REVIEW

Research Progress on Regulation of Intestinal Health of Aquatic Animals by Branched-Chain Amino Acids

  • ZHANG Jiabang , 1, 2 ,
  • FAN Ze 1, 3 ,
  • WANG Liansheng , 1, * ,
  • LI Chenhui 1, 3
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  • 1 Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China
  • 2 School of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
  • 3 Inspection and Testing Center for Fishery Environment and Aquatic Products(Harbin), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150070, China
*professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2024-12-03

  Online published: 2025-08-14

Abstract

Intestinal health of aquatic animals are very crucial in aquaculture. As essential amino acids of aquatic animals, branched-chain amino acids play an important role in their growth, intestinal immunity, intestinal flora. Especially under the background of the development of novel protein sources and the development of low protein and low fishmeal feed, the research on branched-chain amino acid nutrition of aquatic animals has gradually attracted attention. However, both deficiency and excess of single branched-chain amino acid can affect intestinal health of aquatic animals. In this paper, the physicochemical properties of branched-chain amino acids and their effects on intestinal health were reviewed in order to provide theoretical basis and reference for the application of branched-chain amino acids in aquaculture.

Cite this article

ZHANG Jiabang , FAN Ze , WANG Liansheng , LI Chenhui . Research Progress on Regulation of Intestinal Health of Aquatic Animals by Branched-Chain Amino Acids[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2025 , 37(8) : 4957 -4965 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2025.405

氨基酸是促进水产动物生长发育、提高其生产性能及免疫力的关键营养物质,氨基酸缺乏会对其生理功能造成严重影响[1]。研究表明,水产动物需要9~10种必需氨基酸维持其基本的生理活动,每一种必需氨基酸的缺失或不足都会导致其饲料系数上升或生长性能下降[2],这表明水产动物必须从摄食中得到足够的氨基酸来满足其生长的需要。在必需氨基酸中,支链氨基酸(branched-chain amino acids, BCAAs)比例高达40%,其合理的添加和搭配对水产动物的生长发育具有重要意义。支链氨基酸包括亮氨酸、缬氨酸和异亮氨酸,因其分子结构中碳链都有1个或多个分支,所以将其称为支链氨基酸[3]。支链氨基酸不能靠自身合成,必须从饲料中获取,占动物蛋白质氨基酸总量的18%~20%[4],且由于侧链结构相似,在体内代谢过程中会竞争载体,从而形成吸收拮抗[5]。而这种拮抗作用在陆生生物中较为显著,在水产动物研究中尚未有定论[6]。支链氨基酸不仅能促进动物肌肉蛋白质合成,提高机体免疫、抗氧化功能,也在肠道健康方面起关键性作用[7]。肠道健康是一个笼统的概念,主要是指肠道内环境稳定和良好的状态,包括肠道菌群的平衡、免疫系统的正常运作、肠道黏膜的完整性和消化吸收功能正常等[8]。所以在整个水产养殖业中,对水产动物肠道健康调控研究及实践显得尤为重要。虽然在水产动物中有关支链氨基酸的需求及影响有较多研究,但对其肠道健康方面缺乏系统总结。本文结合多年来相关的研究报道,从支链氨基酸对水产动物肠道形态、抗氧化能力、消化能力、免疫屏障及拮抗作用这几方面进行系统阐述,为今后支链氨基酸在水产动物中的应用和研究提供参考。

1 支链氨基酸的结构与功能

1.1 异亮氨酸

异亮氨酸,又名2-氨基-3-甲基戊酸,是动物体内必需氨基酸之一。其侧链结构和其他2种支链氨基酸相同[9-10],但其理化性质和亮氨酸区别较大[11]。异亮氨酸有不同的异构体,但只有L-异亮氨酸具有营养价值。
异亮氨酸在动物体内有重要作用,能够增强动物肠道消化吸收及抗氧化能力,修复受损细胞,调节葡萄糖代谢和转运等[12]。异亮氨酸在肠道被消化吸收后,其主要代谢场所在肌肉及脑组织等部位[13]。异亮氨酸经肌肉等组织提取后,被转运载体输送到细胞内,在支链氨基酸转氨酶(branched-chain amino acid transaminases, BCAT)的作用下经过复杂的催化分解后生成谷氨酸从而被机体吸收[14]。此外,由于异亮氨酸生糖兼生酮特性,到达肝脏后,被降解为乙酰辅酶A和丙酰辅酶A,最后进入三羧酸循环,从而影响三大营养素之间的转化[15]。异亮氨酸还可以代替亮氨酸参与蛋白质合成,由于异亮氨酸构型更小,因此它能更快地通过细胞膜进入蛋白质合成系统,从而提高蛋白质合成效率[16]

1.2 亮氨酸

亮氨酸,又名2-氨-4-甲基戊酸,有左旋、右旋、消旋3种异构体,纯化后为白色晶体,是一种非极性氨基酸[17]。亮氨酸作为必需氨基酸[18],和异亮氨酸、缬氨酸一样,不能在体内靠其他物质转化或者合成,只能从食物中获取[19]。其主要在骨骼肌被支链氨基酸脱氢酶氧化,分解脱出α-氨基,作为原料参与蛋白质合成[20-21]。此外,亮氨酸还能刺激胰岛细胞释放胰岛素,从而调控机体葡萄糖平衡[22]。同时通过激活雷帕霉素靶蛋白(TOR)信号通路,影响机体免疫、能量代谢和蛋白质合成功能[23]。在动物特殊条件下(饥饿、应激、寒冷)还能直接分解供能,促进和调节糖异生和内分泌水平,保护心肌,以及强化肌肉细胞增殖分化,进而改善动物生长[24]

1.3 缬氨酸

缬氨酸,又名2-氨基-3-甲基丁酸,有LD型2种异构体,具有旋光性,无臭,味微甜而后有特殊苦味。在光、热及空气中不易分解。缬氨酸是动物体内必需的生糖氨基酸。缺乏缬氨酸会对哺乳动物生理功能,尤其是神经运转功能造成严重影响[25]。此外,缬氨酸在体内通过调控葡萄糖转运蛋白的运转调节葡萄糖代谢水平[26],从而促进胰岛素释放,减缓肥胖引起的胰岛素抵抗。同时缬氨酸通过增强体内抗氧化酶和溶菌酶的活性[27]以及增加血清中谷胱甘肽的含量,从而提高机体抗氧化能力[28]。在调控免疫方面,缬氨酸能够提高生物体巨噬细胞吞噬病原体的能力,进而调节免疫细胞及肠道免疫活性因子来提高机体整体免疫水平,改善肠道免疫功能。

2 支链氨基酸对水产动物肠道健康的影响

2.1 支链氨基酸对水产动物肠道消化酶活性的影响

肠道消化吸收功能是肠道健康的重要组成部分,也是水产动物充分利用营养物质的基本保障[8],而肠道消化酶活性是评价水产动物消化吸收的重要指标,直接影响其对饲料营养物质消化吸收及利用能力[29]。除水产动物肝胰腺分泌消化酶外,某些肠道微生物也能分泌蛋白酶、磷酸酶等,而鱼类肠道中的纤维素酶主要由肠道菌群提供[30]
适量支链氨基酸可增强水产动物肠道消化酶活性,进而增强吸收和利用营养物质的能力。在对吉富罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)[31]的研究中发现,饲料中分别添加1.7%异亮氨酸和2.3%亮氨酸能显著提高肠道脂肪酶、淀粉酶和蛋白酶的活性,尤其对蛋白酶及脂肪酶提升作用较大。在对卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)[32]的研究中也有相似发现,添加1.81%~2.07%异亮氨酸可显著提高肠道脂肪酶、淀粉酶和蛋白酶活性。当饲料中缬氨酸水平在1.33%~1.45%时,显著提高了幼建鲤(Cyprinus carpio var.Jian)肠道蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性[33],这和虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)[34]的研究结果类似。此外,异亮氨酸还显著增加了仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus Selenka)[35]、三倍体虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)[36]和牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)[37]肠道酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶活性,碱性磷酸酶能水解大部分焦磷酸酯键和单磷酸酯键,从而促进机体对钙、磷等物质的吸收。
相关研究表明,3种支链氨基酸对消化酶活性的调控存在交互作用。在仿刺参的研究中发现,亮氨酸和异亮氨酸之间存在交互作用,显著影响了肠道消化酶活性,且由于亮氨酸包膜结构能减缓消化道吸收速度,从而增强了游离氨基酸、蛋白氨基酸等不同形态氨基酸的同步吸收能力[38]。这种交互作用对水产动物肠道影响的原因可能是其进入肠道后,可以让肠道表皮生长因子及受体的活性表达上调,并通过体内复杂生化反应刺激肠道绒毛发育并维持细胞膜之间的完整性及流动性,从而提高肠道消化吸收能力[39]。此外,当异亮氨酸不足时,缬氨酸为蛋白质合成提供更多的作用,影响肠道微生物菌群之间的平衡,进而增强肠道消化酶的活性[40]。也有研究证明,高水平异亮氨酸和缬氨酸可促进支链氨基酸之间平衡,为合成谷氨酸及谷酰胺提供氮源和碳源[41]

2.2 支链氨基酸对水产动物肠道抗氧化能力的影响

水产动物的抗氧化能力和其自身免疫反应息息相关。在体内主要通过超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶等抗氧化酶实现,能清除肠道活性氧,减轻肠道损伤[42]。丙二醛间接反映了肠道受损伤程度和机体抗氧化能力,在抗氧化过程中起着重要作用[43]。在饲料中添加1.12%异亮氨酸可显著提高仿刺参肠道超氧化物歧化酶及过氧化氢酶活性,降低了丙二醛含量,减轻了组织氧化程度[44]。此外,当饲料异亮氨酸水平在1.40%~1.49%时显著提高了草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)肠道非酶抗氧化剂谷胱甘肽的含量,从而增强其肠道非酶抗氧化能力[45]。肠道中过量的活性氧会破坏肠道上皮细胞的完整性,造成氧化损伤[46-47]。在牙鲆[47]和吉富罗非鱼[48]的研究中表明,异亮氨酸和亮氨酸可降低组织蛋白质及脂肪氧化产物——蛋白质羰基和丙二醛含量,从而抑制肠道脂质和蛋白质氧化,提高上皮细胞的完整性,这一结果和鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)研究结果[49]相似。除上述研究外,在对虹鳟的研究中发现,饲料中添加1.81%缬氨酸显著提高肠道中超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性,有效清除自由基,降低脂质过氧化[34]
有研究证明,支链氨基酸提高抗氧化酶活性可能与其信使核糖核酸(mRNA)有关,通过上调mRNA表达增强抗氧化能力,而mRNA表达主要受到各种信号分子调控[50]。异亮氨酸影响了鲤鱼肠道中核因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)、核呼吸因子1(Nrf1)和Kelch样环氧氯丙烷相关蛋白1(Keap1)等信号分子表达[40]。缬氨酸上调了大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)肠道中Nrf2的信号通路相关基因的表达[39]。而Nrf2调节细胞核中各种抗氧化酶的转录,如过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶等[51]。在陆生动物中,Keap1将Nrf2保留在细胞质中并阻止Nrf2核易位[52],在对小鼠的研究中发现Keap1基因下调增加Nrf2核转位,诱导抗氧化基因转录,抗氧化酶基因表达增强可能部分是由于通过抑制Keap2基因表达促进Nrf1核易位[53]

2.3 支链氨基酸对水产动物肠道免疫屏障的影响

2.3.1 支链氨基酸对水产动物肠道化学屏障的影响

肠道作为水产动物重要免疫器官,能分泌许多抗菌物质,如溶菌酶、抗菌肽、酸性磷酸酶及免疫球蛋白等,在保护肠道黏膜及调控肠道免疫功能等方面起到关键作用[54-55]。缺乏支链氨基酸会对水产动物肠道、肝胰腺、鳃等器官免疫功能产生负面影响,从而降低免疫相关酶活、抗炎因子基因的表达[18]。研究发现,饲料中添加1.2%异亮氨酸显著提高了鲶鱼(Silurus asotus)肠道中酸性磷酸酶及溶菌酶活性,改善了肠道免疫状态[56]。此外,异亮氨酸促进了卵形鲳鲹肠道免疫球蛋白及补体(C)3、C4合成,提高了其特异性免疫功能[32]。对草鱼幼鱼的研究表明,饲料中添加1.29%亮氨酸[57]和1.47%缬氨酸[58]能显著提高其肠道酸性磷酸酶、溶菌酶活性及C3的含量,预防肠道炎症的发生。

2.3.2 支链氨基酸对水产动物肠道物理屏障的影响

水产动物的肠道结构完整性和肠道物理屏障联系紧密,而细胞间物理屏障主要由闭锁小带蛋白-1(ZO-1)、闭锁小带蛋白-2(ZO-2)及跨膜蛋白(Claudin)等紧密连接蛋白组成[59]。在对杂交鲶鱼(Pelteobagrus vachelli×Leiocassis longirostris)的研究中发现,当饲料异亮氨酸水平在1.24%时,显著提高了其肠道中ZO-1、ZO-2和跨膜蛋白7(Claudin7)mRNA的表达[56]。此外,肠道物理屏障和炎症紧密相关[54]。肠道炎症由炎症因子主导,如白细胞介素-8(IL-8)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)及肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)等[60]。机体通过分泌抗炎因子白细胞介素-10(IL-10)和转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)抑制促炎因子产生,降低机体损伤[61]IL-8、TNF-α等促炎因子表达增加对肠道紧密连接蛋白产生负面影响,从而破坏肠道完整性。在对三倍体虹鳟的研究中发现,饲料中添加2.2%缬氨酸显著降低其肠道中促炎因子IL-8、IL-1βTNF-α表达量[62]。在草鱼的研究中发现,饲料中添加1.44%缬氨酸可显著降低肠道IL-8和TNF-α表达量,同时显著提高IL-10和TGF-β表达量[63]
目前,支链氨基酸调控水产动物肠道炎症反应的机制尚不明确。陆生动物的研究表明,炎症因子及抗炎因子表达和哺乳动物雷帕霉素蛋白(mTOR)信号表达之间关系密切。缬氨酸可提高mTOR信号表达,而mTOR信号表达和IL-10、TGF-β表达呈正相关,和IL-8、TNF-α 表达呈负相关[64],表明缬氨酸降低炎症因子及上调抗炎因子表达可能和提高肠道mTOR信号表达有关。在猪肠上皮细胞研究中发现,缬氨酸参与了谷氨酰胺合成[65],而谷氨酰胺提高了建鲤肠道mTOR表达[66]。因此,未来研究可着重探讨支链氨基酸mTOR信号通路-炎症反应的链式关系。

2.3.3 支链氨基酸对水产动物肠道生物屏障的影响

肠道微生物是水产动物肠道重要组成部分,能分泌多种消化酶,促进代谢、抗炎,从而影响机体对营养物质的吸收[67]。肠道菌群之间的复杂作用使动物体内形成了稳定的生态关系[68],当平衡被打破或菌群组成发生变化时,大量有害菌繁殖导致有益菌数量急剧降低,严重影响机体代谢功能,引起各种疾病[69]。在对鲤的研究中发现,异亮氨酸和缬氨酸对其肠道中乳酸菌、芽孢杆菌等有益菌生长有促进作用,并抑制单细胞菌属及大肠杆菌等有害菌繁殖,维持肠道菌群的平衡[70-72]。此外,异亮氨酸可增加肠道紧密连接蛋白的分布[47],形成黏液层为细菌群提供黏附位点,从而强化肠道保护机制[73]。肠道微生物失衡还与肠道炎症有关[74],炎症环境下诱导水产动物肠道内产生活性氮和氧,导致厌氧菌大量繁殖[75-76]。在对大菱鲆的研究中发现,亮氨酸可增加其肠道菌群的多样性,显著降低弧菌属和假单胞菌属数量,提高乳酸菌等厚壁菌门数量,从而降低诱发溃疡综合征及出血性败血症的可能性[77]

3 支链氨基酸之间的拮抗作用对水产动物肠道健康的影响

在水产动物中,支链氨基酸之间存在明显的拮抗作用,饲料中过量或单一的支链氨基酸会对其生长和消化等带来负面影响。在对牙鲆的研究中发现,当饲料中异亮氨酸水平低于2%,缬氨酸水平低于2.27%时显著降低了牙鲆肠道脂肪酶活性[36]。另一项研究表明,当饲料异亮氨酸水平为1.44%,亮氨酸水平为5.08%时,显著提高了牙鲆的生长性能和肠道蛋白酶活性,而当饲料中异亮氨酸水平提高到4.40%,亮氨酸水平降低到2.58%时,牙鲆肠道脂肪酶活性却显著高于其余各组[78]。此外,支链氨基酸之间的拮抗作用并不会对所有水产动物肠道健康产生影响。在对河鲀(Tetraodontidae)的研究中发现,饲料中过量或缺乏异亮氨酸、亮氨酸和缬氨酸不会对其生长性能和肠道消化酶活性造成影响[79],这和大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)[80]的研究结果相似。目前关于支链氨基酸之间的拮抗作用对水产动物的影响主要集中在生长性能等方面,对肠道健康影响的研究较少,且也都集中在肠道消化等方向,对其余层面的影响有待后续进一步研究。

4 小结

综上所述,添加适量单一支链氨基酸可以提高水产动物肠道健康。但是目前支链氨基酸的研究主要集中在畜禽方面,在水产动物方面的研究仍然有限,且都局限在添加单一支链氨基酸,相关指标过于单一,许多机制及其之间的关系也尚不明确,如拮抗作用、代谢、供能等。因此,未来关于支链氨基酸在水产动物中的研究可以重点关注以下几个方面:1)在研究过程中可以从多个方面筛选更有针对性的指标,并进一步明确支链氨基酸调控水产动物肠道健康的相关机理;2)以肠道健康指标为评价依据对水产动物支链氨基酸需求量进行研究,确定饲料中不同支链氨基酸配比对水产动物肠道的影响;3)深入研究支链氨基酸之间拮抗作用对水产动物肠道健康的影响,从肠道微生物、消化、免疫、抗氧化等多个方面进行多方位探究,确定不同水产动物饲料中最佳支链氨基酸配比,为调配水产养殖饲料提供更详细、更高效的科学依据。
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