1 材料与方法
1.1 仪器设备
1.2 试验设计
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目Items | 含量Content |
|---|---|
| 原料Ingredients | |
| 玉米Corn | 62.00 |
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 23.00 |
| 小麦麸Wheat bran | 3.70 |
| 石粉Limestone | 9.50 |
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 0.80 |
| DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met | 0.20 |
| 沸石粉Zeolite powder | 0.11 |
| 食盐NaCl | 0.30 |
| 预混料Premix1) | 0.39 |
| 合计Total | 100.00 |
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |
| 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) | 10.98 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 14.73 |
| 钙Ca | 4.07 |
| 总磷TP | 0.51 |
| 有效磷AP | 0.21 |
| 赖氨酸Lys | 0.79 |
| 蛋氨酸Met | 0.45 |
| 蛋氨酸+胱氨酸Met+Cys | 0.71 |
| 色氨酸Trp | 0.17 |
| 苏氨酸Thr | 0.59 |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供The premix provided the following per kg of the diet:VA 8 000 IU,VB1 1.05 mg,VB2 8.52 mg,VB6 8.07 mg,VB12 3 mg,VD3 450 IU,VE 15 IU,VC 99 mg,泛酸钙 calcium pantothenate 50.18 mg,生物素 biotin 1.95 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.50 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 29.70 mg,植酸酶 phytase 100 mg,氯化胆碱 choline chloride (50%) 1 000 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 8.03 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 60 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 65.03 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 66.10 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 1.09 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.31 mg。 |
图1 100 μg/mL标准品HPLC色谱图(A)与淫羊藿提取物溶液HPLC色谱图(B)Sig:信号 signal; Ref:参考 reference;1:朝藿定A epimedin A;2:朝藿定B epimedin B;3:朝藿定C epimedin C;4:淫羊藿苷 icariin;5:箭藿苷A sagittatoside A;6:箭藿苷B sagittatoside B;7:鼠李糖基淫羊藿次苷Ⅱ 2'-O-rhamnosylicariside Ⅱ;8:宝藿苷Ⅰ baohuoside Ⅰ;9:淫羊藿素 icaritin。 Fig.1 HPLC chromatograms of 100 μg/mL standard (A) and Epimedium extract solution (B) |
表2 淫羊藿提取物活性成分及含量Table 2 Active components and contents of Epimedium extracts mg/g |
| 项目Items | 含量Content |
|---|---|
| 朝藿定A Epimedin A | 26.612 |
| 朝藿定B Epimedin B | 58.620 |
| 朝藿定C Epimedin C | 101.313 |
| 淫羊藿苷Icariin | 200.811 |
| 箭藿苷A Sagittatoside A | 3.942 |
| 箭藿苷B Sagittatoside B | 5.412 |
| 鼠李糖基淫羊藿次苷Ⅱ 2'-O-rhamnosylicariside Ⅱ | 11.465 |
| 宝藿苷Ⅰ Baohuoside Ⅰ | 19.711 |
| 淫羊藿素Icaritin | 8.259 |
1.3 饲养管理
1.4 指标测定与方法
1.4.1 生产性能测定
1.4.2 蛋品质测定
1.4.3 血清骨代谢相关指标测定
1.4.4 股骨和胫骨骨指数测定
骨指数=骨重(g)/活体重(kg)。
1.4.5 骨强度测定
1.4.6 股骨骨密度及骨矿物质含量测定
1.4.7 骨组织微观结构观察
1.4.8 蛋鸡骨相关基因表达测定
表3 实时荧光定量PCR引物Table 3 Primers for RT-qPCR |
| 基因 Genes | 登录号 Accession No. | 引物序列 Primer sequences (5'—3') |
|---|---|---|
| β-肌动蛋白 β-actin | NM_205518.1 | F: CACGATCATGTTTGAGACCTT R: CATCACAATACCAGTGGTACG |
| Runt相关转录因子2 Runx2 | NM_204128.2 | F: GATTACAGACCCCAGGCAGG R: TGGCTCAAGTAGGACGGGTA |
| 骨保护素 OPG | NM_001033641.2 | F: GTTCCTACTCGTTTCACACC R: GCTCTTGTGAACTGTGCCTTTG |
| 骨形态发生蛋白2 BMP2 | NM_001398170.1 | F: TCAGCTCAGGCCGTTGTTAG R: GTCATTCCACCCCACGTCAT |
| 骨形态发生蛋白4 BMP4 | NM_205237.4 | F: AGTGATGAAGCCGCTGTCG R: GCCCTGATGAGTCTGTGCC |
| 核因子-κB受体活化因子配体 RANKL | NM_001083361.1 | F: CACGATCATGTTTGAGACCTT R: CATCACAATACCAGTGGTACG |
| SMAD家族成员4 Smad4 | XM_040652581.2 | F: CGCAGTGTTCGTGCAGAGTT R: GCCGCAGGTCAAACACCTTA |
1.5 数据统计分析
2 结果
2.1 淫羊藿提取物对产蛋后期蛋鸡生产性能的影响
表4 淫羊藿提取物对产蛋后期蛋鸡生产性能的影响Table 4 Effects of Epimedium extract on performance of laying hens during late laying period |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 淫羊藿提取物组 Epimedium extract group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 产蛋率Laying rate/% | |||
| 62~65周龄62 to 65 weeks of age | 92.147±1.107b | 95.166±0.501a | 0.032 |
| 66~69周龄66 to 69 weeks of age | 88.342±2.134 | 92.997±1.061 | 0.090 |
| 70~76周龄70 to 76 weeks of age | 87.918±1.989 | 91.717±0.837 | 0.118 |
| 平均蛋重Average egg weight/g | |||
| 62~65周龄62 to 65 weeks of age | 63.698±0.611 | 65.029±0.466 | 0.114 |
| 66~69周龄66 to 69 weeks of age | 64.217±0.614 | 65.081±0.640 | 0.353 |
| 70~76周龄70 to 76 weeks of age | 64.670±0.852 | 65.828±0.403 | 0.247 |
| 破蛋率Egg breaking rate/% | |||
| 62~65周龄62 to 65 weeks of age | 2.001±0.348 | 1.465±0.094 | 0.162 |
| 66~69周龄66 to 69 weeks of age | 3.050±0.494 | 1.914±0.365 | 0.094 |
| 70~76周龄70 to 76 weeks of age | 3.596±0.528 | 2.027±0.578 | 0.073 |
| 平均日采食量ADFI/g | |||
| 62~65周龄62 to 65 weeks of age | 132.888±1.334 | 135.044±2.058 | 0.400 |
| 66~69周龄66 to 69 weeks of age | 131.156±1.441 | 128.674±1.086 | 0.199 |
| 70~76周龄70 to 76 weeks of age | 135.067±2.056 | 131.639±1.039 | 0.178 |
| 料蛋比Feed/egg | |||
| 62~65周龄62 to 65 weeks of age | 2.266±0.028 | 2.183±0.034 | 0.092 |
| 66~69周龄66 to 69 weeks of age | 2.317±0.041a | 2.159±0.026b | 0.009 |
| 70~76周龄70 to 76 weeks of age | 2.345±0.039a | 2.226±0.015b | 0.016 |
同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 淫羊藿提取物对产蛋后期蛋鸡蛋品质的影响
表5 淫羊藿提取物对产蛋后期蛋鸡蛋品质的影响Table 5 Effects of Epimedium extract on egg quality of laying hens during late laying period |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 淫羊藿提取物组 Epimedium extract group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 蛋壳厚度Eggshell thickness/mm | |||
| 65周龄65 weeks of age | 0.369±0.005 | 0.375±0.005 | 0.470 |
| 69周龄69 weeks of age | 0.398±0.019 | 0.404±0.013 | 0.265 |
| 76周龄76 weeks of age | 0.365±0.005 | 0.377±0.005 | 0.097 |
| 蛋壳强度Eggshell strength/N | |||
| 65周龄65 weeks of age | 37.220±1.831 | 37.561±0.987 | 0.871 |
| 69周龄69 weeks of age | 35.794±1.500 | 36.046±0.814 | 0.883 |
| 76周龄76 weeks of age | 35.766±1.200 | 35.998±1.468 | 0.903 |
| 蛋壳重量Eggshell weight/g | |||
| 65周龄65 weeks of age | 5.981±0.100 | 6.097±0.111 | 0.442 |
| 69周龄69 weeks of age | 5.803±0.117 | 5.875±0.083 | 0.619 |
| 76周龄76 weeks of age | 5.773±0.091 | 5.961±0.100 | 0.173 |
| 蛋白高度Albumen height/mm | |||
| 65周龄65 weeks of age | 6.750±0.252 | 6.772±0.235 | 0.949 |
| 69周龄69 weeks of age | 5.828±0.220b | 6.450±0.209a | 0.048 |
| 76周龄76 weeks of age | 5.934±0.203b | 6.556±0.172a | 0.026 |
| 哈氏单位Haugh unit | |||
| 65周龄65 weeks of age | 81.089±1.779 | 80.889±1.422 | 0.931 |
| 69周龄69 weeks of age | 74.975±1.522b | 79.389±1.188a | 0.029 |
| 76周龄76 weeks of age | 75.369±1.037b | 78.883±0.909a | 0.016 |
| 蛋形指数Egg shape index | |||
| 65周龄65 weeks of age | 1.321±0.012 | 1.310±0.010 | 0.500 |
| 69周龄69 weeks of age | 1.305±0.010 | 1.304±0.013 | 0.944 |
| 76周龄76 weeks of age | 1.329±0.009 | 1.313±0.009 | 0.201 |
| 蛋黄比例Egg yolk ratio/% | |||
| 65周龄65 weeks of age | 25.949±0.464 | 25.895±0.450 | 0.933 |
| 69周龄69 weeks of age | 28.768±0.380 | 28.285±0.481 | 0.437 |
| 76周龄76 weeks of age | 28.106±0.508 | 28.454±0.842 | 0.706 |
2.3 淫羊藿提取物对产蛋后期蛋鸡血清骨相关指标的影响
表6 淫羊藿提取物对产蛋后期蛋鸡血清骨相关指标的影响Table 6 Effects of Epimedium extract on serum bone-related indexes of laying hens during late laying period |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 淫羊藿提取物组 Epimedium extract group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 骨钙素BGP/(ng/mL) | |||
| 65周龄65 weeks of age | 0.387±0.065 | 0.305±0.036 | 0.297 |
| 69周龄69 weeks of age | 0.361±0.033 | 0.268±0.033 | 0.075 |
| 76周龄76 weeks of age | 0.626±0.079a | 0.429±0.037b | 0.048 |
| 抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶TRAP/(U/mL) | |||
| 65周龄65 weeks of age | 5.225±0.464 | 5.213±0.980 | 0.992 |
| 69周龄69 weeks of age | 5.510±0.480 | 4.357±0.400 | 0.094 |
| 76周龄76 weeks of age | 7.330±1.134a | 4.101±0.798b | 0.042 |
| 碱性磷酸酶ALP/(U/L) | |||
| 65周龄65 weeks of age | 202.366±31.287 | 289.587±40.308 | 0.118 |
| 69周龄69 weeks of age | 147.280±22.383 | 167.937±19.804 | 0.505 |
| 76周龄76 weeks of age | 150.642±26.740 | 121.027±18.196 | 0.381 |
2.4 淫羊藿提取物对产蛋后期蛋鸡骨指数的影响
表7 淫羊藿提取物对产蛋后期蛋鸡骨指数的影响Table 7 Effects of Epimedium extract on bone indexes of laying hens during late laying period |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 淫羊藿提取物组 Epimedium extract group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 股骨长度Femur length/mm | |||
| 65周龄65 weeks of age | 85.715±1.328 | 85.782±1.048 | 0.969 |
| 69周龄69 weeks of age | 86.020±0.777 | 86.398±0.922 | 0.760 |
| 76周龄76 weeks of age | 84.123±0.607 | 86.542±1.613 | 0.631 |
| 股骨重Femur weight/g | |||
| 65周龄65 weeks of age | 11.217±0.712 | 11.748±0.457 | 0.544 |
| 69周龄69 weeks of age | 10.617±0.182 | 11.283±0.351 | 0.122 |
| 76周龄76 weeks of age | 11.330±0.427 | 11.688±0.663 | 0.659 |
| 股骨指数Femur index/(g/kg) | |||
| 65周龄65 weeks of age | 5.522±0.331 | 5.651±0.272 | 0.768 |
| 69周龄69 weeks of age | 4.709±0.205b | 5.304±0.116a | 0.030 |
| 76周龄76 weeks of age | 5.716±0.167 | 5.944±0.290 | 0.512 |
| 胫骨长度Tibia length/mm | |||
| 65周龄65 weeks of age | 117.230±2.483 | 116.965±0.971 | 0.923 |
| 69周龄69 weeks of age | 117.937±0.882 | 117.702±0.425 | 0.815 |
| 76周龄76 weeks of age | 116.880±1.129 | 117.348±1.680 | 0.822 |
| 胫骨重Tibia weight/g | |||
| 65周龄65 weeks of age | 13.493±0.731 | 13.587±0.421 | 0.914 |
| 69周龄69 weeks of age | 14.583±0.532 | 14.283±0.749 | 0.751 |
| 76周龄76 weeks of age | 13.375±0.366 | 13.120±0.972 | 0.648 |
| 胫骨指数Tibia index/(g/kg) | |||
| 65周龄65 weeks of age | 7.147±0.308 | 7.253±0.348 | 0.823 |
| 69周龄69 weeks of age | 6.537±0.260 | 6.681±0.164 | 0.650 |
| 76周龄76 weeks of age | 6.259±0.289 | 6.769±0.159 | 0.153 |
2.5 淫羊藿提取物对产蛋后期蛋鸡骨强度的影响
表8 淫羊藿提取物对产蛋后期蛋鸡骨强度的影响Table 8 Effects of Epimedium extract on bone strength of laying hens during late laying period N |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 淫羊藿提取物组 Epimedium extract group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 胫骨强度Tibia strength | |||
| 65周龄65 weeks of age | 188.795±10.031 | 192.171±12.388 | 0.836 |
| 69周龄69 weeks of age | 197.327±10.889 | 221.630±9.400 | 0.122 |
| 76周龄76 weeks of age | 193.071±4.600 | 217.499±11.158 | 0.085 |
| 股骨强度Femur strength | |||
| 65周龄65 weeks of age | 228.285±10.192 | 220.239±13.343 | 0.642 |
| 69周龄69 weeks of age | 180.187±10.011 | 199.675±8.360 | 0.166 |
| 76周龄76 weeks of age | 210.006±19.421 | 205.793±12.536 | 0.859 |
2.6 淫羊藿提取物对产蛋后期蛋鸡股骨骨密度及骨矿物质含量的影响
表9 淫羊藿提取物对产蛋后期蛋鸡骨密度及骨矿物质含量的影响Table 9 Effects of Epimedium extract on bone mineral density and bone mineral contents of laying hens during late laying period |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 淫羊藿提取物组 Epimedium extract group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 骨密度BMD/(g/cm2) | |||
| 65周龄65 weeks of age | 0.166±0.013 | 0.180±0.017 | 0.510 |
| 69周龄69 weeks of age | 0.207±0.015 | 0.223±0.011 | 0.382 |
| 76周龄76 weeks of age | 0.181±0.018b | 0.228±0.016a | 0.027 |
| 骨矿物质含量BMC/g | |||
| 65周龄65 weeks of age | 1.233±0.150 | 1.500±0.165 | 0.260 |
| 69周龄69 weeks of age | 1.817±0.119 | 1.967±0.105 | 0.369 |
| 76周龄76 weeks of age | 1.517±0.095b | 2.026±0.164a | 0.023 |
2.7 淫羊藿提取物对产蛋后期蛋鸡骨组织微观结构的影响
图2 淫羊藿提取物对产蛋后期蛋鸡骨组织微观结构的影响A:对照组;B:淫羊藿提取物组。图片为骨组织Goldner三色染色(放大倍数,8×)。黑色箭头所指的是髓质骨;蓝色箭头所指的是皮质骨;紫色箭头所指的是皮质骨吸收腔。 Fig. 2 Effects of Epimedium extract on microstructure of bone tissue of laying hens during late laying period A: control group; B: Epimedium extract group. Image shows Goldner trichrome staining of bone tissue (magnification, 8×). Black arrows point to medullary bone; blue arrows point to cortical bone; purple arrows point to cortical bone resorption cavities. |
2.8 淫羊藿提取物对产蛋后期蛋鸡骨相关基因mRNA表达水平的影响
表10 淫羊藿提取物对产蛋后期蛋鸡骨相关基因mRNA表达水平的影响Table 10 Effects of Epimedium extract on mRNA expression levels of bone-related genes of laying hens during late laying period |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 淫羊藿提取物组 Epimedium extract group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 骨保护素OPG | 1.006±0.062b | 2.386±0.351a | 0.008 |
| Runt相关转录因子2 Runx2 | 1.019±0.117b | 1.539±1.156a | 0.037 |
| 核因子-κB受体活化因子配体RANKL | 1.065±0.210 | 0.685±0.136 | 0.180 |
| 骨形态发生蛋白2 BMP2 | 1.007±0.070b | 3.162±0.599a | 0.036 |
| 骨形态发生蛋白4 BMP4 | 1.023±0.123 | 0.944±0.061 | 0.585 |
| SMAD家族成员4 Smad4 | 1.019±0.112b | 2.206±0.337a | 0.033 |
