Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2025 , Vol. 37 >Issue 9: 5838 - 5849

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2025.475

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Calcium Formate on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestion and Absorption, and Blood Indices of Nuogu Weaned Piglets

  • LI Dongguang , 1, 2 ,
  • LIN Jiale 1 ,
  • HUANG Yanhua 1 ,
  • BAN Mingzheng 3 ,
  • ZHANG Xiong 2 ,
  • ZHANG Kaikai 2 ,
  • LU Shengtao 1, 2 ,
  • ZHOU Panhong 1 ,
  • HAN Yan 4 ,
  • HUANG Huijing 4 ,
  • SHI Xiaoli , 1, **
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  • 1 Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
  • 2 Guizhou Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute, Guiyang 550005, China
  • 3 Guizhou Vocational College of Agriculture, Guiyang 551400, China
  • 4 Nayong County Agriculture and Rural Bureau, Nayong 553300, China
** professor, E-mail:

*Contributed equally

Received date: 2024-12-13

  Online published: 2025-09-12

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Abstract

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with calcium formate on the growth performance, nutrient digestion and absorption, and blood indices of Nuogu weaned piglets. Sixty healthy 33-day-old Nuogu weaned piglets with an average body weight of (11.0±0.5) kg were selected and randomly divided into 3 groups, with 4 replicates in each group and 5 pigs in each replicate. Piglets in the control group were fed a basal diet, while those in the antibiotic group and the calcium formate group were fed the basal diets supplemented with 200 mg/kg calcium oxytetracycline and 0.5% calcium formate, respectively. The pre-test period was 5 days and the formal test period was 28 days. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with the control group, the average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) in the calcium formate group were significantly increased (P<0.05), the feed to gain ratio (F/G) was significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the diarrhea rate and diarrhea index showed a decreasing trend (P>0.05); compared with the antibiotic group, the ADFI in the calcium formate group was significantly increased (P<0.05), while there were no significant differences in ADG, F/G, diarrhea rate and diarrhea index (P>0.05). 2) Compared with the control group, the apparent digestibilities of dry matter, gross energy, crude protein, ether extract, calcium and total phosphorus in the calcium formate group was significantly or extremely significantly increased (P<0.05 or P<0.01); compared with the antibiotic group, there were no significant differences in the apparent digestibility of each nutrient in the calcium formate group (P>0.05). 3) Compared with the control group, the jejunal trypsin and α-amylase activities in the calcium formate group were significantly or extremely significantly increased (P<0.05 or P<0.01); compared with the antibiotic group, the jejunal α-amylase activity in the calcium formate group was significantly increased (P<0.05). 4) In the duodenum, compared with the control group, the mRNA relative expression levels of cationic amino acid transporter 1 (CAT1), solute carrier family 1 member 1 (SLC1A1), peptide transporter 1 (PEPT1), sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) and apolipoprotein B (APOB) in the calcium formate group were significantly or extremely significantly increased (P<0.05 or P<0.01); compared with the antibiotic group, the mRNA relative expression levels of SLC1A1 and APOB in the calcium formate group were extremely significantly increased (P<0.01). In the jejunum, compared with the control group, the mRNA relative expression levels of SLC1A1, PEPT1 and APOB in the calcium formate group were extremely significantly increased (P<0.01); compared with the antibiotic group, the mRNA relative expression levels of PEPT1 and APOB in the calcium formate group were extremely significantly increased (P<0.01). 5) Compared with the control group, the plasma total protein content in the calcium formate group was significantly increased (P<0.05), the plasma glucose content was extremely significantly decreased (P<0.01), and the plasma total cholesterol and urea nitrogen contents were significantly decreased (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the activities of serum glutathione peroxidase and total superoxide dismutase in the antibiotic group and the calcium formate group were extremely significantly increased (P<0.01), the content of serum interleukin-6 and the activity of aspartate aminotransferase were extremely significantly decreased (P<0.01), and the contents of serum immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin M were significantly increased (P<0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation with calcium formate can enhance the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immune capabilities of Nuogu weaned piglets, increase the activities of intestinal digestive enzymes and the gene expression of nutrient transportation-related proteins, and improve the apparent digestibilities of nutrients, promoting the digestion and absorption of nutrients by the body. At the same time, it can relieve diarrhea, thereby improving their growth performance, and the effect is comparable to or better than that of antibiotics.

Key words： Nuogu weaned piglets; calcium formate; growth performance; nutrient digestion and absorption; blood indices

Cite this article

LI Dongguang , LIN Jiale , HUANG Yanhua , BAN Mingzheng , ZHANG Xiong , ZHANG Kaikai , LU Shengtao , ZHOU Panhong , HAN Yan , HUANG Huijing , SHI Xiaoli . Effects of Calcium Formate on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestion and Absorption, and Blood Indices of Nuogu Weaned Piglets[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2025 , 37(9) : 5838 -5849 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2025.475

糯谷猪是我国优良的地方猪种“可乐猪”中的一个特殊类型,其因肉质优良深受消费者喜爱,但有关糯谷猪营养和饲料的相关研究却鲜有报道,不利于糯谷猪产业的健康发展。早期断奶的仔猪,由于其自身器官及生理功能发育不完善,容易出现腹泻和采食量下降等情况,导致氧化应激和肠道功能损伤,产生断奶应激综合征。添加饲用抗生素是过去解决仔猪断奶应激综合征的主要措施[1],但随着我国全面禁止饲用抗生素的使用,寻找一种安全、有效和无残留的抗生素替代品,以此来应对仔猪断奶应激综合征成为科研院所和生产企业研究的重点。甲酸钙是一种安全无毒的有机酸盐,欧盟于2020年批准其用作饲料保存剂以防止饲料霉变[2]。甲酸钙亦可作为钙的补充剂[3-4]和酸化剂添加到仔猪全价料中以降低饲粮系酸力[5],并可在胃酸作用下分解为甲酸和钙离子,降低胃的pH。研究表明,饲粮添加1%甲酸钙可以缓解仔猪腹泻和促进仔猪生长[6-7];但有研究显示,甲酸钙会减少断奶仔猪胃壁细胞胃酸的分泌[8],饲粮添加1%和2%甲酸钙并不能控制仔猪腹泻和促进仔猪生长[9]。由此可见,甲酸钙的使用效果因饲粮类型和组成、甲酸钙添加剂量以及其他控制腹泻制剂的添加而不尽相同,且未对甲酸钙作用机制进行深入探讨。因此,本试验在未添加氧化锌、高铜、消化酶和植物精油等可缓解仔猪腹泻制剂的条件下,旨在通过探讨甲酸钙对糯谷断奶仔猪生长性能、养分消化吸收和血液指标的影响,以明确甲酸钙替代抗生素的可行性,为推动甲酸钙在仔猪高效健康养殖中的应用提供理论依据和实践参考。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

土霉素钙和甲酸钙为市购产品,纯度为98.5%。

1.2 试验设计和饲粮

本试验经贵州大学实验动物伦理委员会批准,批准号:EAE-GZU-2021-T011。采用单因素试验设计,选取60头平均体重为(11.0±0.5) kg、健康的33日龄糯谷断奶仔猪,随机分为3组,每组4个重复,每个重复5头猪。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,抗生素组和甲酸钙组分别饲喂在基础饲粮的基础上添加200 mg/kg土霉素钙和0.5%甲酸钙的饲粮。预试期5 d,正试期28 d。
基础饲粮为玉米-豆粕型颗粒料,参照《猪营养需要》(GB/T 39235—2020)中肉脂型仔猪营养需要和《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2023年第34版》配制,其组成及营养水平见表1。
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis) %

项目Items 含量Content
原料Ingredients
玉米Corn 65.00
膨化大豆Extruded soybean 13.00
豆粕Soybean meal 12.00
鱼粉Fish meal 4.00
大豆油Soybean oil 2.00
石粉Limestone 0.90
磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 1.00
食盐NaCl 0.40
L-赖氨酸盐酸盐L-lysine·HCl 0.50
蛋氨酸Methionine 0.07
L-苏氨酸L-threonine 0.20
色氨酸Tryptophan 0.05
氯化胆碱Choline chloride 0.10
抗氧化剂Antioxidant 0.02
防霉剂Mildew-proof agent 0.10
矿物质预混料Mineral premix1) 0.11
维生素预混料Vitamin premix2) 0.05
蒙脱石Smectite 0.50
合计Total 100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels3)
消化能DE/(MJ/kg) 14.43
粗蛋白质CP 18.01
钙Ca 0.81
有效磷AP 0.37
钠Na 0.16
氯Cl 0.34
标准回肠可消化赖氨酸SID Lys 0.82
标准回肠可消化蛋氨酸SID Met 0.29
标准回肠可消化蛋氨酸+标准回肠
可消化半胱氨酸
SID Met+SID Cys		 0.71
标准回肠可消化苏氨酸SID Thr 0.56
标准回肠可消化色氨酸SID Trp 0.17

1)矿物质预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The mineral premix provided the following per kg of the diet:Cu (as copper sulfate) 10 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 80 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 56 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 80 mg,I (as calcium iodate) 0.9 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.3 mg。

2)维生素预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The vitamin premix provided the following per kg of the diet:VA 10 000 IU,VD3 2 000 IU,VE 70 mg,VK3 2 mg,VB1 3.2 mg,VB2 7.0 mg,VB3 19.5 mg,VB5 32 mg,VB6 3.2 mg,生物素 biotin 0.60 mg,叶酸 folic acid 2.0 mg,VB12 0.04 mg。

3)粗蛋白质(GB/T 6432—2018)和钙(GB/T 6436—2018)为实测值,其余营养水平为参考《中国饲料饲料成分及营养价值表(2023年第34版》所得计算值。CP (GB/T 6432—2018) and Ca (GB/T 6436—2018) were measured values, while the other nutrient levels were calculated values according to Tables of Feed Composition and Nutritive Values in China (34th edition, 2023).

1.3 饲养管理

饲养试验在贵州省贵阳市贵阳恒晨饲料有限公司高原山地动物遗传育种与繁殖教育部重点实验室科研中心养殖场进行。断奶仔猪在保育舍内进行饲养,前2周室温保持在25~28 ℃,后2周室温保持在22~25 ℃,同时室内保证干燥与通风。每天分别于08:00、11:00、13:30和17:00饲喂,饲喂量以料槽中有少量剩余为准。仔猪免疫、驱虫保健和消毒等严格按照场内操作规程执行。

1.4 消化试验

采用4 mol/L盐酸不溶灰分(AIA)法测定养分表观消化率。正试期最后5 d,以重复为单位每天收集粪便150 g于自封袋中,按每100 g粪样加10%盐酸混匀以固氮,并放入-20 ℃保存;试验结束后,将每天收集的粪便混匀后,置于55 ℃烘箱中烘干回潮,测定初水分含量,粉碎过40目筛,制备成风干样本,于4 ℃冰箱中保存以备分析。

1.5 样本采集及指标测定

1.5.1 生长性能

分别于正试期第1天和第29天07:00对试验猪进行空腹称重,试验期间每天准确记录喂料量和剩余料量,计算平均日增重(ADG)、平均日采食量(ADFI)和料重比(F/G)。计算公式如下:
ADG=(终末体重-初始体重)/试验天数;
ADFI=(喂料量-剩余料量)/试验天数;
F/G=ADFI/ADG。

1.5.2 腹泻率和腹泻指数

试验期间,每天分别于09:00、14:00和19:00根据仔猪粪便外观进行粪便评分,其中坚硬为1分,轻微柔软为2分,软为3分,松散半液体为4分,水状或黏液为5分;粪便评分>2即为腹泻,记录腹泻发生次数,计算腹泻率和腹泻指数。计算公式如下:
腹泻率(%)=100×(腹泻仔猪头数×仔猪腹泻天数)/(试验仔猪头数×试验天数);
腹泻指数=粪便评分之和/试验仔猪头数。

1.5.3 养分表观消化率

饲粮和粪便样品中总能(GE,ISO 9831:1998)以及干物质(DM,GB/T 6435—2014)、粗蛋白质(CP,GB/T 6432—2018)、粗脂肪(EE,GB/T 6433—2006)、钙(GB/T 6436—2018)、总磷(GB/T 6437—2018)和AIA(GB/T 23742—2009)含量分别参照对应标准中的方法进行测定。养分表观消化率计算公式如下:
某养分表观消化率(%)=100-100×(饲粮中AIA含量/粪便中AIA含量)×(粪便中该养分含量/饲粮中该养分含量)。

1.5.4 肠道消化酶活性

试验结束时,每个重复随机选择1头仔猪进行屠宰,屠宰前4~5 h饲喂少量饲粮便于采集食糜,于空肠中段处截断收集食糜,置于-80 ℃保存待测。采用微板法测定空肠食糜胰蛋白酶、脂肪酶和α-淀粉酶活性,试剂盒购自苏州格锐思生物科技有限公司。

1.5.5 肠道养分转运相关蛋白基因表达

仔猪屠宰后,取十二指肠和空肠黏膜样本,采用实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)法测定十二指肠和空肠黏膜阳离子氨基酸转运蛋白1(CAT1)、钠偶联中性氨基酸转运体1(SNAT1)、溶质载体家族1成员1(SLC1A1)、小肽转运蛋白1(PEPT1)、钠-葡萄糖协同转运蛋白1(SGLT1)和载脂蛋白B(APOB)mRNA相对表达量。
按照组织提取试剂盒(上海西宝生物科技有限公司)说明书提取RNA,并按照反转录试剂盒(赛默飞世尔科技公司)说明书合成cDNA。根据从NCBI上获取的mRNA的编码序列(CDS)区信息,以β-肌动蛋白(β-actin)为内参基因,采用Primer 5.0软件设计养分转运相关蛋白基因的引物,引物由北京擎科生物科技股份有限公司合成,引物信息见表2。
表2 引物信息

Table 2 Primer information

基因
Genes		 引物系列
Primer sequences (5'—3')		 产物大小
Product size/bp		 退火温度
Tm/℃
β-肌动蛋白β-actin F:TCTGGCACCACACCTTCT
R:TGATCTGGGTCATCTTCTCA		 195 61.3
阳离子氨基酸转运蛋白1 CAT1 F:GGTCCTGGGCTTCATAATGGTGTC
R:TTCGTGGCATTGTTCAGGCAGAG		 117 60.0
钠偶联中性氨基酸转运体1 SNAT1 F:TCGCATTTGCCTTTGTCTGC
R:TCCGAGTGCACGTTGTCATAG		 114 56.0
溶质载体家族1成员1 SLC1A1 F:CCTCAGTGGTGCTAGGGATTG
R:GGGCAGCAACACCTGTAATC		 125 58.3
小肽转运蛋白1 PEPT1 F:AATTTGGCAGCGCGTTTACC
R:TCATGTTGGAAGGAGCCTGAG		 88 55.0
钠-葡萄糖协同转运蛋白1 SGLT1 F:CGCGTGCTGTTTCCAGATGAT
R:CGATGTTGGAGCAGCCAATC		 116 59.0
载脂蛋白B APOB F:AAGCCAGAGCCTACCTCCACATC
R:ACGAACACCATTCAGCAGCAGTC		 98 58.0
RT-qPCR采用10 μL反应体系,其中上游和下游引物各加入0.5 μL,cDNA模板加入0.5 μL,2×Talent qPCR PreMix(SYBR Green)加入5 μL,用RNA-free water补足至10 μL。反应条件:95 ℃预变性3 min,95 ℃变性5 s,55~60 ℃退火及延伸15 s(不同基因退火温度见表2),延伸完成采集荧光信号40个循环。溶解曲线采集温度范围为60~90 ℃,以60 ℃为基础,按0.5 ℃/s为单位升温到90 ℃,每5 s采集1次荧光信号。每个样品设6个重复。采用2-△△Ct法计算目的基因mRNA相对表达量。

1.5.6 血液指标

试验结束时,每个重复随机选择1头仔猪,前腔静脉采血20 mL,其中10 mL置于含肝素钠的抗凝管中,另外10 mL置于不含抗凝剂的离心管中,分别静置15~30 min后3 024×g离心10 min,分离血浆和血清,于-80 ℃保存待测。
采用酶标仪(Synergy HT4,Bio-Tek,美国)测定血浆葡萄糖(GLU,葡萄糖氧化酶法),甘油三酯(TG,微板法)、总胆固醇(TC,微板法)、总蛋白[TP,二喹啉甲酸(BCA)微板法]和尿素氮(UN,脲酶法)含量;采用微板法测定血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST)活性。采用对应的方法测定血清总抗氧化能力[T-AOC,铁离子还原抗氧化能力(FRAP)法]、总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD,微板法)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px,微板法)活性以及丙二醛[MDA,硫代巴比妥酸(TBA)法]含量,上述试剂盒均购自苏州格锐思生物科技有限公司。采用双抗体夹心法测定血清白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)、白细胞介素-22(IL-22)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、免疫球蛋白A(IgA)和免疫球蛋白M(IgM)含量,试剂盒购自泉州市睿信生物科技有限公司。

1.6 数据统计分析

以初始体重为协变量,采用SPSS 18.0软件的Univariate程序进行协方差分析,判断各处理对生长性能的调节效应,其他指标则采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),再用Duncan氏法进行多重比较。结果数据采用平均值和均值标准误(SEM)表示,P<0.05表示差异显著,P<0.01表示差异极显著。

2 结果与分析

2.1 甲酸钙对糯谷断奶仔猪生长性能的影响

由表3可知,与对照组相比,抗生素组和甲酸钙组糯谷断奶仔猪ADG显著提高(P<0.05),F/G显著降低(P<0.05);甲酸钙组ADFI显著提高(P<0.05)。与抗生素组相比,甲酸钙组ADFI显著提高(P<0.05),ADG和F/G无显著差异(P>0.05)。结果表明,饲粮添加甲酸钙可促进糯谷断奶仔猪采食,提高其生长性能。
表3 甲酸钙对糯谷断奶仔猪生长性能的影响

Table 3 Effects of calcium formate on growth performance of Nuogu weaned piglets

项目
Items		 对照组
Control
group		 抗生素组
Antibiotic
group		 甲酸钙组
Calcium formate
group		 均值标准误
SEM		 P值
P-value
初始体重Initial BW/kg 11.38 11.25 11.25 0.730 0.420
终末体重Final BW/kg 23.63 25.89 26.83 1.616 0.132
平均日增重ADG/(g/d) 437.74a 522.92b 603.17b 26.488 0.046
平均日采食量ADFI/(g/d) 929.87a 1 002.50a 1 171.49b 47.395 0.015
料重比F/G 2.12b 1.85a 1.93a 0.051 0.013

同行数据肩标相同字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。下表同。

In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), and with different capital letter superscripts mean extremely significant difference (P<0.01). The same as below.

2.2 甲酸钙对糯谷断奶仔猪腹泻的影响

由表4可知,与对照组相比,抗生素组糯谷断奶仔猪腹泻率和腹泻指数显著降低(P<0.05),甲酸钙组腹泻率和腹泻指数有降低趋势,但差异不显著(P>0.05);同时,与抗生素组相比,甲酸钙组腹泻率和腹泻指数差异不显著(P>0.05)。结果表明,饲粮添加甲酸钙可一定程度上缓解糯谷断奶仔猪腹泻。
表4 甲酸钙对糯谷断奶仔猪腹泻的影响

Table 4 Effects of calcium formate on diarrhea of Nuogu weaned piglets

项目Items 对照组
Control
group		 抗生素组
Antibiotic
group		 甲酸钙组
Calcium formate
group		 均值标准误
SEM		 P值
P-value
腹泻率Diarrhea rate/% 82.94b 61.90a 74.60ab 7.264 0.043
腹泻指数Diarrhea index 7.56b 6.00a 6.51ab 0.464 0.022

2.3 甲酸钙对糯谷断奶仔猪养分表观消化率的影响

由表5可知,与对照组相比,抗生素组和甲酸钙组糯谷断奶仔猪GE、CP、EE和总磷表观消化率显著或极显著提高(P<0.05或P<0.01),甲酸钙组DM和钙表观消化率显著提高(P<0.05);与抗生素组相比,甲酸钙组各养分表观消化率均无显著差异(P>0.05)。结果表明,饲粮添加甲酸钙可促进糯谷断奶仔猪对饲粮养分的消化。
表5 甲酸钙对糯谷断奶仔猪养分表观消化率的影响

Table 5 Effects of calcium formate on nutrient apparent digestibility of Nuogu weaned piglets %

项目
Items		 对照组
Control
group		 抗生素组
Antibiotic
group		 甲酸钙组
Calcium formate
group		 均值标准误
SEM		 P值
P-value
干物质DM 94.34a 95.41ab 95.85b 0.343 0.033
总能GE 84.90A 87.28B 86.45B 0.317 0.001
粗蛋白质CP 79.31a 82.76b 82.98b 0.204 0.040
粗脂肪EE 69.39A 76.56B 75.83B 0.939 0.001
钙Ca 46.08a 48.52ab 50.72b 0.842 0.048
总磷Total P 65.44A 71.41B 72.74B 0.868 <0.001

2.4 甲酸钙对糯谷断奶仔猪肠道消化酶活性的影响

由表6可知,与对照组相比,抗生素组糯谷断奶仔猪空肠胰蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性显著或极显著提高(P<0.05或P<0.01),甲酸钙组空肠胰蛋白酶和α-淀粉酶活性显著或极显著提高(P<0.05或P<0.01);与抗生素组相比,甲酸钙组空肠α-淀粉酶活性显著提高(P<0.05),空肠脂肪酶活性显著降低(P<0.05),空肠胰蛋白酶活性无显著差异(P>0.05)。结果表明,饲粮添加甲酸钙可以提高糯谷断奶仔猪空肠胰蛋白酶和α-淀粉酶活性。
表6 甲酸钙对糯谷断奶仔猪肠道消化酶活性的影响

Table 6 Effects of calcium formate on intestinal digestive enzyme activity of Nuogu weaned piglets

项目
Items		 对照组
Control
group		 抗生素组
Antibiotic
group		 甲酸钙组
Calcium formate
group		 均值标准误
SEM		 P值
P-value
胰蛋白酶Trypsin/(U/kg) 546.32A 831.46B 888.61B 59.382 0.009
α-淀粉酶α-amylase/(U/g) 2.66a 2.17a 3.56b 0.257 0.042
脂肪酶Lipase/(U/g) 1.49a 2.91b 1.43a 0.306 0.049

2.5 甲酸钙对糯谷断奶仔猪肠道养分转运相关蛋白基因表达的影响

由表7可知,在十二指肠中,与对照组相比,抗生素组和甲酸钙组糯谷断奶仔猪CAT1、PEPT1和SGLT1 mRNA相对表达量显著或极显著提高(P<0.05或P<0.01),抗生素组SNAT1 mRNA相对表达量极显著提高(P<0.01),甲酸钙组SLC1A1和APOB mRNA相对表达量极显著提高(P<0.01);与抗生素组相比,甲酸钙组SLC1A1和APOB mRNA相对表达量极显著提高(P<0.01)。
表7 甲酸钙对糯谷断奶仔猪肠道养分转运相关蛋白基因表达的影响

Table 7 Effects of calcium formate on gene expression of intestinal nutrient transportation-related proteins of Nuogu weaned piglets.

项目
Items		 对照组
Control
group		 抗生素组
Antibiotic
group		 甲酸钙组
Calcium formate
group		 均值标准误
SEM		 P值
P-value
十二指肠Duodenum
阳离子氨基酸转运蛋白1 CAT1 1.00A 4.05B 5.20B 0.359 <0.001
钠偶联中性氨基酸转运体1 SNAT1 1.00A 3.00B 1.69A 0.318 0.005
溶质载体家族1成员1 SLC1A1 1.00A 1.54A 4.44B 0.288 <0.001
小肽转运蛋白1 PEPT1 1.00A 4.88B 3.19B 0.610 0.005
钠-葡萄糖协同转运蛋白1 SGLT1 1.00a 1.94b 2.52b 0.319 0.025
载脂蛋白B APOB 1.00A 1.69A 2.67B 0.177 <0.001
空肠Jejunum
阳离子氨基酸转运蛋白1 CAT1 1.00A 4.20B 1.57A 0.468 0.002
钠偶联中性氨基酸转运体1 SNAT1 1.00A 2.70B 1.66A 0.243 0.003
溶质载体家族1成员1 SLC1A1 1.00A 3.23B 4.12B 0.506 0.005
小肽转运蛋白1 PEPT1 1.00A 2.03A 4.97B 0.358 <0.001
钠-葡萄糖协同转运蛋白1 SGLT1 1.00 2.33 1.59 0.359 0.086
载脂蛋白B APOB 1.00A 3.83B 6.80C 0.595 <0.001
在空肠中,与对照组相比,抗生素组和甲酸钙组糯谷断奶仔猪SLC1A1和APOB mRNA相对表达量极显著提高(P<0.01),抗生素组CAT1和SNAT1 mRNA相对表达量极显著提高(P<0.01),甲酸钙组PEPT1 mRNA相对表达量极显著提高(P<0.01);与抗生素组相比,甲酸钙组PEPT1和APOB mRNA相对表达量极显著提高(P<0.01),CAT1和SNAT1 mRNA相对表达量极显著降低(P<0.01)。
以上结果表明,饲粮添加甲酸钙可以提高糯谷断奶仔猪肠道养分转运相关蛋白基因表达,效果与抗生素相当或者优于抗生素。

2.6 甲酸钙对糯谷断奶仔猪血液指标的影响

2.6.1 甲酸钙对糯谷断奶仔猪血浆生化指标的影响

由表8可知,与对照组相比,抗生素组和甲酸钙组糯谷断奶仔猪血浆TP含量显著提高(P<0.05),血浆TC含量显著降低(P<0.05);甲酸钙组血浆GLU含量极显著降低(P<0.01),血浆UN含量显著降低(P<0.05)。与抗生素组相比,甲酸钙组血浆GLU含量极显著降低(P<0.01),血浆UN含量显著降低(P<0.05)。结果表明,饲粮添加甲酸钙可能会促进糯谷断奶仔猪对糖的利用和蛋白质的沉积。
表8 甲酸钙对糯谷断奶仔猪血浆生化指标的影响

Table 8 Effects of calcium formate on plasma biochemical indices of Nuogu weaned piglets

项目
Items		 对照组
Control
group		 抗生素组
Antibiotic
group		 甲酸钙组
Calcium formate
group		 均值标准误
SEM		 P值
P-value
葡萄糖GLU/(mmol/L) 7.96B 7.74B 4.90A 1.217 0.001
总蛋白TP/(mg/mL) 44.69a 68.32b 60.18b 4.780 0.021
尿素氮UN/(mmol/L) 7.27b 7.41b 5.53a 0.311 0.048
总胆固醇TC/(mmol/L) 3.74b 3.13a 3.12a 1.149 0.032
甘油三酯TG/(mmol/L) 62.08 62.08 47.80 4.024 0.080

2.6.2 甲酸钙对糯谷断奶仔猪血清指标的影响

由表9可知,与对照组相比,抗生素组和甲酸钙组糯谷断奶仔猪血清GSH-Px和T-SOD活性极显著提高(P<0.01),血清IL-6含量和AST活性极显著降低(P<0.01),血清IgA和IgM含量显著提高(P<0.05);抗生素组血清IL-1β含量极显著降低(P<0.01)。与抗生素组相比,甲酸钙组血清IL-1β含量极显著提高(P<0.01),其他血清指标均无显著差异(P>0.05)。上述结果表明,饲粮添加甲酸钙不仅可以抑制糯谷断奶仔猪的炎症反应,还能提高机体抗氧化能力和免疫力,降低肝脏损伤,效果与抗生素相当。
表9 甲酸钙对糯谷断奶仔猪血清指标的影响

Table 9 Effects of calcium formate on serum indices of Nuogu weaned piglets

项目
Items		 对照组
Control
group		 抗生素组
Antibiotic
group		 甲酸钙组
Calcium formate
group		 均值标准误
SEM		 P值
P-value
总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(μmol Trolox/mL) 221.84 250.91 221.72 11.317 0.339
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(U/L) 74.56A 88.01B 86.07B 2.256 0.008
总超氧化物歧化酶T-SOD/(U/L) 154.62A 163.81B 172.45B 5.320 0.004
丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mL) 8.84 8.91 7.33 0.329 0.091
肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α/(pg/mL) 107.04 88.82 96.24 5.182 0.131
白细胞介素-1β IL-1β/(pg/mL) 299.85B 202.71A 298.28B 9.302 0.001
白细胞介素-6 IL-6/(pg/mL) 327.31B 211.93A 250.23A 11.740 0.001
白细胞介素-10 IL-10/(pg/mL) 58.32 61.68 79.99 7.122 0.161
白细胞介素-22 IL-22/(pg/mL) 125.41 124.64 136.20 9.638 0.639
免疫球蛋白G IgG/(mg/mL) 8.67 11.06 11.96 0.730 0.071
免疫球蛋白A IgA/(μg/mL) 294.83a 372.69b 366.32b 17.962 0.028
免疫球蛋白M IgM/(mg/mL) 8.70a 10.05b 10.58b 0.491 0.044
谷丙转氨酶ALT/(U/L) 31.78 23.77 29.09 3.534 0.066
谷草转氨酶AST/(U/L) 20.21B 11.40A 12.98A 0.642 0.001

3 讨论

3.1 甲酸钙对糯谷断奶仔猪生长性能和腹泻的影响

仔猪由于胃肠道发育不完善,加上断奶后食物来源由容易消化的母乳变为相对不易消化的固体饲料,易导致断奶仔猪出现生长缓慢和腹泻等应激综合征症状[10]。ADFI、ADG和F/G等指标能够直接反映出畜禽的生长性能及饲养效益[11],而腹泻是衡量仔猪肠道功能和状态的最直观表现[12]。为避免其他添加剂对本试验效应的干扰,本试验在断奶仔猪饲粮中未添加可缓解仔猪腹泻的饲料添加剂,故而糯谷断奶仔猪的腹泻较为严重,对照组腹泻率高达82.94%,腹泻指数达7.56,而甲酸钙和抗生素均能降低仔猪腹泻率和腹泻指数。本试验结果还显示,在高腹泻率下,甲酸钙和土霉素钙均能促进糯谷断奶仔猪采食和生长,改善饲料转化效率。研究表明,甲酸可以提高断奶仔猪ADG,降低F/G,缓解仔猪腹泻[13]。因此,甲酸钙可能具有减轻断奶仔猪腹泻和改善生长性能的作用。

3.2 甲酸钙对糯谷断奶仔猪养分消化和吸收的影响

断奶导致仔猪胃酸分泌不足和消化酶活性降低,使得营养物质消化率下降[14-15]。甲酸钙能在胃肠道分解出甲酸分子以降低pH,弥补因胃肠道发育不全而出现的胃酸及消化酶分泌不足的问题,进而促进消化。较低的pH会提高蛋白酶的活性及饲粮中植酸磷的溶解度,减缓胃排空速度,延长食糜在胃里的时间,从而提高对养分的消化吸收力[16-17]。刘正群等[18]研究发现,复合有机酸提高了生长猪对饲粮中EE、钙和总磷的表观消化率。在本试验条件下,甲酸钙在胃中分解产生甲酸可提高糯谷断奶仔猪空肠胰蛋白酶和α-淀粉酶活性,促进对DM、GE和CP等养分的消化;虽然没有提高空肠脂肪酶活性,却提高了EE表观消化率,结果与前人基本一致。
哺乳动物主要在小肠前半段对养分进行吸收,碳水化合物、蛋白质和脂肪等营养物质被分解成小分子后,需要与相关转运蛋白结合后才能进入血液,进而被动物体吸收利用。转运相关蛋白基因表达量的高低是反映肠道对营养物质吸收转运能力的重要指标[19]。消化后的酸性、碱性和中性氨基酸分别与相应载体蛋白结合后,吸收入血。SLC1A1是兴奋性氨基酸转运蛋白3(EAAT3)的编码基因,EAAT3是转运谷氨酸、天冬氨酸和半胱氨酸等酸性氨基酸转运载体[20];而CAT1负责转运精氨酸、赖氨酸和鸟氨酸等碱性氨基酸[21];SNAT1则运输蛋氨酸、苏氨酸和丙氨酸等11种中性氨基酸,是钠离子(Na+)依赖型中最主要的转运体。本研究结果显示,饲粮添加甲酸钙可不同程度地提高糯谷断奶仔猪十二指肠和空肠中养分转运相关蛋白的mRNA相对表达量,提示甲酸钙可通过提高肠道中营养物质转运载体的表达进而提高对营养物质的吸收,这与本试验中甲酸钙可提高断奶仔猪对饲粮养分表观消化率的结果相吻合。

3.3 甲酸钙对糯谷断奶仔猪血液指标的影响

糖类、蛋白质和脂类是维持正常生命活动的三大营养物质,血浆GLU、蛋白质和脂质含量是反映机体对糖、蛋白质和脂肪利用情况的重要指标[22-23]。本试验结果显示,采食添加甲酸钙饲粮的糯谷断奶仔猪血浆GLU、UN和TC含量显著降低,而血清TP含量显著提高,表明甲酸钙可能有促进胰岛素降低血糖的作用,同时可促进机体对蛋白质的吸收。
机体氧化系统和抗氧化系统之间的动态平衡是维持机体氧化还原稳定状态的重要保障[24]。Orengo等[25]研究发现,仔猪断奶应激使机体内产生自由基,导致机体抗氧化能力不平衡。氧化应激在炎症应答中发挥类似“第二信使”的作用。越来越多研究显示,炎性细胞因子是炎症反应中重要的生理信使分子,其中TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6作为促炎因子,当其进入细胞核后,会促使肝脏组织发生炎症反应和纤维化,诱导肝细胞产生坏死甚至凋亡,进而加重肝细胞损伤[26]。血清AST和ALT活性是最早反映肝脏损伤的敏感指标,常作为评价肝脏损伤的特异性指标,肝脏受损时血清AST和ALT活性会明显升高[27]。研究发现,仔猪饲粮中添加复合有机酸,可显著提高血清T-SOD和GSH-Px活性,并提升机体T-AOC[28]。本试验结果表明,糯谷断奶仔猪饲粮中添加甲酸钙显著提高血清GSH-Px和T-SOD活性,降低血清IL-6含量以及AST活性,结果与前人基本一致,说明甲酸钙可提高糯谷断奶仔猪机体抗氧化能力,降低肝脏损伤。
断奶前,仔猪可从母乳中获得非特异性免疫因子[29],血清IgM、IgG和IgA等免疫球蛋白的含量与机体免疫功能直接相关。但断奶产生的冲击和饲粮的突然变化促使仔猪产生综合应激,增加了肠道内炎症反应[30],导致仔猪机体免疫功能下降。断奶过程中发生的免疫反应主要是由于血液及肠道中细胞因子的改变[31]。机体内促炎细胞因子,如TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6等会促进机体产生炎症;而抗炎细胞因子,如IL-10和IL-22可分别通过改善肠道上皮屏障功能和增强黏膜上皮细胞抗菌防御屏障来抑制炎症反应[32]。阳巧梅等[33]研究发现,饲粮添加有机酸可显著提高仔猪血清IgG和IgM含量。本试验结果与前人一致,饲粮添加甲酸钙可显著提高糯谷断奶仔猪血清IgA和IgM含量,显著降低血清IL-6含量,一定程度上提高血清IL-10和IL-22含量,表明甲酸钙能够提高糯谷断奶仔猪机体抗炎和免疫能力。

4 结论

综上所述,饲粮添加甲酸钙可以提高糯谷断奶仔猪机体抗氧化、抗炎和免疫能力,提高肠道消化酶活性和养分转运相关蛋白基因表达,并提高养分表观消化率,促进机体对养分的消化吸收,同时缓解腹泻,从而改善其生长性能。

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Publishing order | Descend order by publishing year | Descend order by cited within
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