1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
1.2 试验设计与试验饲粮
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of basal diets (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 8~28日龄 8 to 28 days of age | 29~49日龄 29 to 49 days of age |
|---|---|---|
| 原料Ingredients | ||
| 玉米Corn | 58.65 | 56.00 |
| 豆粕Soybean meal (43% CP) | 28.00 | 25.00 |
| 大豆油Soybean oil | 4.55 | 6.50 |
| 玉米DDGS Corn DDGS | 4.00 | |
| 玉米蛋白粉 Corn protein meal (60% CP) | 3.80 | 3.50 |
| 预混料Premix1) | 5.00 | 5.00 |
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | ||
| 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) | 13.05 | 13.60 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 16.20 | 15.33 |
| 钙Ca | 0.83 | 0.80 |
| 总磷TP | 0.65 | 0.64 |
| 蛋氨酸Met | 0.63 | 0.58 |
| 赖氨酸Lys | 1.29 | 1.16 |
| 色氨酸Try | 0.22 | 0.20 |
| 苏氨酸Thr | 0.88 | 0.81 |
| 精氨酸Arg | 1.21 | 1.15 |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 1 200 IU,VE 12 IU,VD 4 000 IU,VK 2 mg,VB1 1.3 mg,VB2 6 mg,VB6 3 mg,VB12 0.02 mg,生物素 biotin 0.1 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 11 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.5 mg,烟酰胺 niacinamide 40 mg,氯化胆碱 choline chloride 100 mg,植酸酶 phytase 10 mg。 | |
2)代谢能为计算值,粗蛋白质、钙、总磷、氨基酸为测定值。ME was a calculated value, while CP, Ca, TP and amino acids were measured values. |
1.3 饲养管理
1.4 测定指标及方法
1.4.1 生长性能
1.4.2 组织中铜含量
1.4.3 回肠微生物多样性
1.5 数据处理与统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 添加不同形式和剂量的铜对肉鸡生长性能的影响
表2 添加不同形式和剂量的铜对肉鸡生长性能的影响Table 2 Effects of adding different forms and doses of copper on growth performance of broilers |
| 项目 Items | 8~28日龄8 to 28 days of age | 29~49日龄29 to 49 days of age | 8~49日龄8 to 49 days of age | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 初始 体重 IBW/g | 终末 体重 FBW/g | 平均 日增重 ADG/g | 平均日 采食量 ADFI/g | 料重比 F/G | 终末 体重 FBW/g | 平均 日增重 ADG/g | 平均日 采食量 ADFI/g | 料重比 F/G | 平均 日增重 ADG/g | 平均日 采食量 ADFI/g | 料重比 F/G | 死淘率 MER/% | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 组别 Groups | Ⅰ | 179.9 ±0.2 | 1 293.7 ±65.3 | 52.4 ±2.7 | 79.7 ±0.0 | 1.50 ±0.09 | 2 367.0 ±253.0 | 68.3 ±6.9 | 144.8 ±5.6 | 2.16 ±0.10 | 59.1 ±6.8 | 113.5 ±2.7 | 1.90 ±0.11 | 15.83 ±13.93 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Ⅱ | 180.0 ±0.0 | 1 298.2 ±41.5 | 53.7 ±0.9 | 78.3 ±3.4 | 1.50 ±0.09 | 2 585.8 ±233.0 | 72.6 ±7.4 | 131.1 ±12.1 | 1.99 ±0.12 | 65.6 ±4.1 | 105.5 ±5.2 | 1.74 ±0.08 | 19.16 ±17.15 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Ⅲ | 180.0 ±0.0 | 1 298.2 ±41.5 | 51.4 ±2.1 | 79.1 ±1.0 | 1.52 ±0.06 | 2 480.8 ±230.0 | 71.5 ±8.9 | 147.3 ±7.2 | 1.97 ±0.04 | 62.1 ±6.2 | 113.0 ±3.9 | 1.85 ±0.01 | 10.83 ±10.68 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Ⅳ | 180.0 ±0.0 | 1 295.6 ±59.1 | 54.0 ±1.7 | 78.2 ±2.4 | 1.50 ±0.08 | 2 428.6 ±189.5 | 70.1 ±5.2 | 137.8 ±5.7 | 1.97 ±0.08 | 64.9 ±1.6 | 109.7 ±3.4 | 1.77 ±0.03 | 5.83 ±8.01 | |||||||||||||||||||
形式 Form | 硫酸铜CS | 179.9 ±0.1 | 1 292.5 ±65.2 | 51.9 ±2.3 | 79.4 ±0.7 | 1.51 ±0.07 | 2 423.9 ±238.4 | 69.9 ±7.8 | 146.1 ±6.3 | 2.09 ±0.26 | 60.6 ±6.4 | 113.2 ±3.2 | 1.85 ±0.01 | 13.33 ±12.12 | ||||||||||||||||||
| 包被硫酸铜CCS | 180.0 ±0.0 | 1 296.9 ±48.7 | 53.8 ±1.3 | 78.3 ±2.8 | 1.47 ±0.09 | 2 507.2 ±218.5 | 71.3 ±6.2 | 134.4 ±9.6 | 2.01 ±0.12 | 65.3 ±3.0 | 107.6 ±4.7 | 1.77 ±0.03 | 12.50 ±14.53 | |||||||||||||||||||
剂量 Dose/(mg/kg) | 3.90 | 179.9 ±0.1 | 1 296.0 ±52.2 | 53.1 ±2.1 | 79.1 ±2.4 | 1.50 ±0.09 | 2 476.4 ±258.7 | 69.9 ±7.8 | 146.1 ±6.3 | 2.09 ±0.26 | 62.3 ±6.3 | 109.5 ±5.7 | 1.82 ±0.12 | 17.50 ±1.50 | ||||||||||||||||||
| 5.85 | 180.0 ±0.0 | 1 293.4 ±62.5 | 52.7 ±2.3 | 78.6 ±1.8 | 1.50 ±0.08 | 2 454.7 ±203.0 | 70.4 ±7.2 | 138.0 ±11.4 | 2.11 ±0.20 | 63.5 ±4.5 | 111.3 ±3.9 | 1.79 ±0.09 | 8.33 ±9.37 | |||||||||||||||||||
P值 P-value | 形式Form | 0.329 | 0.858 | 0.024 | 0.224 | 0.540 | 0.381 | 0.650 | 0.002 | 0.322 | 0.038 | 0.002 | 0.008 | 0.876 | ||||||||||||||||||
| 剂量Dose | 0.329 | 0.999 | 0.452 | 0.757 | 0.524 | 0.818 | 0.913 | 0.205 | 0.205 | 0.578 | 0.267 | 0.065 | 0.097 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 形式×剂量 Form×dose | 0.329 | 0.999 | 0.452 | 0.757 | 0.524 | 0.161 | 0.345 | 0.538 | 0.542 | 0.380 | 0.166 | 0.097 | 0.438 | |||||||||||||||||||
同列数据肩标相邻字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相隔字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01),相同字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 | |
Data in the same column with adjacent letters on the shoulder indicated significant difference (P<0.05), and with separated letters indicated extremely significant difference (P<0.01), while with the same letter or no letter indicated no significant difference (P>0.05). The following tables were the same. |
2.2 添加不同形式和剂量的铜对肉鸡组织中铜沉积的影响
表3 添加不同形式和剂量的铜对肉鸡组织中铜沉积的影响Table 3 Effects of adding different forms and doses of copper on copper deposition in tissues of broilers mg/kg |
| 项目 Items | 胫骨中铜含量 Tibial Cu content | 胸肌中铜含量 Chest muscle Cu content | 肝脏中铜含量 Liver Cu content | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
组别 Groups | Ⅰ | 1.55±0.03 | 0.56±0.07 | 11.22±0.73c |
| Ⅱ | 1.80±0.07 | 0.63±0.04 | 12.62±0.49ab | |
| Ⅲ | 1.60±0.22 | 0.52±0.07 | 11.53±0.49bc | |
| Ⅳ | 1.70±0.06 | 0.58±0.04 | 12.68±0.58a | |
形式 Form | 硫酸铜CS | 1.67±0.05 | 0.56±0.06 | 11.92±0.61 |
| 包被硫酸铜CCS | 1.75±0.08 | 0.60±0.04 | 12.65±0.48 | |
剂量 Dose/(mg/kg) | 3.90 | 1.68±0.14 | 0.63±0.04 | 11.92±0.94 |
| 5.85 | 1.65±0.15 | 0.58±0.04 | 12.10±0.79 | |
P值 P-value | 形式Form | 0.724 | 0.608 | 0.005 |
| 剂量Dose | 0.890 | 0.268 | 0.116 | |
| 形式×剂量Form×dose | 0.325 | 0.702 | 0.043 |
2.3 添加不同形式和剂量的铜对肉鸡回肠微生物的影响
2.3.1 回肠微生物有效操作分类单元(OTU)数统计
2.3.2 回肠微生物Alpha多样性分析
表4 添加不同形式和剂量的铜对肉鸡回肠微生物Alpha多样性的影响Table 4 Effects of adding different forms and doses of copper on Alpha diversity of ileal microbiota of broilers |
| 项目 Items | Chao1指数 Chao1 index | Shannon指数 Shannon index | Simpson指数 Simpson index | Observed指数 Observed index | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
组别 Groups | Ⅰ | 179.90±114.16 | 3.65±1.11 | 0.83±0.10a | 179.30±113.20 |
| Ⅱ | 92.97±148.95 | 4.19±0.88 | 0.85±0.08a | 291.60±147.96 | |
| Ⅲ | 75.45±17.44 | 2.15±0.62 | 0.57±0.08b | 75.33±17.24 | |
| Ⅳ | 384.70±340.00 | 4.57±1.78 | 0.86±0.09a | 384.30±339.82 | |
形式 Form | 硫酸铜CS | 127.68±92.77 | 2.90±1.15 | 0.70±0.16 | 127.33±92.13 |
| 包被硫酸铜CCS | 338.85±240.08 | 4.38±1.27 | 0.85±0.07 | 338.00±239.83 | |
剂量 Dose/(mg/kg) | 3.90 | 236.44±133.87 | 3.92±0.95 | 0.84±0.08 | 235.50±132.90 |
| 5.85 | 230.09±273.96 | 3.36±1.78 | 0.71±0.17 | 229.83±273.78 | |
P值 P-value | 形式Form | 0.097 | 0.062 | 0.018 | 0.097 |
| 剂量Dose | 0.956 | 0.431 | 0.041 | 0.961 | |
| 形式×剂量Form×dose | 0.407 | 0.205 | 0.038 | 0.405 |
