Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2025 , Vol. 37 >Issue 8: 5264 - 5278

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2025.428

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Dietary Crude Protein Level on Reproduction Performance and Nutrient Apparent Availability of Breeder Pigeons, and Growth Performance, Slaughtering Performance and Serum Biochemical Indexes of Squabs

  • LIU Jing , 1 ,
  • GAO Qinan 1 ,
  • YAN Chenshuo 1 ,
  • ZHU Lihua 2 ,
  • LYU Jianguo 2 ,
  • ZHOU Fuhui 3 ,
  • LIU Meng 4 ,
  • AN Shengying , 1, * ,
  • LIU Guanzhong , 1, *
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  • 1 College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
  • 2 Tangshan Livestock Technology Promotion Station, Tangshan 063000, China
  • 3 Tangfang Animal Disease Control Station of Fengnan District, Tangshan 063308, China
  • 4 Chahe Animal Disease Control Station of Fengnan District, Tangshan 063399, China
*AN Shengying, associate professor, E-mail: ;
LIU Guanzhong, professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2024-12-17

  Online published: 2025-08-14

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Abstract

This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of dietary crude protein level on the reproduction performance and nutrient apparent availability of breeder pigeons, and the growth performance, slaughtering performance, serum biochemical indexes of squabs under the “2+3” production mode. One hundred and twenty pairs of 4-year-old healthy silver king pigeons with similar egg laying time and interval were selected and randomly divided into 5 groups, with 8 replicates in each group and 3 pairs of breeder pigeons in each replicate. The experimental diets were prepared using the mode of “granular+grain+health sand”, and crude protein levels in the diets for groups Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ, Ⅴ and Ⅵ were 14.50%, 15.00%, 15.50%, 16.00%, and 16.50%, respectively. The pretrial period lasted 14 days. Two reproductive cycles were stated in trial period. The first cycle included empty nest period, 18-day incubation period and 28-day feeding period, and the second cycle included 18-day incubation period and 28-day feeding period. The results showed as follows: 1) the broken rate in the first cycle of groups Ⅳ and Ⅴ was significantly lower then that of groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ (P<0.05), the fertility rate of breeding egg in the first cycle of groups Ⅲ and Ⅳ was significantly higher than that of groups Ⅱ (P<0.05), the hatchability of setting eggs in the first cycle of group Ⅲ was significantly higher than that of group Ⅴ (P<0.05), and the hatchability of setting eggs in the second cycle of groups Ⅱ, Ⅳ and Ⅴ was significantly higher than that of group Ⅰ (P<0.05). 2) The crude protein apparent availability of breeder pigeons of group Ⅲ was significantly higher than that of groups Ⅰ, Ⅳ andⅤ (P<0.05). 3) The 28-day-old weight and average daily gain (ADG) of squabs in the first cycle of groups Ⅲ and Ⅴ were significantly higher than those of group Ⅱ (P<0.05), the 28-day-old weight and average daily gain (ADG) of squabs in the second cycle of groups Ⅲ, Ⅳand Ⅴ were significantly higher than those of group Ⅰ (P<0.05), and the net feed conversion ratio (NFCR) in the first cycle, the second cycle and the full cycle of group Ⅲ was significantly lower than that of group Ⅰ (P<0.05). 4) The semi-eviscerated percentage and eviscerated percentage of group Ⅳ were significantly higher than those of groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ (P<0.05), and the breast muscle percentage of group Ⅴ was significantly higher than that of the group Ⅰ and Ⅱ (P<0.05). 5) The serum total protein (TP) content of group Ⅳ and Ⅴ was extremely significantly higher than that of groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ (P<0.01), the serum globulin (GLB) content of group Ⅴ was significantly higher than that of groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ (P<0.05), the serum uric acid (UA) content of groups Ⅲ, Ⅳ and Ⅴ was significantly higher than that of group Ⅰ (P<0.05), the serum glucose (GLU) content of groups Ⅲ and Ⅳ were significantly higher than that of group Ⅰ (P<0.05), and the serum total cholesterol (T-CHO) content of groups Ⅳ and Ⅴ was significantly higher than that of group Ⅰ (P<0.05). 5) There was a quadratic relationship between the fertility of breeder eggs, hatchability of setting eggs, crude protein apparent availability of breeder pigeons, and NFCR and eviscerated percentage of squabs in the first cycle and dietary crude protein level of breeder pigeons (P<0.05), the suitable dietary crude protein levels of breeder pigeons estimated by fitting equations to achieve maximum fertility rate of breeding eggs in the first cycle, maximum hatchability of setting eggs in the first cycle, maximum crude protein apparent availability, minimum NFCR of feeding period in the first cycle, minimum NFCR of feeding period in the second cycle, minimum NFCR in the full cycle and maximum eviscerated percentage were 15.64%, 15.51%, 15.41%, 15.63%, 15.81%, 15.95%, and 15.65%, respectively. In summary, the dietary crude protein level for breeding pigeons significantly affects the fertility rate of breeding eggs, hatchability of setting eggs, apparent availability of crude protein of breeding pigeons, as well as the NFCR, semi-eviscerated percentage, eviscerated percentage, breast muscle percentage, and certain serum biochemical indexes of squabs. Combined with the results of quadratic curve regression analysis, it is recommended that the dietary crude protein level of breeding pigeons under the “2+3” production mode range from 15.50% to 16.00%.

Key words： breeder pigeons; crude protein; reproduction performance; nutrient apparent availability; serum biochemical indexes

Cite this article

LIU Jing , GAO Qinan , YAN Chenshuo , ZHU Lihua , LYU Jianguo , ZHOU Fuhui , LIU Meng , AN Shengying , LIU Guanzhong . Effects of Dietary Crude Protein Level on Reproduction Performance and Nutrient Apparent Availability of Breeder Pigeons, and Growth Performance, Slaughtering Performance and Serum Biochemical Indexes of Squabs[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2025 , 37(8) : 5264 -5278 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2025.428

近年来,肉鸽养殖业发展迅速,朝着规模化、集约化和自动化方向迈进。2020年,农业农村部颁布《国家畜禽遗传资源品种名录》,将鸽归为传统畜禽,使其成为继鸡、鸭、鹅之后的第四大家禽。中国鸽业发展报告显示,2022年我国肉种鸽存栏量为4 386万对,乳鸽出栏量为5.84亿只[1]。相比于其他家禽,肉鸽养殖起步较晚,生产效率偏低。在“2+3”生产模式下,Peng等[2]研究发现,16.5%粗蛋白质组360日龄种鸽的产蛋率、孵化率显著高于15.0%粗蛋白质组,推荐种鸽饲粮代谢能为12.2 MJ/kg,粗蛋白质水平为16.5%;王峰等[3]研究发现,17%粗蛋白质组肉鸽的料重比显著低于15%粗蛋白质组,平均日增重显著高于15%粗蛋白质组。目前,针对“2+3”生产模式下种鸽蛋白质需要量的研究相对匮乏,种鸽饲粮粗蛋白质水平不明确,这不仅限制了种鸽生产性能的发挥,还造成了饲料的浪费。基于此,本试验旨在探究饲粮粗蛋白质水平对“2+3”生产模式下种鸽繁殖性能、营养物质表观利用率以及乳鸽生长性能、屠宰性能、血清生化指标的影响,从而确定种鸽饲粮适宜粗蛋白质水平。

1 材料与方法

1.1 伦理声明

动物试验由河北农业大学实验动物伦理委员会审批批准(审批编号:2024171)。

1.2 试验设计

试验选取120对产蛋时间和产蛋间隔相近的4岁健康银王种鸽,随机分为5组,每组8个重复,每个重复3对种鸽,采用“2+3”生产模式,每对种鸽哺育3只乳鸽。试验饲粮采用“颗粒料+原粮+保健砂”的模式,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ组饲粮粗蛋白质水平分别为14.50%、15.00%、15.50%、16.00%和16.50%。预试期14 d,正试期包含2个繁殖周期,第1周期包括空巢期、18 d孵化期、28 d哺喂期,第2周期包括18 d孵化期、28 d哺喂期。

1.3 试验饲粮

试验饲粮结合鸽采食习性和生产实际配制,采用“35%颗粒料+60%原粮+5%保健砂”的模式,其组成及营养水平见表1。为了平衡各组饲粮的代谢能和赖氨酸,使用喷壶将大豆油均匀地喷洒到颗粒料表面,并充分搅拌;98.5%赖氨酸均匀混合到保健砂中。
表1 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (air-dry basis) %

项目
Items		 组别Groups
Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ
原料Ingredients

颗粒料
Granular (35%)		 玉米Corn 11.90 11.90 11.90 11.90 11.90
次粉Wheat middling 5.25 5.25 5.25 5.25 5.25
面粉Flour 5.25 5.25 5.25 5.25 5.25
豆粕Soybean meal 10.15 10.15 10.15 10.15 10.15
大豆油Soybean oil 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47
预混料Premix1) 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35
石粉Limestone 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16
磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
食盐NaCl 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17
DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05

原粮
Grain (65%)		 玉米Corn 26.88 23.66 20.43 17.19 13.95
豌豆Pea 15.00 18.00 21.00 24.00 27.00
高粱Sorghum 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00
小麦Wheat 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00
保健砂Health sand2) 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00
大豆油Soybean oil 0.25 0.51 0.78 1.05
98.5%赖氨酸98.5% Lys 0.12 0.09 0.06 0.03
合计Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels3)
代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) 11.76 11.76 11.76 11.76 11.76
粗蛋白质CP 14.57 15.05 15.60 15.93 16.42
钙Ca 1.14 1.15 1.14 1.11 1.15
总磷TP 0.45 0.43 0.46 0.42 0.44
有效磷AP 0.20 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21
蛋氨酸Met 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
赖氨酸Lys 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74

1)预混料为每千克试验饲粮提供The premix provided the following for per kilogram of experimental diets:VA 8 000 IU,VD3 3 000 IU,VB1 1.8 mg,VB2 8 mg,烟酸 niacin 20 mg,泛酸钙 calcium pantothenate 10 mg,VB6 2 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.50 mg,VB12 0.04 mg,VE 20 IU,VK3 1 mg,Fe 4.22 mg,Cu 0.56 mg,Mn 2.46 mg,Zn 0.56 mg。
2)保健砂主要由河沙、骨粉、贝壳粉、红土、食盐、碳酸氢钠、红铁粉、微量元素预混合饲料和中药提取物组成。保健砂含钙10.69%、总磷0.68%,钙和总磷为实测值。Health sand is mainly composed of river sand, bone meal, shell powder, laterite, NaCl, NaHCO3, Fe2O3, trace element premix and Chinese herbal extract. Health sand contains 10.69% Ca and 0.68% TP, Ca and TP are measured values.
3)全价料(含保健砂)中粗蛋白质、钙和总磷为实测值,代谢能、有效磷、氨基酸为参照《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2023年第34版)》中各原料对应数值所得计算值。In complete feed (including health sand), CP, Ca and TP were measured values, while the ME, AP and amino acids were calculated value, which are calculated by reference to the corresponding values of each raw material in the Tables of Feed Composition and Nutritive Values in China (34th edition, 2023).

1.4 饲养管理

饲养试验于2024年4—8月在唐山市天大鸽业有限公司进行。采用传统的3层鸽笼,种鸽单对分笼饲养,各重复均匀分布,自由采食和饮水,每天09:00和16:00喂料,10:00和15:00补喂。每天20:00收集种蛋,第2天07:00入孵(孵化箱型号:益尔全自动鸽子孵化机G3024),孵化第3天头照,第10天二照,第16天落盘,第18天出壳,统计种鸽繁殖性能。采用半开放式鸽舍,每天16 h光照,自然光照辅助人工光照,机械通风,定期清理料槽和水杯,定期清粪,按常规程序免疫。

1.5 测定指标及方法

1.5.1 种鸽繁殖性能

记录产蛋时间、蛋重、破壳数、受精蛋数、入孵蛋数、死胚数、出雏数和健雏数,计算平均蛋重、产蛋间隔(母鸽产相邻2窝第1个蛋之间相隔的天数)、破壳率、受精率、死胚率、受精蛋孵化率、入孵蛋孵化率和健雏率。

破壳率(%)=(破壳数/总蛋数)×100;

种蛋受精率(%)=(受精蛋数/入孵蛋数)×100;

死胚率(%)=(死胚数/受精蛋数)×100;

受精蛋孵化率(%)=(出雏数/受精蛋数)×100;

入孵蛋孵化率(%)=(出雏数/入孵蛋数)×100;

健雏率(%)=(健雏数/出雏数)×100。

1.5.2 种鸽营养物质表观利用率

分别在第2周期的第14天和哺喂期的第12天开始,以重复为单位连续3 d收集粪样。将粪便分为2份,一份加入10%盐酸固氮,-20 ℃保存,用于测定粪便中粗蛋白质含量;另一份-20 ℃保存,用于测定粪便中干物质、有机物、粗脂肪、钙和总磷含量。将饲粮和粪便样品在烘箱中65 ℃烘48 h后粉碎,用于测定干物质、有机物、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、钙和总磷含量,计算营养物质表观利用率。干物质含量参照GB/T 6435—2014测定,有机物含量是参照GB/T 6438—2007测定粗灰分含量后计算得出,粗蛋白质含量参照GB/T 6432—2018测定,粗脂肪含量参照GB/T 5512—2008测定,钙含量参照GB/T 6437—2018测定,总磷含量参照GB/T 6437—2018测定。参照雷兴燕等[4]文章中给出的公式计算营养物质表观利用率。

1.5.3 种鸽体重损失

在每个周期哺喂开始前和结束后称量种公鸽和种母鸽的空腹体重,计算种鸽的体重损失。

种鸽体重损失=哺喂开始前种鸽体重-哺喂结束后种鸽体重。

1.5.4 乳鸽生长性能

记录空巢期、孵化期和哺喂期的投料量、余料量,记录乳鸽初生重和28日龄空腹体重,计算种鸽窝平均日采食量(NADFI)、乳鸽平均日增重(ADG)和窝料重比(NFCR)。

哺喂期NFCR=哺喂期种鸽窝总采食量/窝乳鸽增重;

全期NFCR=第1周期孵化第1天开始到第2周期乳鸽出栏时种鸽窝总采食量/2个周期窝乳鸽增重。

1.5.5 乳鸽屠宰性能

在第2周期乳鸽28日龄时,禁食12 h后,每个重复随机选取1只屠宰,参照《肉鸽生产性能测定技术规范》(NY/T 3651—2020)测定屠体重、半净膛重、全净膛重、胸肌重、腿肌重和腹脂重,计算屠宰率、半净膛率、全净膛率、胸肌率、腿肌率和腹脂率。

1.5.6 乳鸽血清生化指标

对每个重复随机选取的1只乳鸽在屠宰先进行采血,采集的血样以704×g离心10 min制备血清,于-20 ℃保存。使用试剂盒检测血清中总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、尿素氮(UN)、尿酸(UA)、葡萄糖(GLU)、总胆固醇(T-CHO)含量及碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、谷丙转氨酶(GPT)和谷草转氨酶(GOT)活性,试剂盒购自南京建成生物工程研究所。根据血清TP和ALB含量计算球蛋白(GLB)含量。

1.6 统计分析

采用Excel 2021对数据进行初步整理后,采用SPSS 26.0软件进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),并用Duncan氏法进行多重比较,结果用平均值和均值标准误(SEM)表示。采用多项式对比分析饲粮粗蛋白质水平与各指标之间的线性和二次曲线效应。利用各因变量对粗蛋白质水平的响应拟合二次回归曲线(Y=aX2+bX+c)。P<0.05表示差异显著,P<0.01表示差异极显著。

2 结果与分析

2.1 饲粮粗蛋白质水平对种鸽繁殖性能的影响

由表2可知,在第1周期,饲粮粗蛋白质水平对破壳率、种蛋受精率以及入孵蛋孵化率有显著影响(P<0.05),具体表现为Ⅳ和Ⅴ组破壳率显著低于Ⅱ和Ⅲ组(P<0.05),Ⅲ和Ⅳ组种蛋受精率显著高于Ⅱ组(P<0.05),Ⅲ组入孵蛋孵化率显著高于Ⅴ组(P<0.05);在第2周期,饲粮粗蛋白质水平仅对入孵蛋孵化率有显著影响(P<0.05),具体表现为Ⅱ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ组入孵蛋孵化率显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05)。
表2 饲粮粗蛋白质水平对种鸽繁殖性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of dietary crude protein level on reproductive performance of breeder pigeons %

项目
Items		 组别Groups 均值
标准误
SEM		 P值P-value
Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ 处理
Treatment		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
第1周期The first cycle
平均蛋重
Average egg weight/g		 21.74 22.46 23.00 22.56 23.09 0.251 0.496 0.141 0.542
产蛋间隔
Laying interval/d		 34.50 33.16 32.71 34.33 33.57 0.345 0.439 0.782 0.300
破壳率
Broken egg rate/%		 6.14ab 8.92a 6.95a 0.00b 0.00b 1.199 0.038 0.010 0.266
种蛋受精率
Fertility rate of
breeding egg/%		 86.45ab 85.62b 92.17a 92.29a 86.57ab 0.961 0.044 0.263 0.049
受精蛋孵化率
Hatchability of
fertilized eggs/%		 96.87 100.00 98.00 95.00 94.84 1.190 0.622 0.298 0.485
入孵蛋孵化率
Hatchability of
setting eggs/%		 83.33bc 85.62abc 89.67a 87.70ab 82.63c 0.745 0.024 0.880 0.002
死胚率
Embryonic mortality/%		 3.12 0.00 2.00 0.00 0.00 0.761 0.563 0.260 0.743
健雏率
Healthy chick rate/%		 100.00 97.50 100.00 97.91 100.00 0.733 0.675 0.938 0.494
第2周期The second cycle
平均蛋重
Average egg weight/g		 21.88 23.13 23.16 23.08 22.44 0.221 0.243 0.487 0.046
产蛋间隔
Laying interval/d		 34.18 32.78 33.33 32.72 32.25 0.354 0.521 0.142 0.829
破壳率
Broken egg rate/%		 4.82 5.20 2.38 4.76 2.08 1.311 0.915 0.533 0.937
种蛋受精率
Fertility rate of
breeding egg/%		 90.71 93.75 93.33 94.84 94.09 2.212 0.983 0.621 0.780
受精蛋孵化率
Hatchability of
fertilized eggs/%		 91.66 97.50 95.68 96.66 95.83 1.585 0.788 0.502 0.457
入孵蛋孵化率
Hatchability of
setting eggs/%		 83.30b 91.25a 89.01ab 90.95a 90.97a 1.065 0.047 0.028 0.166
死胚率
Embryonic mortality/%		 5.20 0.00 4.31 0.00 0.00 0.955 0.182 0.102 0.821
健雏率
Healthy chick rate/%		 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 97.91 0.490 0.540 0.221 0.332

同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。下表同。

In the same row, values with no letter or the same small letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), and with different capital letter superscripts mean extremely significant difference (P<0.01). The same as below.

2.2 饲粮粗蛋白质水平对种鸽营养物质表观利用率的影响

由表3可知,饲粮粗蛋白质水平对哺喂期种鸽粗蛋白质表观利用率有影响显著(P<0.05),Ⅲ组粗蛋白质表观利用率显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ组(P<0.05);饲粮粗蛋白质水平对孵化期粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、钙、总磷表观利用率及哺喂期粗脂肪、钙和总磷表观利用率均无显著影响(P>0.05)。
表3 饲粮粗蛋白质水平对种鸽营养物质表观利用率的影响

Table 3 Effects of dietary crude protein level on nutrient apparent availability of breeder pigeons %

项目
Items		 组别Groups 均值
标准误
SEM		 P值P-value
Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ 处理
Treatment		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
孵化期Incubation period
干物质DM 60.62 64.10 66.42 63.36 65.66 0.948 0.348 0.164 0.340
有机物OM 86.82 84.43 88.19 83.92 87.76 0.699 0.211 0.760 0.414
粗蛋白质CP 51.43 53.02 53.12 50.23 51.38 1.383 0.975 0.805 0.779
粗脂肪EE 68.67 69.50 72.75 71.23 71.88 0.879 0.602 0.238 0.514
钙Ca 70.77 69.32 71.03 67.46 68.25 0.775 0.553 0.249 0.908
总磷TP 48.68 48.80 53.19 50.26 52.14 1.581 0.893 0.523 0.804
哺喂期Feeding period
干物质DM 60.78 62.86 62.62 61.92 64.55 0.989 0.851 0.418 0.945
有机物OM 84.21 85.14 84.84 83.69 83.89 0.528 0.962 0.656 0.670
粗蛋白质CP 50.87bc 53.82ab 55.15a 50.76bc 50.56c 0.628 0.017 0.259 0.008
粗脂肪EE 70.37 70.65 71.64 69.02 70.91 0.656 0.844 0.844 0.895
钙Ca 69.13 71.99 68.35 67.13 68.29 0.920 0.702 0.370 0.908
总磷TP 49.91 52.69 50.84 51.66 50.10 1.237 0.967 0.941 0.632

2.3 饲粮粗蛋白质水平对种鸽体重损失的影响

由表4可知,饲粮粗蛋白质水平对第1周期和第2周期种鸽体重损失均无显著影响(P>0.05)。
表4 饲粮粗蛋白质水平对种鸽体重损失的影响

Table 4 Effects of crude protein level on weight loss of breeder pigeons g/对

项目
Items		 组别Groups 均值
标准误
SEM		 P值P-value
Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ 处理
Treatment		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
第1周期The first cycle
开始体重
Starting weight		 1 116.16 1 192.80 1 146.83 1 153.53 1 155.00 15.079 0.521 0.736 0.503
结束体重End weight 1 056.16 1 125.20 1 079.83 1 096.23 1 098.71 12.985 0.458 0.566 0.568
体重损失Weight loss 60.00 67.60 67.00 57.30 56.28 6.192 0.968 0.712 0.668
第2周期The second cycle
开始体重
Starting weight		 1 087.27 1 205.81 1 153.42 1 145.92 1 155.20 15.624 0.159 0.493 0.223
结束体重End weight 1 028.63 1 151.50 1 073.14 1 080.85 1 092.70 14.680 0.072 0.573 0.299
体重损失Weight loss 58.63 54.31 70.00 65.07 62.50 5.599 0.933 0.658 0.749

2.4 种鸽饲粮粗蛋白质水平对乳鸽生长性能的影响

由表5可知,种鸽饲粮粗蛋白质水平对第1周期和第2周期乳鸽28日龄体重和ADG有显著影响(P<0.05),其中Ⅲ和Ⅴ组第1周期乳鸽28日龄体重和ADG均显著高于Ⅱ组(P<0.05),Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ组第2周期乳鸽28日龄体重和ADG均显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05);种鸽饲粮粗蛋白质水平对第1周期、第2周期哺喂期以及全期NFCR均有显著影响(P<0.05),其中Ⅲ组第1周期、第2周期哺喂期以及全期NFCR均显著低于Ⅰ组(P<0.05)。
表5 种鸽饲粮粗蛋白质水平对乳鸽生长性能的影响

Table 5 Effects of dietary crude protein level for breeder pigeons on growth performance of squabs

项目
Items		 组别Groups 均值
标准误
SEM		 P值P-value
Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ 处理
Treatment		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
第1周期The first cycle
初生重
Birth weight/(g/只)		 16.36 16.15 16.08 16.05 16.11 0.138 0.954 0.563 0.654
28日龄体重
Weight at 28 days of
age/(g/只)		 495.48ab 490.16b 505.38a 499.33ab 502.52a 1.657 0.027 0.051 0.773
平均日增重
ADG/[g/(d·只)]		 17.11ab 16.92b 17.47a 17.25ab 17.36a 0.061 0.041 0.064 0.734
第2周期The second cycle
初生重
Birth weight/(g/只)		 15.70 16.39 16.49 16.83 16.04 0.134 0.086 0.238 0.020
28日龄体重
Weight at 28 days of
age/(g/只)		 479.39b 493.05ab 497.22a 496.75a 501.81a 2.346 0.037 0.004 0.270
平均日增重
ADG/[g/(d·只)]		 16.56b 17.01ab 17.16a 17.13a 17.34a 0.072 0.047 0.005 0.338
窝平均日采食量NADFI/(g/d)
第1周期The first cycle
空巢期
Empty nest period		 63.36 63.86 64.17 62.39 60.85 0.464 0.134 0.045 0.109
孵化期
Incubation period		 66.72 69.16 67.13 67.79 68.25 0.550 0.662 0.666 0.791
哺喂期
Feeding period		 205.13 202.15 201.55 204.68 207.05 2.531 0.974 0.745 0.553
第2周期The second cycle
孵化期
Incubation period		 67.82 68.08 67.97 69.02 64.13 0.764 0.222 0.216 0.169
哺喂期
Feeding period		 202.83 203.39 201.38 205.44 205.29 3.098 0.996 0.762 0.878
窝料重比NFCR
第1周期哺喂期
Feeding period of
the first cycle		 3.99a 3.98a 3.84b 3.93ab 3.96a 0.014 0.037 0.378 0.016
第2周期哺喂期
Feeding period of
the second cycle		 4.07a 3.98ab 3.89b 3.99ab 3.94b 0.014 0.021 0.018 0.048
全期Full cycle 4.61a 4.56a 4.42b 4.52ab 4.51ab 0.018 0.029 0.083 0.048

2.5 种鸽饲粮粗蛋白质水平对乳鸽屠宰性能的影响

由表6可知,种鸽饲粮粗蛋白质水平对乳鸽半净膛率、全净膛率和胸肌率有显著影响(P<0.05),其中Ⅳ组半净膛率和全净膛率显著高于Ⅰ和Ⅱ组(P<0.05),Ⅴ组胸肌率显著高于Ⅰ和Ⅱ组(P<0.05);种鸽饲粮粗蛋白质水平对乳鸽宰前活重、屠体重、全净膛重、屠宰率、腿肌率和腹脂率均无显著影响(P>0.05)。
表6 种鸽饲粮粗蛋白质水平对乳鸽屠宰性能的影响

Table 6 Effects of dietary crude protein level for breeder pigeons on slaughter performance of squabs

项目
Items		 组别Groups 均值
标准误
SEM		 P值P-value
Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ 处理
Treatment		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
宰前活重
Live weight
before slaughter/g		 485.20 472.17 509.40 477.80 489.00 5.041 0.178 0.698 0.618
屠体重
Dressed weight/g		 416.40 405.35 443.40 418.75 424.60 5.690 0.323 0.456 0.546
全净膛重
Eviscerated weight/g		 344.61 336.58 371.60 352.69 348.75 4.262 0.107 0.387 0.181
屠宰率
Dressing percentage/%		 85.79 85.68 87.05 87.57 86.86 0.509 0.756 0.293 0.653
半净膛率
Semi-eviscerated
percentage/%		 78.56b 79.27b 79.53b 82.70a 80.34ab 0.440 0.026 0.015 0.319
全净膛率
Eviscerated percentage/%		 71.00b 71.27b 72.95ab 73.80a 71.30b 0.334 0.018 0.128 0.013
胸肌率
Breast muscle
percentage/%		 22.83b 22.48b 23.27ab 23.56ab 24.53a 0.250 0.038 0.006 0.235
腿肌率
Leg muscle percentage/%		 6.35 6.46 5.97 5.69 5.90 0.146 0.424 0.113 0.783
腹脂率
Abdominal fat
percentage/%		 0.99 1.08 1.42 1.40 1.30 0.105 0.682 0.247 0.434

2.6 种鸽饲粮粗蛋白质水平对乳鸽血清生化指标的影响

由表7可知,种鸽饲粮粗蛋白质水平对乳鸽血清TP含量有极显著影响(P<0.01),其中Ⅳ和Ⅴ组血清TP含量极显著高于Ⅰ和Ⅱ组(P<0.01);种鸽饲粮粗蛋白质水平对乳鸽血清GLB、UA、GLU和T-CHO含量以及GOT、GPT活性有显著影响(P<0.05),其中Ⅴ组血清GLB含量显著高于Ⅰ和Ⅱ组(P<0.05),Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ组血清UA含量显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05),Ⅳ组血清GLU和T-CHO含量显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05),Ⅴ组血清GOT活性显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组(P<0.05),Ⅳ组血清GPT活性显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组(P<0.05)。
表7 种鸽饲粮粗蛋白质水平对乳鸽血清生化指标的影响

Table 7 Effects of dietary crude protein level for breeder pigeons on serum biochemical indexes of squabs

项目
Items		 组别Groups 均值
标准误
SEM		 P值P-value
Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ 处理
Treatment		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
总蛋白TP/(g/L) 30.74Bb 30.20Bb 32.23ABab 33.51Aa 34.43Aa 0.476 0.008 0.001 0.475
白蛋白ALB/(g/L) 11.59 11.98 12.06 12.09 11.56 0.223 0.912 0.980 0.362
球蛋白GLB/(g/L) 18.13b 18.59b 20.17ab 20.07ab 22.87a 0.522 0.019 0.002 0.418
尿素氮UN/(mmol/L) 1.29 1.31 1.41 1.32 1.35 0.065 0.985 0.805 0.767
尿酸UA/(mg/L) 48.25b 56.57ab 63.55a 64.96a 70.67a 2.553 0.040 0.003 0.564
葡萄糖GLU/(mmol/L) 11.71c 13.29ab 13.98a 13.93a 12.39bc 0.307 0.017 0.241 0.001
总胆固醇
T-CHO/(mmol/L)		 7.32b 8.12ab 7.94ab 8.45a 8.99a 0.279 0.043 0.004 0.935
碱性磷酸酶AKP/(U/L) 40.30 42.04 38.04 36.74 39.78 1.111 0.651 0.439 0.555
谷草转氨酶GOT/(U/L) 64.05b 66.10b 67.40b 76.86ab 84.46a 2.285 0.018 0.001 0.248
谷丙转氨酶GPT/(U/L) 15.95b 15.67b 16.04b 18.18a 16.93ab 0.307 0.040 0.026 0.887

2.7 种鸽粗蛋白质需要量的回归分析

通过多项式对比分析种鸽饲粮粗蛋白质水平与各指标间的二次曲线效应,发现种蛋受精率、入孵蛋孵化率、种鸽粗蛋白质表观利用率以及乳鸽NFCR和全净膛率与种鸽饲粮粗蛋白质水平存在二次曲线关系(P<0.05)。通过拟合以上指标与种鸽饲粮粗蛋白质水平的二次回归方程,估测达到最高第1周期种蛋受精率、最高第1周期入孵蛋孵化率、最高粗蛋白质表观利用率、最低第1周期哺喂期NFCR、最低第2周期哺喂期NFCR、最低全期NFCR和最高全净膛率的种鸽饲粮粗蛋白质水平分别为15.64%、15.51%、15.41%、15.63%、15.81%、15.95%和15.65%(表8)。
表8 种鸽粗蛋白质需要量的回归分析

Table 8 Regression analysis of crude protein requirement for breeder pigeons

项目
Items		 二次回归方程
Quadratic regression equation		 R2 适宜粗蛋白质水平
Optimum crude
protein level/%
第2周期平均蛋重
Average egg weight in the second cycle		 Y=-1.281X2+39.934X-287.874 0.943 15.58
第1周期种蛋受精率
Fertility rate of breeding egg in the first cycle		 Y=-5.242X2+163.960X-1 191.170 0.531 15.64
第1周期入孵蛋孵化率
Hatchability of setting eggs in the first cycle		 Y=-6.823X2+211.624X-1 552.221 0.874 15.51
粗蛋白质表观利用率
Apparent availability of crude protein		 Y=-3.942X2+121.458X-881.562 0.611 15.41
第2周期初生重
Birth weight in the second cycle		 Y=-0.900X2+28.114X-202.935 0.872 15.62
第1周期哺喂期窝料重比
NFCR of feeding period in the first cycle		 Y=0.098X2-3.064X+27.840 0.545 15.63
第2周期哺喂期窝料重比
NFCR of feeding period in the second cycle		 Y=0.083X2-2.624X+24.712 0.668 15.81
全期窝料重比NFCR in the full cycle Y=0.098X2-3.127X+29.137 0.676 15.95
全净膛率Eviscerated percentage Y=-2.085X2+65.263X-437.787 0.627 15.65

各回归方程得出的适宜粗蛋白质水平为对饲粮粗蛋白质水平的最大或者最小响应,最大或者最小值为-b/2a;R2为决定系数,Y为因变量,X为饲粮粗蛋白质水平。

The optimum crude protein level for each regression equation is the maximum or minimum response to dietary crude protein level, with a maximum or minimum of -b/2a; R2 is the coefficient of determination, Y is the dependent variable, and X is the dietary crude protein level.

3 讨论

3.1 饲粮粗蛋白质水平对种鸽繁殖性能的影响

饲粮中的粗蛋白质是影响家禽繁殖性能的重要因素。产蛋间隔是鸽特有的一个重要指标[5],直接反映了种鸽的产蛋性能,是评估种鸽繁殖性能最直观的指标之一。孙梦悦等[6]研究发现,随着饲粮粗蛋白质水平的提高,塔里木鸽种鸽产蛋间隔呈先缩短后延长的趋势,但影响不显著,这与本试验结果基本一致,这表明饲粮适宜的粗蛋白质水平在一定程度上可以缩短种鸽产蛋间隔,其机制可能与饲粮中蛋白质对种鸽生殖激素分泌的调控作用有关[7]。本试验发现,随着饲粮粗蛋白质水平的提高,种蛋破壳率显著降低,这与徐善金等[8]的研究结果基本一致。由此可见,饲粮适宜粗蛋白质水平可以改善种蛋的蛋壳质量,从而降低破壳率。种蛋受精率和孵化率是衡量繁殖性能和孵化效果的重要指标,可以直接影响经济效益[9]。本试验发现,适宜的饲粮粗蛋白质水平可以显著提高种蛋受精率,这可能与饲粮粗蛋白质水平会影响精液品质[10-11]有关。黄卫瑛[12]研究发现,饲粮粗蛋白质水平对种蛋孵化率有显著影响,且随着饲粮粗蛋白质水平的提高,种蛋孵化率呈先上升后降低的趋势,这表明适宜的饲粮粗蛋白质水平可以提高种蛋孵化率,这与本试验所得结果基本一致,其原因可能与饲粮中蛋白质通过改善种蛋质量间接提高孵化率[13-14]有关。

3.2 饲粮粗蛋白质水平对种鸽营养物质表观利用率的影响

营养物质表观利用率反映了动物对饲粮中营养物质的消化吸收情况,是衡量家禽对营养物质消化吸收的重要指标。Ding等[15]研究发现,饲粮粗蛋白质水平对肉鸡的粗蛋白质表观利用率有显著影响,这与本试验所得结果基本一致,表明适宜的饲粮粗蛋白质水平可以提高家禽机体对蛋白质的消化吸收,从而提高家禽的生产性能。本试验还发现,饲粮粗蛋白质水平对钙和总磷表观利用率的影响不显著,这与Bu等[16]的研究结果基本一致。饲粮粗蛋白质水平显著影响种鸽的粗蛋白质表观利用率,但对钙、总磷表观利用率无显著影响,这可能与家禽机体对蛋白质和钙、磷消化吸收的消化酶系不同有关。

3.3 饲粮粗蛋白质水平对种鸽体重损失的影响

在哺喂期,种鸽需要将从饲粮中的获取的营养物质或者自身储备合成鸽乳,以满足乳鸽的生长需要,这一生理过程使得种鸽在哺育期通常会伴有不同程度的体重下降,这与哺乳动物类似。本试验发现,种鸽在哺育期体重降低,但饲粮粗蛋白质水平对种鸽体重损失无显著影响,这与王静等[17]的研究结果基本一致。

3.4 种鸽饲粮粗蛋白质水平对乳鸽生长性能的影响

鸽乳是种鸽嗉囊分泌的白色或淡黄色糊状物,又被称为嗉囊乳。乳鸽出壳后不具备独立采食的能力,7日龄内主要依靠亲鸽嗉囊逆呕的鸽乳来维持生长发育,之后逐渐依靠鸽乳和未完全消化的饲粮[18]。因此,适宜营养水平的饲粮不仅能提高种鸽的生产性能,还可以通过改善鸽乳质量间接促进乳鸽的生长性能。蛋白质是构成生命体细胞、组织和器官的物质基础。充足且适宜的饲粮粗蛋白质可以使家禽能够获取足够的氨基酸来合成新的肌肉蛋白质,从而促进肌肉的生长和发育,进而增加体重。本试验发现,种鸽饲粮粗蛋白质水平对乳鸽28日龄体重的影响显著,这与前人研究结果[19-22]一致,表明适宜的种鸽饲粮粗蛋白质水平可以通过提高鸽乳粗蛋白质含量,从而间接促进乳鸽体重的增加。有研究表明,亮氨酸可以通过调节雷帕霉素靶蛋白(TOR)通路,增加种鸽鸽乳蛋白合成,从而促进乳鸽生长发育[23]。Goo等[24]研究发现,饲粮粗蛋白质水平对肉鸡15~28日龄增重的影响显著。本试验发现,随着种鸽饲粮粗蛋白质水平的提高,平均蛋重和乳鸽初生重呈上升趋势,对乳鸽28日龄体重的影响达到显著水平,这表明种鸽饲粮粗蛋白质对乳鸽生长具有长期积累效应。
与其他家禽不同,乳鸽的生长发育依赖于种鸽哺喂[25],这种饲喂方式与哺乳动物(猪)的哺乳行为类似,猪通过乳腺分泌乳汁哺乳后代,种鸽通过嗉囊分泌鸽乳哺乳后代,二者均是通过消耗亲本自身能量来为后代生长发育提供营养物质。NFCR是种鸽特有的衡量饲料转化率的指标[26]。目前,NFCR的计算方式尚未统一,本试验采用2种计算方法来评估乳鸽的NFCR。与哺喂期NFCR相比,全期NFCR更能全面反映饲料转化率。本试验发现,饲粮粗蛋白质水平对乳鸽第1周期、第2周期哺喂期以及全期NFCR均有显著影响,这与前人研究结果[27-28]基本一致。

3.5 种鸽饲粮粗蛋白质水平对乳鸽屠宰性能的影响

屠宰性能是评价畜禽胴体品质的关键指标,它既能直观地反映各器官所占的比例,又能反映各器官在各部位的沉积量[29]。本试验发现,种鸽饲粮粗蛋白质水平对28日龄乳鸽半净膛率和全净膛率的影响显著,这与王明礼等[30]和朱丽慧等[31]的研究结果基本一致,这表明饲粮适宜的粗蛋白质水平可以促进肌肉生长、减少脂肪沉积,从而提升屠宰性能。饲粮中的粗蛋白质为肌肉蛋白质合成提供所需的氨基酸,进而促进胸肌细胞内的蛋白质合成代谢,使胸肌得以良好发育,最终提高胸肌率。本试验发现,饲粮粗蛋白质水平对乳鸽胸肌率的影响显著,随着饲粮粗蛋白质水平的提高,胸肌率呈逐渐上升的趋势,这与高春起等[32]的研究结果基本一致,这表明饲粮粗蛋白质水平的提高有利于胸肌中蛋白质的沉积。

3.6 种鸽饲粮粗蛋白质水平对乳鸽血清生化指标的影响

血清生化指标是反映动物机体代谢情况的重要指标。TP主要由ALB和GLB组成,反映了机体对蛋白质消化代谢情况。王晓慧[33]研究发现,乳鸽血清TP含量随着饲粮粗蛋白质水平的升高呈上升趋势,这与本试验研究结果基本一致,表明随着饲粮粗蛋白质水平的提高,机体内蛋白质合成代谢增强,肌肉生成量增加。UA是家禽体内蛋白质及核酸代谢终产物,是衡量饲粮氨基酸利用率的重要指标,UA含量升高会对肾脏功能造成损害。Cheng等[34]研究发现,乳鸽血清UA含量随着饲粮粗蛋白质水平的提高呈上升趋势;赵伟玉等[35]研究发现,高粗蛋白质饲粮组北京油鸡血清UA含量显著高于低粗蛋白质饲粮组。本试验结果与上述研究结果基本一致。GLU是动物机体主要供能物质,机体所需能量的70%来自GLU。卢建等[36]研究发现,随着饲粮粗蛋白质水平的提高,如皋黄鸡血清中GLU含量显著升高,这与本试验结果基本一致,说明饲粮粗蛋白质水平在一定程度上会影响血清中GLU的含量。官丽辉等[37]研究发现,随着饲粮粗蛋白质水平的提高,塞北乌骨鸡血清中T-CHO含量呈上升趋势,这与本试验结果基本一致,本试验结果表明,随着种鸽饲粮粗蛋白质水平的提高,乳鸽血清中T-CHO的含量呈上升趋势。
GOT和GPT是胞质酶,主要分布在肝脏细胞内,参与机体氨基酸代谢过程,是反映动物肝脏是否受损的重要指标[38]。李宗锐[39]研究发现,随着饲粮粗蛋白质水平的升高,肉鸡血清GOT和GPT活性均呈上升趋势,但影响未达显著水平。本试验结果表明,随着种鸽饲粮粗蛋白质水平的升高,乳鸽血清中GOT和GPT活性呈上升趋势,且影响显著,这表明高粗蛋白质水平饲粮在一定程度上会对乳鸽肝脏造成负面影响。

4 结论

种鸽饲粮粗蛋白质水平对种蛋受精率、入孵蛋孵化率、种鸽粗蛋白质表观利用率以及乳鸽NFCR、半净膛率、全净膛率、胸肌率和部分血清生化指标有显著影响,结合二次曲线回归分析结果,推荐“2+3”生产模式下种鸽饲粮粗蛋白质水平在15.50%~16.00%。

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