1 材料与方法
1.1 伦理声明
1.2 试验设计
表1 精补料组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of concentrate supplement (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目Items | 含量Content |
|---|---|
| 原料Ingredients | |
| 次粉Wheat middling | 40.00 |
| 玉米Corn | 15.00 |
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 16.59 |
| 小麦麸Wheat bran | 17.19 |
| 石粉Limestone | 3.98 |
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 1.80 |
| 食盐NaCl | 0.44 |
| 氯化胆碱Choline chloride | 0.10 |
| L-赖氨酸盐酸盐L-Lys·HCl | 0.20 |
| 预混料Premix1) | 4.70 |
| 合计Total | 100.00 |
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |
| 干物质DM | 88.22 |
| 消化能DE/(MJ/kg) | 11.76 |
| 粗灰分Ash | 12.36 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 17.46 |
| 钙Ca | 0.84 |
| 总磷TP | 0.77 |
| 有效磷AP | 0.46 |
| 粗脂肪EE | 2.18 |
| 粗纤维CF | 2.94 |
| 赖氨酸Lys | 0.99 |
1)预混料为每千克精补料提供The premix provided the following per kg of concentrate supplement:VA 12 000 IU,VD3 1 500 IU,VK3 3 mg,VB1 2 mg,VB2 4 mg,VB6 4 mg,VB12 0.01 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 20 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 30 mg,叶酸 folacin 1.7 mg,生物素 biotin 0.3 mg,Fe (as FeSO4) 150 mg,Cu (as CuSO4) 40 mg,Mn (as MnO) 100 mg,Se (as Na2SeO3) 0.4 mg,I (as KI) 0.6 mg,Zn (as ZnSO4) 200 mg。 |
1.3 饲养管理
1.4 样品采集
1.5 指标检测
1.5.1 营养成分测定
1.5.2 生长性能和屠宰性能测定
1.5.3 皮肤厚度和胶原蛋白占比测定
1.5.4 背部皮肤中羟脯氨酸含量测定
1.5.5 血清抗氧化指标测定
1.5.6 背部皮肤转录组学分析
1.6 数据统计分析
2 结果
2.1 VE对德州驴生长性能的影响
表2 VE对德州驴生长性能的影响Table 2 Effects of VE on growth performance of Dezhou donkeys |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| LVE | MVE | HVE | ||
| 初始体重IBW/kg | 159.14±3.60 | 159.07±3.52 | 159.36±3.85 | 0.998 |
| 终末体重FBW/kg | 212.64±4.74 | 212.57±3.48 | 211.26±3.41 | 0.963 |
| 平均日增重ADG/g | 396.30±19.41 | 396.30±8.40 | 384.66±10.86 | 0.789 |
| 粗饲料平均日采食量ADFI of roughage forage/kg | 1.96±0.18 | 1.88±0.31 | 1.85±0.04 | 0.815 |
| 精补料平均日采食量ADFI of concentrate supplement/kg | 2.60±0.00 | 2.60±0.00 | 2.60±0.00 | — |
| 料重比F/G | 11.67±0.70 | 11.32±0.35 | 11.63±0.34 | 0.861 |
同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 VE对德州驴屠宰性能的影响
表3 VE对德州驴屠宰性能的影响Table 3 Effects of VE on slaughter performance of Dezhou donkeys |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| LVE | MVE | HVE | ||
| 胴体重DW/kg | 109.84±2.40 | 113.16±0.86 | 111.06±2.50 | 0.533 |
| 屠宰率DP/% | 52.51±0.54 | 53.44±0.68 | 51.71±1.65 | 0.538 |
| 鲜皮重FSW/kg | 17.47±0.29 | 18.40±0.31 | 18.60±0.40 | 0.076 |
| 鲜皮率FSR/% | 8.37±0.22 | 8.69±0.22 | 8.66±0.23 | 0.554 |
2.3 VE对德州驴皮用性能的影响
表4 VE对德州驴皮肤厚度的影响Table 4 Effects of VE on skin thickness of Dezhou donkeys mm |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| LVE | MVE | HVE | ||
| 初始背部皮肤厚度IBST | 4.84±0.19 | 4.88±0.29 | 4.84±0.17 | 0.990 |
| 终末背部皮肤厚度FBST | 6.55±0.13b | 6.87±0.10ab | 7.11±0.17a | 0.028 |
| 初始颈部皮肤厚度INST | 3.20±0.10 | 3.20±0.09 | 3.20±0.19 | 0.999 |
| 终末颈部皮肤厚度FNST | 4.11±0.11 | 4.58±0.23 | 4.61±0.13 | 0.081 |
图1 VE对德州驴背部皮肤真皮层厚度、胶原蛋白占比及羟脯氨酸含量的影响LVE:LVE组;MVE:MVE组;HVE:HVE组。下图同。数据柱形标注不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。 Fig.1 Effects of VE on dermal thickness, collagen percentage and hydroxyproline content of back skin of Dezhou donkeys LVE: LVE group; MVE: MVE group; HVE: HVE group. The same as below. Value columns with different small letters mean significant difference (P<0.05). |
2.4 VE对德州驴血清抗氧化指标的影响
表5 VE对德州驴血清抗氧化指标的影响Table 5 Effects of VE on serum antioxidant indexes of Dezhou donkeys |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| LVE | MVE | HVE | ||
| 总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(mmol/L) | 0.22±0.02b | 0.29±0.01a | 0.29±0.01a | 0.002 |
| 丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mL) | 3.65±0.12b | 2.98±0.10a | 2.70±0.11a | 0.001 |
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(U/mL) | 169.97±4.43b | 191.08±7.45a | 190.24±4.76a | 0.028 |
| 过氧化氢酶CAT/(U/mL) | 2.51±0.17 | 3.52±0.32 | 3.58±0.45 | 0.059 |
| 超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(U/mL) | 130.48±1.65b | 141.72±2.34a | 141.51±1.91a | 0.001 |
2.5 德州驴背部皮肤的转录组学分析结果
图2 VE对德州驴背部皮肤中差异表达基因数量的影响(火山图)Fig.2 Effects of VE on number of DEGs in back skin of Dezhou donkeys (volcano plot) |
图3 VE对德州驴背部皮肤中信号通路的影响(GO富集气泡图)Angiogenesis:血管再生;Extracellular matrix organization:细胞外基质组织;Positive regulation of angiogenesis:血管再生的正向调节;Inflammatory response:炎症反应;Cell adhesion:细胞黏附;Positive regulation of gene expression:基因表达的正调控;Positive regulation of cell-substrate adhesion:细胞与基质黏附的正向调节;Collagen fibril organization:胶原纤维组织;Osteoblast differentiation:成骨细胞分化;Vasculogenesis:血管生成;Collagen biosynthetic process:胶原蛋白生物合成过程;Negative regulation of angiogenesis:对血管再生的负向调节;Cell-cell adhesion:细胞-细胞黏附;Peptidyl-lysine oxidation:肽基赖氨酸氧化;Astrocyte development:星形胶质细胞的发展;Glycosaminoglycan catabolic process:糖胺聚糖分解代谢过程;Cardiac atrium morphogenesis:心房形态发生;Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway:血管内皮生长因子受体信号通路;Negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway:负向调节肿瘤坏死因子介导的信号通路;Endodermal cell differentiation:内皮细胞分化;Epidermis development:表皮发育;Keratinization:角质形成;Skin development:皮肤发育;Establishment of skin barrier:建立皮肤屏障;Keratinocyte differentiation:角质细胞分化;Sprouting angiogenesis:发芽血管再成;Peptide cross-linking:肽交联;Cornification:角质化;Endothelial cell migration:内皮细胞迁移;Cell migration:细胞迁移;Negative regulation of cell migration:细胞迁移的负调控;Inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus:对抗原刺激的炎症反应。 Fig.3 Effects of VE on signaling pathways in back skin of Dezhou donkeys (GO enrichment bubble chart) |
图4 差异表达基因聚类分析COL1A1:Ⅰ型胶原蛋白α1链 collagen type Ⅰ alpha 1 chain;COL1A2:Ⅰ型胶原蛋白α2链 collagen type Ⅰ alpha 2 chain;COL3A1:Ⅲ型胶原蛋白α1链 collagen type Ⅲ alpha 1 chain;COL4A1:Ⅳ型胶原蛋白α1链 collagen type Ⅳ alpha 1 chain;COL5A2:Ⅴ型胶原蛋白α2链 collagen type Ⅴ alpha 2 chain;COL6A1:Ⅵ型胶原蛋白α1链 collagen type Ⅵ alpha 1 chain;COL8A1:Ⅷ型胶原蛋白α1链 collagen type Ⅷ alpha 1 chain;COL16A1:ⅩⅥ型胶原蛋白α1链 collagen type ⅩⅥ alpha 1 chain;COL28A1:ⅩⅩⅧ型胶原蛋白α1链 collagen type ⅩⅩⅧ alpha 1 chain;ELN:弹性蛋白 elastin;FN1:纤连蛋白1 fibronectin 1;FBLN1:纤维蛋白1 fibulin 1;FBLN2:纤维蛋白2 fibulin 2;LAMA4:层粘连蛋白α4亚基 laminin subunit alpha 4;LAMB2:层粘连蛋白β2亚基 laminin subunit beta 2;ECM1:细胞外基质蛋白1 extracellular matrix protein 1;ECM2:细胞外基质蛋白2 extracellular matrix protein 2;ITGA1:整合素α1亚基 integrin subunit alpha 1;ITGA5:整合素α5亚基 integrin subunit alpha 5;CCN1:细胞通讯网络因子 cellular communication network factor 1;TNC:肌腱蛋白C tenascin C;FGF7:成纤维细胞生长因子7 fibroblast growth factor 7;FGF14:成纤维细胞生长因子14 fibroblast growth factor 14;FGFR1:成纤维细胞生长因子受体1 fibroblast growth factor receptor 1;PTX3:五聚蛋白3 pentraxin 3;TGFβ1:转化生长因子β1 transforming growth factor beta 1;TGFβ3:转化生长因子β3 transforming growth factor beta 3;ENG:内皮糖蛋白 endoglin;P3H3:脯氨酰3-羟化酶3 prolyl 3-hydroxylase 3;P3H4:脯氨酰3-羟化酶4 prolyl 3-hydroxylase 4;P4Ha3:脯氨酰4-羟化酶α3 prolyl 4-hydroxylase alpha 3;PLOD1:赖氨酸羟化酶1 procollagen-lysine, 2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 1;PLOD2:赖氨酸羟化酶2 procollagen-lysine 2-oxoglutarate, 5-dioxygenase 2;PLOD3:赖氨酸羟化酶3 procollagen-lysine, 2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 3;ADAMTS2:去整合素金属蛋白酶2 ADAM with thrombospondin 2;ADAMTS3:去整合素金属蛋白酶3 ADAM with thrombospondin 3;BMP1:骨形态发生蛋白1 bone morphogenetic protein 1;MMP1:基质金属蛋白酶1 matrix metallopeptidase 1;MMP2:基质金属蛋白酶2 matrix metallopeptidase 2;MMP9:基质金属蛋白酶9 matrix metallopeptidase 9。 Fig.4 Cluster analysis of DEGs |
