0.65 0.75 0.85
标准回肠可消化蛋氨酸 SID Met 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27
标准回肠可消化苏氨酸 SID Thr 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55
标准回肠可消化色氨酸 SID Trp 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27
标准回肠可消化缬氨酸 SID Val 0.59 0.58 0.58 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.60 0.59 0.59

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:FeSO4·H2O 266.6 mg,ZnSO4·H2O 231.8 mg,Cu2(OH)3Cl 17.2 mg,MnSO4·H2O 94.4 mg,Na2SeO3 66.6mg,Ca(IO3)2 9.4mg,麦饭石maitake 1 314 mg,VA 9 000 IU,VD3 3 000 IU,VE 24 IU,VK3 3 mg,VB1 3 mg,VB2 7.5 mg,VB6 3.6 mg,VB12 0.036 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 15 mg,叶酸 folic acid 1.5 mg,D-生物素 D-biotin 0.15 mg,烟酰胺 niacinamide 30 g。
2)粗蛋白质(GB/T 6432—2018)、钙(GB/T 6436—2018)、赖氨酸(GB/T 18246—2019)为实测值,其余营养水平为计算值,参照《猪营养需要量》(GB/T 39235—2020)计算。CP (GB/T 6432—2018), Ca (GB/T 6436—2018) and Lys (GB/T 18246—2019) were measured values, while the other nutrient levels were calculated values based on the Nutrient Requirements of Swine (GB/T 39235—2020).

1.2 饲养管理

试验母猪单栏饲喂于产床,试验进行期间,每天分别于08:00以及17:00对母猪进行投喂。试验期间,母猪自由进食和饮水,猪舍保持干净卫生,每周进行2次以上消毒。试验期从母猪分娩开始至仔猪断奶结束,共28 d。

1.3 样品采集

在试验的第28天早晨,从每个试验组随机选择6头母猪,在母猪空腹状态下采集10 mL的前腔静脉血置于促凝采血管内,静止放置2~3 h后在4 ℃、1 095×g条件下离心10 min,取上清液于-20 ℃保存。

1.4 指标测定

1.4.1 繁殖指标

在母猪分娩后第1天和第28天,采用超声波背膘仪对母猪P2点的背膘厚度进行测量,计算哺乳母猪背膘损失。记录并计算仔猪初生重、仔猪断奶重、仔猪断奶存活率和哺乳母猪发情间隔。通过仔猪初生窝重和断奶窝重计算哺乳母猪泌乳量:
哺乳母猪泌乳量(kg)=(断奶窝重-初生窝重)×3。

1.4.2 血清生化指标

采用全自动生化分析仪(DXC 700 AU,美国)测定哺乳母猪血清总蛋白(TP,货号TP7020)、白蛋白(ALB,货号LB7010)、球蛋白(GLO,货号GL7210)、尿素氮(UN,货号BU7121)、葡萄糖(GLU,货号GL7210)、肌酐(CREA,货号CR7113)和总胆固醇(TC,货号TC7150)含量,试剂盒均购自北京利德曼生化股份有限公司,参照试剂盒说明书进行测定。

1.4.3 血清激素指标

采用酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)试剂盒测定母猪血清雌二醇(E2,货号HY-C0007)、孕酮(P,货号HY-C0006)、类胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ,货号HY-H0024)和瘦素(LEP,货号HY-D0040)含量,试剂盒均购自北京华英生物技术研究所,参照试剂盒说明书进行测定。

1.4.4 血清抗氧化和免疫指标

血清丙二醛(MDA,货号BC0025)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH,货号BC1175)含量以及总抗氧化能力(T-AOC,货号BC1315)测定试剂盒购自索莱宝生物科技有限公司,血清总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD,货号A001-1)、过氧化氢酶(CAT,货号A007-1-1)活性和免疫球蛋白A(IgA,货号H108-1-2)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG,货号H106-1-2)和免疫球蛋白M(IgM,货号H109-1-2)含量测定试剂盒购自南京建成生物工程研究所,参照试剂盒说明书进行测定。

1.5 数据统计分析

试验数据用Excel 2019进行初步整理,采用SPSS 26.0软件中的一般线性模型(general linear model,GLM)分析净能和SID Lys水平的主效应和互作效应,并使用Duncan氏法进行多重比较检验。结果用平均值和均值标准误(SEM)表示,P<0.05表示差异显著。

2 结果

2.1 饲粮不同净能和SID Lys水平对荣昌哺乳母猪繁殖性能的影响

由表2可知,饲粮净能水平对哺乳母猪发情间隔和背膘损失有显著影响(P<0.05),10.21和10.94 MJ/kg净能组哺乳母猪发情间隔和背膘损失显著低于9.48 MJ/kg组(P<0.05);饲粮净能水平对仔猪初生重、28日龄仔猪断奶重、仔猪平均日增重、仔猪断奶存活率和哺乳母猪泌乳量均无显著影响(P>0.05)。饲粮SID Lys水平对哺乳母猪繁殖性能指标均无显著影响(P>0.05)。饲粮净能和SID Lys水平对28日龄仔猪断奶重和仔猪平均日增重有显著交互作用(P<0.05)。当饲粮净能水平为10.21 MJ/kg、SID Lys水平为0.85%时,28日龄仔猪断奶重、仔猪平均日增重和仔猪断奶存活率最大;哺乳母猪泌乳量最高,发情间隔和背膘损失最小。
表2 饲粮不同净能和SID Lys水平对荣昌哺乳母猪繁殖性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of dietary different NE and SID Lys levels on reproductive performance of Rongchang lactating sows

项目
Items		 仔猪初生重
Birth weight of
piglets/kg		 仔猪断奶重
Weaned weight
of piglets/kg		 仔猪平均
日增重
Average daily
gain of piglets/g		 仔猪断奶
存活率
Weaned survival
rate of
piglets/%		 哺乳母猪
发情间隔
Estrus interval of
lactating
sows/d		 哺乳母猪
背膘损失
Backfat loss of
lactating
sows/mm		 哺乳母猪
泌乳量
Milk yield of
lactating
sows/kg
NE/(MJ/kg) SID Lys/%
9.48 0.65 1.04 6.01 177.50 85.41 5.50ab 4.50 110.00
9.48 0.75 1.05 6.08 179.71 87.56 5.83a 4.33 116.89
9.48 0.85 1.00 6.63 200.93 82.02 5.17abc 3.50 112.41
10.21 0.65 1.08 6.19 182.64 84.89 4.83bc 3.50 109.91
10.21 0.75 1.05 6.34 188.93 82.72 4.83bc 3.50 114.68
10.21 0.85 1.08 7.00 211.50 88.45 4.50c 3.17 138.16
10.94 0.65 1.02 6.44 193.36 82.69 5.17abc 3.33 118.13
10.94 0.75 1.10 6.68 199.00 82.80 4.83bc 3.50 119.86
10.94 0.85 1.07 5.77 167.64 86.10 4.67bc 3.50 127.94
SEM 0.05 0.24 7.79 3.29 0.27 0.37 10.72
主效应 Main effects


NE/(MJ/kg)		 9.48 1.03 6.24 186.05 85.00 5.50a 4.11a 113.10
10.21 1.07 6.51 194.36 85.35 4.72b 3.39b 120.91
10.94 1.07 6.29 186.67 83.86 4.89b 3.44b 121.97


SID Lys/%		 0.65 1.05 6.22 184.50 84.33 5.28 3.78 112.68
0.75 1.07 6.37 189.21 84.36 5.13 3.78 117.14
0.85 1.05 6.47 193.36 85.52 4.78 3.39 126.17


P值 P-value		 NE 0.617 0.371 0.357 0.846 0.002 0.036 0.546
SID Lys 0.866 0.460 0.388 0.879 0.133 0.336 0.301
交互作用Interaction 0.768 0.009 0.002 0.496 0.785 0.614 0.700

NE:净能;SID Lys:标准回肠可消化赖氨酸。同列数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。

NE: net energy;SID Lys: standard ileal digestible lysine. In the same column, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below.

2.2 饲粮不同净能和SID Lys水平对荣昌哺乳母猪血清生化指标的影响

由表3可知,饲粮净能水平对血清TP和ALB含量有显著影响(P<0.05),10.94 MJ/kg净能组血清TP含量显著高于9.48 MJ/kg净能组(P<0.05),10.94 MJ/kg净能组血清ALB含量显著高于9.48和10.21 MJ/kg净能组(P<0.05);饲粮净能水平对血清GLO、UN、GLU、CREA和TC含量均无显著影响(P>0.05)。饲粮SID Lys水平对血清TP和ALB含量有显著影响(P<0.05),0.85% SID Lys组血清TP和ALB含量显著高于0.65%和0.75% SID Lys组(P<0.05);饲粮SID Lys水平对血清GLO、UN、GLU、CREA和TC含量均无显著影响(P>0.05)。饲粮净能和SID Lys水平对哺乳母猪血清生化指标均无显著交互作用(P>0.05)。
表3 饲粮不同净能和SID Lys水平对荣昌哺乳母猪血清生化指标的影响

Table 3 Effects of dietary different NE and SID Lys levels on serum biochemical indexes of Rongchang lactating sows

项目
Items		 总蛋白
TP/
(g/L)		 白蛋白
ALB/
(g/L)		 球蛋白
GLO/
(g/L)		 尿氮
UN/
(mmol/L)		 葡萄糖
GLU/
(mmol/L)		 肌酐
CREA/
(μmol/L)		 总胆固醇
TC/
(mmol/L)
NE/(MJ/kg) SID Lys/%
9.48 0.65 68.25c 37.35c 32.43 3.23 3.88 97.73 2.74
9.48 0.75 69.35c 38.33bc 30.95 3.31 2.81 106.15 2.47
9.48 0.85 76.70abc 42.68ab 33.25 3.78 4.19 103.15 2.58
10.21 0.65 69.55c 37.55c 33.43 3.83 3.97 105.93 2.89
10.21 0.75 71.55bc 38.35bc 33.20 3.33 4.59 98.95 2.71
10.21 0.85 79.68ab 43.10ab 36.18 3.57 3.46 109.38 2.59
10.94 0.65 76.98abc 41.53abc 35.18 3.54 3.63 97.18 2.87
10.94 0.75 74.00abc 41.05abc 35.48 3.27 3.23 107.18 2.96
10.94 0.85 80.75a 44.53a 33.78 3.29 3.56 114.23 3.39
SEM 2.75 1.49 2.10 0.33 0.47 4.35 0.32
主效应 Main effects


NE/(MJ/kg)		 9.48 71.43b 39.45b 32.21 3.44 3.63 102.34 2.59
10.21 73.59ab 39.67b 34.27 3.58 4.01 104.75 2.73
10.94 77.24a 42.37a 34.81 3.36 3.47 106.19 3.07


SID Lys/%		 0.65 71.59b 38.81b 33.68 3.53 3.83 100.28 2.83
0.75 71.63b 39.24b 33.21 3.30 3.54 104.09 2.71
0.85 79.04a 43.43a 34.40 3.55 3.74 108.92 2.85


P值 P-value		 NE 0.047 0.042 0.293 0.730 0.362 0.555 0.181
SID Lys 0.003 0.001 0.784 0.602 0.748 0.068 0.847
交互作用Interaction 0.804 0.920 0.781 0.708 0.137 0.183 0.731

2.3 饲粮不同净能和SID Lys水平对荣昌哺乳母猪血清激素指标的影响

由表4可知,饲粮净能水平对血清IGF-Ⅰ含量有显著影响(P<0.05),10.94 MJ/kg净能组血清IGF-Ⅰ含量显著高于9.48和10.21 MJ/kg净能组(P<0.05);饲粮净能水平对血清E2、P和LEP含量均无显著影响(P>0.05)。饲粮SID Lys水平对血清IGF-Ⅰ含量有影响显著(P<0.05),0.85% SID Lys组血清IGF-Ⅰ含量显著高于0.65%和0.75% SID Lys组(P<0.05);饲粮SID Lys水平对血清E2、P和LEP含量均无显著影响(P>0.05)。饲粮净能和SID Lys水平对血清E2、P、IGF-Ⅰ和LEP含量均无显著交互作用(P>0.05)。
表4 饲粮不同净能和SID Lys水平对荣昌哺乳母猪血清激素指标的影响

Table 4 Effects of dietary different NE and SID Lys levels on serum hormone indexes of Rongchang lactating sows

项目
Items		 雌二醇
E2/(pg/mL)		 孕酮
P/(ng/mL)		 类胰岛素样
生长因子-Ⅰ
IGF-Ⅰ/(ng/mL)		 瘦素
LEP/(ng/mL)
NE/(MJ/kg) SID Lys/%
9.48 0.65 25.52 3.83 188.28 6.22
9.48 0.75 23.45 3.34 192.11 6.35
9.48 0.85 20.08 4.11 204.54 6.31
10.21 0.65 18.82 4.09 232.91 6.87
10.21 0.75 21.29 3.63 240.56 6.23
10.21 0.85 17.68 4.20 248.62 6.91
10.94 0.65 18.12 3.75 265.66 8.03
10.94 0.75 20.53 5.01 267.18 6.80
10.94 0.85 19.41 3.56 283.72 6.41
SEM 2.40 0.85 3.48 0.43
主效应 Main effects



NE/(MJ/kg)		 9.48 23.02 3.76 194.98c 6.29
10.21 19.26 3.97 240.70b 6.67
10.94 19.35 4.11 272.19a 7.08



SID Lys/%		 0.65 20.82 3.89 228.95b 7.04
0.75 21.76 3.99 233.28b 6.46
0.85 19.06 3.96 245.63a 6.54


P值 P-value		 NE 0.112 0.881 <0.001 0.098
SID Lys 0.390 0.988 <0.001 0.215
交互作用Interaction 0.676 0.671 0.806 0.215

2.4 饲粮不同净能和SID Lys水平对荣昌哺乳母猪血清抗氧化和免疫指标的影响

由表5可知,饲粮净能水平对血清T-AOC和IgA、IgG、IgM含量有影响显著(P<0.05),10.94 MJ/kg净能组血清T-AOC和IgM含量显著高于9.48和10.21 MJ/kg净能组(P<0.05),10.21 MJ/kg净能组血清IgA含量显著高于9.48和10.94 MJ/kg净能组(P<0.05),10.21和10.94 MJ/kg净能组血清IgG含量显著高于9.48 MJ/kg净能组(P<0.05);饲粮净能水平对血清GSH、MDA含量和T-SOD、CAT活性均无显著影响(P>0.05)。饲粮SID Lys水平对血清T-AOC有显著影响(P<0.05),0.85% SID Lys组血清T-AOC显著高于0.65%和0.75% SID Lys组(P<0.05);饲粮SID Lys水平对血清GSH、MDA、IgA、IgG、IgM含量和T-SOD、CAT活性均无显著影响(P>0.05)。饲粮净能和SID Lys水平对血清IgG和IgM含量存在显著交互作用(P<0.05);饲粮净能水平为10.94 MJ/kg、SID Lys水平为0.85%时血清IgG含量最高,饲粮净能水平为10.21 MJ/kg、SID Lys水平为0.85%时血清IgM含量最高。
表5 饲粮不同净能和SID Lys水平对荣昌哺乳母猪血清抗氧化和免疫指标的影响

Table 5 Effects of dietary different NE and SID Lys levels on serum antioxidant and immune indexes of Rongchang lactating sows

项目
Items		 还原型
谷胱甘肽
GSH/
(μg/mL)		 丙二醛
MDA/
(nmol/mL)		 总抗氧
化能力
T-AOC/
(μmol/mL)		 总超氧化
物歧化酶
T-SOD/
(U/mL)		 过氧化氢酶
CAT/
(U/mL)		 免疫球
蛋白A
IgA/
(mg/mL)		 免疫球
蛋白G
IgG/
(mg/mL)		 免疫球
蛋白M
IgM/
(mg/mL)
NE/(MJ/kg) SID Lys/%
9.48 0.65 102.97 2.04 0.15d 82.25 1.11 1.16 23.12c 1.83c
9.48 0.75 127.12 1.96 0.21bcd 82.19 1.22 1.07 24.49bc 2.48b
9.48 0.85 113.10 1.85 0.24abc 81.65 1.39 1.15 20.40d 1.80c
10.21 0.65 118.44 2.10 0.16d 81.72 1.08 1.25 25.84ab 2.17c
10.21 0.75 125.68 1.76 0.20cd 79.63 1.58 1.23 25.21ab 2.60b
10.21 0.85 146.09 1.42 0.28a 84.78 1.54 1.27 26.04ab 3.38a
10.94 0.65 112.20 1.88 0.27ab 83.23 1.25 1.08 24.77abc 3.33a
10.94 0.75 108.20 1.96 0.27ab 83.14 1.36 1.16 25.74ab 2.89ab
10.94 0.85 126.45 2.13 0.29a 80.84 1.11 1.11 26.38a 2.97ab
SEM 20.78 0.25 0.02 1.64 0.16 0.06 0.57 0.16
主效应 Main effects


NE/(MJ/kg)		 9.48 114.39 1.95 0.20b 82.03 1.24 1.13b 22.67b 2.04c
10.21 130.07 1.76 0.21b 82.04 1.40 1.25a 25.70a 2.72b
10.94 115.62 1.99 0.28a 82.40 1.24 1.12b 25.63a 3.06a


SID Lys/%		 0.65 111.20 2.01 0.19b 82.40 1.15 1.16 24.58 2.44
0.75 120.33 1.89 0.23b 81.65 1.39 1.15 25.15 2.66
0.85 128.55 1.80 0.27a 82.43 1.35 1.18 24.27 2.72


P值 P-value		 NE 0.596 0.501 <0.001 0.951 0.361 0.023 <0.001 <0.001
SID Lys 0.599 0.604 <0.001 0.808 0.149 0.896 0.182 0.108
交互作用Interaction 0.905 0.483 0.127 0.221 0.298 0.750 0.001 <0.001

3 讨论

3.1 饲粮不同净能和SID Lys水平对荣昌哺乳母猪繁殖性能的影响

背膘损失是评估母猪体况的一项重要指标[16]。研究证实,适量提高饲粮能量水平,可减少母猪背膘损失[17],缩短母猪发情间隔[18-19]。Hong等[20]用不同代谢能和赖氨酸水平饲粮饲喂“长×大”二元哺乳母猪,发现高能量饲粮可显著减少母猪背膘损失,但赖氨酸水平对母猪背膘损失无显著影响。Thomas等[21]的研究也证实,饲粮赖氨酸水平对母猪背膘损失影响不显著。本试验结果表明,提高饲粮净能水平可降低荣昌哺乳母猪背膘损失,缩短母猪发情间隔;但饲粮SID Lys水平对母猪繁殖性能无显著影响。
不同品种母猪在能量和赖氨酸的需求上有所不同。Park等[22]研究发现,“长×大”二元母猪哺乳期代谢能水平为14.08 MJ/kg时可获得较高繁殖性能。Liu等[23]以繁殖性能和乳成分为指标,得出初产、经产大白哺乳母猪适宜饲粮SID Lys水平分别为1.14%、0.94%。前人研究指出,荣昌哺乳母猪饲粮SID Lys适宜水平为0.83%~0.89%[15]。而本试验结果表明,哺乳期饲粮净能水平为10.21 MJ/kg、SID Lys水平为0.85%时,母猪繁殖性能最佳。不同遗传背景母猪在营养需要上存在差异,因此,对荣昌母猪进行精准营养供给可充分挖掘和发挥其繁殖潜力。

3.2 饲粮不同净能和SID Lys水平对荣昌哺乳母猪血清生化指标的影响

动物机体健康状况和新陈代谢情况可以通过血清生化指标来反映[24]。血清TP是机体蛋白质代谢的一项重要指标,ALB是血清总蛋白的主要成分,在某种程度上可以用来评估机体的营养状况[25]。赵世明等[26]和黄金秀等[15]的试验均证实,提高饲粮赖氨酸水平,母猪泌乳期血清ALB含量显著增加;而何若钢等[27]研究则发现,增加能量摄入量可显著提高后备特种野母猪血清TP和ALB含量,但对血清UN、GLU和TC含量无显著影响。
本试验结果表明,随着饲粮净能和SID Lys水平的提高,泌乳母猪血清TP和ALB含量显著增加,血清UN、GLU和TC含量均无显著变化,与前人结果类似。但也有研究发现,不同代谢能和赖氨酸水平饲粮对初产母猪妊娠期和泌乳期血清TP含量均无显著影响[20],这可能和母猪品种和胎次不同有关。

3.3 饲粮不同净能和SID Lys水平对荣昌哺乳母猪血清激素指标的影响

母猪的生殖活动受到多种激素的调控,激素水平的高低能够在一定程度上反映出母猪体况。IGF-Ⅰ是一类主要来源于肝脏的多肽,它不仅能促进细胞分化、增殖,还能发挥胰岛素样作用[28]。前人研究表明,随着饲粮能量水平的提高,母猪血清IGF-Ⅰ含量显著增加[29-30]。Xue等[12]研究发现,“长×大”二元哺乳母猪血清IGF-Ⅰ含量随着饲粮SID Lys水平的提高而显著增加。本试验结果也证实,哺乳母猪血清IGF-Ⅰ含量随着饲粮净能和SID Lys水平的提高而显著增加。但也有研究发现,饲喂哺乳母猪不同能量和赖氨酸水平饲粮对母猪血清激素指标影响不显著[31],这可能与饲粮能量和赖氨酸水平的高低及母猪品种有关。

3.4 饲粮不同净能和SID Lys水平对荣昌哺乳母猪血清抗氧化和免疫指标的影响

在哺乳期间,由于母猪机体分解代谢能力较强,自由基产生较多,极易导致机体发生氧化应激,过多的氧化物容易造成机体氧化还原能力失调,从而导致哺乳期采食量下降、仔猪生长发育减缓等[32]。T-AOC、MDA、T-SOD和CAT是判断机体抗氧化能力的几个重要指标[33]。本试验结果表明,饲粮净能和SID Lys水平对血清T-AOC有显著影响,且均为高水平组显著高于低水平组,但对其他抗氧化指标无显著影响。T-AOC反映了体内多种抗氧化分子的总体水平及机体的健康状况,说明高水平净能和SID Lys可改善母猪的健康状况。
免疫球蛋白主要参与机体免疫反应,可维持机体稳定并保护机体免受疾病侵袭[34]。Gu等[2]研究发现,随着饲粮净能水平的增加,“长×大”二元哺乳母猪血浆IgM含量呈线性增加。本试验结果显示,高净能水平组母猪血清IgG和IgM含量显著高于低净能水平组,推测高能量饲粮可促进母猪机体抗原产生免疫应答产物,从而改善母猪机体免疫功能。饲粮SID Lys水平对哺乳母猪免疫球蛋白含量均无显著影响,与黄金秀等[15]试验结果一致。

4 结论

饲粮净能水平对荣昌哺乳母猪繁殖性能和血清免疫指标的影响大于饲粮SID Lys水平;饲粮净能水平为10.21 MJ/kg、SID Lys水平为0.85%时,荣昌哺乳母猪繁殖性能最佳。

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