Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2025 , Vol. 37 >Issue 9: 5944 - 5955

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2025.484

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Dietary Soluble Fiber Level on Growth Performance, Serum Indexes and Intestinal Development of 28 to 70-Day-Old Geese

  • ZHANG Luyao , 1 ,
  • HUANG Xuan 1, 2 ,
  • XU Lirong 1 ,
  • LI Chuang 1, 2 ,
  • DENG Ping 1, 2 ,
  • LIU Yang 1, 2 ,
  • DAI Qiuzhong 1, 2 ,
  • ZHANG Xu , 1, 2, ** ,
  • JIANG Guitao , 1, 2, **
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  • 1 Hunan Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Changsha 410131, China
  • 2 Yuelu Mountain Laboratory, Changsha 410128, China
** ZHANG Xu, professor, E-mail: ;
JIANG Guitao, professor, E-mail:

*Contributed equally

Received date: 2025-01-15

  Online published: 2025-09-12

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Abstract

The purpose of this experiment was to study the effects of dietary soluble fiber (SF) level on growth performance, serum indexes and intestinal development of 28 to 70 day-old-geese. A total of 300 healthy 28-day-old Wugang Tong geese with similar weight were randomly divided into 5 groups with 6 replicates in each group and 10 geese (male and female each account for 1/2) in each replicate. The dietary SF levels in each group were 10.05% (control), 10.53%, 11.00%, 11.49% and 11.95%, respectively. The trial period was 42 days. The results showed as follows: 1) the dietary SF level had no significant effect on the average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), feed-to-weight ratio (F/G) and wing inversion rate of 28 to 70-day-old geese (P>0.05). 2) The dietary SF level had a significant effect on serum antioxidant indexes of 70-day-old geese (P<0.05). The serum malondialdehyde (MDA) content in 10.05%SF group was significantly higher than that in other groups (P<0.05), and the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) was significantly lower than that in other groups (P<0.05). The activity of catalase (CAT) in serum in 11.49%SF group was significantly higher than that in 10.05%SF, 10.53%SF and 11.00%SF groups (P<0.05). The serum total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity in 11.00%SF, 11.49%SF and 11.95%SF groups was significantly higher than that in 10.05%SF and 10.53%SF groups (P<0.05). Serum glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in 11.49%SF group was significantly higher than that in other groups (P<0.05). There was no significant interaction effect between the dietary SF level and the gender of 70-day-old meat geese on the serum antioxidant indexes (P>0.05). 3) The level of SF had a significant effect on the serum total protein (TP)content (P<0.05). Compared with the 10.05%SF group, the serum TP content in the 11.95%SF group decreased significantly (P<0.05), however, it had no significant effect on other serum biochemical indexes (P>0.05). There was no significant interaction effect between the dietary SF level and the gender of 70-day-old geese on serum biochemical indexes (P>0.05). 4) Dietary SF level had no significant effect on the relative length and weight of each intestinal segment of goose (P>0.05). There were significant differences in the relative length of duodenum, jejunum and ileum and the relative weight of jejunum and ileum between male and female geese (P<0.05), and the female goose was significantly larger than the male geese (P<0.05). There was a significant interaction effect between dietary SF level and gender of 70-day-old geese on the relative length of jejunum (P<0.05), but there was no significant interaction effect on the relative length and weight of other intestinal segments (P>0.05). 5) Dietary SF level had significant effects on jejunum and ileum morphology of geese (P<0.05). The jejunal villus height and villus height/crypt depth (V/C) in 10.53%SF, 11.00%SF and 11.49%SF groups were significantly higher than those in 10.05%SF and 11.95%SF groups (P<0.05). The jejunal crypt depth in 11.49%SF group was significantly lower than that in 10.05%SF, 10.53%SF and 11.00%SF groups (P<0.05). The height and V/C of ileal villus in 11.49%SF and 11.95%SF groups were significantly higher than those in 10.05%SF and 10.53%SF groups (P<0.05), and the depth of ileal crypt in 11.49%SF and 11.95%SF groups was significantly lower than that in 10.05%SF and 10.53%SF groups (P<0.05). There were significant differences in ileal crypt depth and V/C between male and female geese (P<0.05). The depth of ileal crypt in female geese was significantly higher than that in male geese (P<0.05), but V/C was significantly lower than that in male geese (P<0.05). There was a significant interaction effect between dietary SF level and gender of 70-day-old geese on jejunum villus height and V/C, and ileum villus height (P<0.05), but there was no significant interaction effect on other morphological parameters (P>0.05). 6) Dietary SF level had a significant effect on propionic acid content in cecal chyme of 70-day-old geese (P<0.05), and the content of propionic acid in 10.05%SF group was significantly lower than that in other groups (P<0.05). There was no significant interaction effect between dietary SF level and gender of 70-day-old geese on cecal digesta volatile fatty acid content (P>0.05). In conclusion, dietary SF supplemented with 11.49% can significantly improve the antioxidant performance of 70-day-old Wugang Tong geese and has a positive effect on the healthy development of intestinal tract without adverse effects on growth performance. Therefore, in this study, 11.49% of dietary SF is recommended as an adaptive addition level for Wugang Tong geese aged 28 to 70 days.

Key words： goose; soluble fiber; growth performance; serum index; intestinal development

Cite this article

ZHANG Luyao , HUANG Xuan , XU Lirong , LI Chuang , DENG Ping , LIU Yang , DAI Qiuzhong , ZHANG Xu , JIANG Guitao . Effects of Dietary Soluble Fiber Level on Growth Performance, Serum Indexes and Intestinal Development of 28 to 70-Day-Old Geese[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2025 , 37(9) : 5944 -5955 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2025.484

纤维传统上被定义为不能被动物内源消化酶消化的饲料成分,主要存在于植物细胞壁中,包括多糖、寡糖、木质素以及相关的植物性物质。按纤维溶解性,一般将纤维分为可溶性纤维(SF)和不可溶性纤维(ISF)。SF具有很高的持水性和黏性,能够增加食糜在胃肠道的排空时间,阿拉伯木聚糖、瓜尔胶、β-葡聚糖及果胶类物质等都属于SF,此外,SF在肠道微生物发酵后产生短链脂肪酸,最常见的SF有甜菜粕、燕麦麸等。一般情况下,SF的持水能力比ISF强。不同饲粮因组成成分、结构等的不同,其持水性存在显著差异。粗纤维对畜禽的影响归其原因是因为纤维的水合作用改变了畜禽消化道内食糜的物理特性,对肠道的生理活动产生影响[1-2]。
传统观点认为,纤维能稀释饲粮能量水平、降低营养物质的消化率以及家禽的采食量,从而影响家禽的生产性能,是一种抗营养物质[3-4]。因此,在相当长的一段时间里,家禽饲粮中尽可能限制纤维的含量,然而,近年来的研究发现,饲粮纤维可为后肠道提供发酵底物,进而改善畜禽后肠道健康[5]。因此,为了保证家禽肌胃活动、肠道的正常生理功能、维持肠道微生态平衡及改善家禽福利,家禽饲粮中必须保证有一定数量的纤维[6-7]。
目前,饲粮纤维在动物生产上的应用主要集中在反刍动物和母猪上,在家禽上纤维的生理营养功能研究较少。为了解膳食纤维在家禽营养中的功能作用,需要进一步研究纤维内含物水平和类型的作用。因此,本试验旨在通过研究饲粮中添加SF对肉鹅生长性能以及肠道发育等方面的影响来研究SF对肉鹅的营养生理效应,探讨利用SF的营养调控功能来改善肉鹅的肠道健康,为纤维在肉鹅饲粮中的应用提供理论和技术参考。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

本试验所用菊粉纯度95%,是一种天然的可溶性膳食纤维,其中干物质含量为96%,粗灰分含量小于2%,果糖、蔗糖和葡萄糖等含量之和小于5%,碳水化合物含量占干物质含量99.8%。

1.2 试验设计与饲粮

本试验于湖南省畜牧兽医研究所实施,动物试验程序遵循湖南省畜牧兽医研究所实验动物福利与伦理委员会批准的伦理规范(批准编号:HIAVS-IACUC-2024-08)。
试验选取300只(公150只,母150只)体重相近的健康武冈铜鹅(中国地方鹅品种),随机分为5组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只鹅(公母各占1/2)。各组饲粮SF水平分别为10.05%(10.05%SF组,对照)、10.53%(10.53%SF组)、11.00%(11.00%SF组)、11.49%(11.49%SF组)、11.95%(11.95%SF组)。试验期42 d。
试验饲粮组成及营养水平见表1,参照NRC(1994)并结合中小型肉鹅养殖生产实际配制,所有饲粮均为颗粒料。各组饲粮等能等氮,饲粮ISF水平控制在(15.10±0.50)%,SF水平(理论值)分别为(10.05±0.10)%、(10.53±0.10)%、(11.00±0.10)%、(11.49±0.10)%、(11.95±0.10)%。试验期鹅采用笼养,自由采食和饮水。试验期间保证通风良好。
表1 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (air-dry basis)

项目
Items		 组别Groups
10.05%SF 10.53%SF 11.00%SF 11.49%SF 11.95%SF
原料Ingredients/%
玉米Corn 19.000 19.000 19.000 19.000 19.000
豆粕Soybean meal 21.300 21.300 21.300 21.300 21.300
稻谷Rice paddy 27.000 27.000 27.000 27.000 27.000
米糠粕Rice bran meal 4.000 4.000 4.000 4.000 4.000
统糠Traditional bran 6.140 6.140 6.140 6.140 6.140
麦麸Wheat bran 7.000 7.000 7.000 7.000 7.000
面粉Flour 9.200 9.200 9.200 9.119 8.587
大豆油Soybean oil 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
菊粉Inulin 0.532 1.064 1.596 2.128
沸石粉Zeolite powder 1.515 0.983 0.451
石粉Limestone 1.500 1.500 1.500 1.500 1.500
赖氨酸Lys 0.240 0.240 0.240 0.2400 0.240
蛋氨酸Met 0.120 0.120 0.120 0.120 0.120
磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 1.200 1.200 1.200 1.200 1.200
食盐NaCl 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300
微量元素预混料Trace element premix1) 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100
禽用多维Multivitamin for poultry2) 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030
胆碱Choline 0.120 0.120 0.120 0.120 0.120
小苏打NaHCO3 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050
防霉剂Mildew inhibitor 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100
抗氧化剂Antioxidants 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040
复合酶Complex enzyme3) 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015
益生菌Probiotics(1010CFU/g) 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020
植酸酶Phytase(10 000 U/g) 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010
合计Total 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000
营养水平Nutrient levels4)
代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) 10.87 10.87 10.87 10.87 10.87
粗蛋白质CP/% 16.35 16.33 16.33 16.36 16.35
粗纤维CF/% 4.73 4.77 4.76 4.77 4.77
钙Ca/% 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.77
总磷TP/% 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.69
可溶性纤维SF/% 10.05 10.53 11.00 11.49 11.95
不可溶性纤维ISF/% 15.07 15.11 15.10 15.09 15.13
可溶性纤维/不可溶性纤维SF/ISF 1.499 1.437 1.374 1.314 1.266

1)微量元素预混料为每千克饲粮提供 Trace mineral premix provided the following per kg of diets: Cu (as copper sulfate) 10 mg, Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 80 mg, Mn (as manganese sulfate) 90 mg, Zn (as zinc sulfate) 93 mg, I (as potassium iodide) 0.40 mg。

2)禽用多维为每千克饲粮提供 Multivitamin for poultry provided the following per kg of diets: VA 5 000 IU, VB1 12 mg,VB2 15 mg, VB5 40 mg, VB6 4 mg, VB12 0.02 mg, VD3 800 IU, VE 20 IU, VK3 0.5 mg, 生物素 biotin 0.2 mg, 叶酸 folic acid 0.6 mg, D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 60 mg, 烟酸 nicotinic acid 60 mg。

3)复合酶中含有Complex enzyme contained: 木聚糖酶 xylanase≥18 000 U/g,纤维素酶cellulase≥1 000 U/g,β-甘露聚糖酶 β-mannanase≥1 000 U/g,β-葡聚糖酶 β-glucanase≥2 000 U/g,α-淀粉酶 α-amylase≥200 U/g,蛋白酶 protease≥3 000 U/g。

4)粗蛋白质(GB/T 6432—2018)、粗纤维(GB/T 6434—2022)、可溶性纤维(GB 5009.88—2023)和不溶性纤维(GB/T 5009.88—2008)、钙(GB/T 6436—2018)和总磷(GB/T 6437—2018)为实测值,代谢能依据《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2022年第33版)》计算。CP (GB/T 6432—2018), CF (GB/T 6434—2022), SF (GB 5009.88—2023), ISF (GB/T 5009.88—2008), Ca (GB/T 6436—2018) and TP (GB/T 6437—2018) were measured values, while ME was calculated based on the Chinese Feed Composition and Nutritional Value Table (33rd edition, 2022).

1.3 样品采集与处理

1.3.1 血清样品

试验结束前1天晚上断料,鹅空腹12 h后于第42天晨饲之前采集血液样本。每个重复选取2只(1只公鹅、1只母鹅)体重接近该重复平均体重的鹅,从静脉采血5 mL,静置1 h后,1 000×g离心15 min,分离出血清,移液枪转移至灭菌1.5 mL EP管中,于-20 ℃保存待测。

1.3.2 肠段组织及食糜

采血后屠宰,迅速分离肠段,取空肠和回肠中段组织样品置于4%多聚甲醛中,用于组织形态学检测。另外,取盲肠食糜分装至无菌离心管中,液氮速冻后于-80 ℃冰箱中保存,用于挥发性脂肪酸含量的测定。

1.4 指标检测及方法

1.4.1 生长性能

在试验第1和42天时,称量鹅的始重(IW)和末重(FW),称重前禁食12 h,禁食期间不断水。以笼为单位记录鹅采食量。按以下公式计算各组平均日增重(ADG)、平均日采食量(ADFI)、料重比(F/G)和翻翅率。
ADG(g)=[(FW-IW)/只数]/试验天数;
ADFI(g)=[(喂料量-剩余量)/只数]/试验天数;
F/G=ADFI/ADG;
翻翅率(%)=(翻翅只数/总只数)×100。

1.4.2 血清指标

采用试剂盒测定血清中抗氧化指标,主要包括丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性或含量,所用试剂盒由南京建成生物工程研究所提供,测定过程遵照试剂盒说明书操作。
使用全自动生化分析仪Polaris c2000(上海科华生物工程股份有限公司),采用分光光度法(双波长和后分光)测定血清中常规生化指标,主要包括总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、尿素氮(UN)、尿酸(UA)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)和葡萄糖(GLU)活性或含量。

1.4.3 肠道相对长度和相对重量

上述鹅屠宰测定的同时,立即取小肠,清除内容物后分别对十二指肠、空肠和回肠进行长度和重量的测定,计算其相对重量和相对长度:
肠道相对重量(g/kg)=鲜重/活体重;
肠道相对长度(cm/kg)=长度/活体重。

1.4.4 肠道组织形态观察

上述鹅屠宰测定的同时,取空肠和回肠中段约2 cm,立即用生理盐水冲洗,置于4%的多聚甲醛固定液中保存。制作切片,用光学显微镜搭配图像分析系统进行观察和测量绒毛高度、隐窝深度。每个重复每个肠段制作5张切片,每个切片观察3个视野,以μm为单位。

1.5 数据统计与分析

利用SPSS 19.0软件的ANOVA程序对数据进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)或双因素方差分析(two-way ANOVA),随后通过简单效应分析以确定组间差异。结果用平均值和均值标准误(SEM)表示,P<0.05为差异显著。

2 结果

2.1 饲粮SF水平对28~70日龄武冈铜鹅生长性能的影响

由表2可知,饲粮SF水平对28~70日龄武冈铜鹅ADG、ADFI、F/G和翻翅率均无显著影响(P>0.05)。
表2 饲粮SF水平对28~70日龄武冈铜鹅生长性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of dietary SF levels on growth performance of Wugang Tong geese at 28 to 70 days of age

项目
Items		 组别Groups SEM P值
P-value
10.05%SF 10.53%SF 11.00%SF 11.49%SF 11.95%SF
始重IW/g 1 265.00 1 261.67 1 253.33 1 248.33 1 263.33 3.747 0.598
末重FW/g 2 856.67 2 905.00 2 855.00 2 841.67 2 842.41 14.430 0.656
平均日增重ADG/g 37.90 39.13 38.14 37.94 37.60 0.321 0.645
平均日采食量ADFI/g 185.99 191.59 180.76 182.54 190.56 1.511 0.080
料重比F/G 4.92 4.90 4.75 4.82 5.08 0.308 0.434
翻翅率Wing inversion rate/% 0.17 1.17 1.00 0.50 0.17 0.140 0.053

同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below.

2.2 饲粮SF水平对不同性别武冈铜鹅血清抗氧化指标的影响

由表3可知,饲粮SF水平对鹅血清抗氧化指标有显著影响(P<0.05),10.05%SF组血清MDA含量显著高于其他各组(P<0.05),T-AOC显著低于其他各组(P<0.05);11.49%SF组血清CAT活性显著高于10.05%SF组、10.53%SF组和11.00%SF组(P<0.05);11.00%SF组、11.49%SF组和11.95%SF组血清T-SOD活性显著高于10.05%SF组和10.53%SF组(P<0.05);11.49%SF组血清GSH-Px活性显著高于其他各组(P<0.05)。不同性别鹅的血清抗氧化指标无显著差异(P>0.05)。饲粮SF水平与肉鹅性别对血清抗氧化指标无显著交互效应(P>0.05)。
表3 饲粮SF水平对70日龄不同性别武冈铜鹅血清抗氧化指标的影响

Table 3 Effects of dietary SF levels on serum antioxidant indexes of 70-day-old Wugang Tong geese with different genders

项目
Items		 性别Gender 组别Groups SEM P值P-value
母
Female		 公
Male		 10.05%
SF		 10.53%
SF		 11.00%
SF		 11.49%
SF		 11.95%
SF		 性别
Gender		 SF水平
SF
level		 性别×
SF水平
Gender×SF
level
丙二醛
MDA/(nmol/mL)		 2.72 2.68 3.00a 2.67b 2.60b 2.40b 2.65b 0.037 0.278 0.001 0.522
过氧化氢酶
CAT/(pg/mL)		 168.50 172.10 147.53d 166.11c 169.13bc 188.07a 181.41ab 2.086 0.356 <0.001 0.871
总抗氧化能力
T-AOC/(mmol/L)		 0.38 0.37 0.32b 0.37a 0.39a 0.41a 0.40a 0.006 0.499 <0.001 0.540
总超氧化物歧化酶
T-SOD/(ng/mL)		 2.20 2.21 1.93b 2.07b 2.32a 2.41a 2.33a 0.025 0.804 <0.001 0.411
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶
GSH-Px/(ng/mL)		 3.94 4.04 3.30c 3.88b 4.06b 4.64a 4.07b 0.062 0.476 <0.001 0.815

不同性别同一指标数据肩标“*”表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。

The shoulder mark “*” for the same index of different genders mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below.

2.3 饲粮SF水平对不同性别武冈铜鹅血清生化指标的影响

由表4可知,饲粮SF水平对鹅的血清TP含量有显著影响(P<0.05),与10.05%SF组相比,11.95%SF组血清TP含量显著降低(P<0.05)。不同性别鹅的血清生化指标无显著差异(P>0.05)。饲粮SF水平与肉鹅性别对血清生化指标无显著交互效应(P>0.05)。
表4 饲粮SF水平对70日龄不同性别武冈铜鹅血清生化指标的影响

Table 4 Effects of dietary SF levels on serum biochemical indexes of 70-day-old Wugang Tong geese with different genders

项目
Items		 性别Gender 组别Groups SEM P值P-value
母
Female		 公
Male		 10.05%
SF		 10.53%
SF		 11.00%
SF		 11.49%
SF		 11.95%
SF		 性别
Gender		 SF水平
SF
level		 性别×
SF水平
Gender×
SF level
总蛋白TP/(g/L) 115.71 115.94 120.35a 121.10a 117.66a 118.56a 101.43b 1.806 0.950 0.009 0.857
白蛋白ALB/(g/L) 49.11 52.14 52.00 54.10 51.21 44.75 51.06 1.272 0.243 0.223 0.708
甘油三酯
TG/(mmol/L)		 1.87 1.89 1.93 1.87 1.93 1.62 2.06 0.107 0.913 0.761 0.218
总胆固醇
TC/(mmol/L)		 4.21 3.91 4.23 4.02 4.18 4.05 3.81 0.123 0.223 0.834 0.373
低密度脂蛋白
LDL/(mmol/L)		 2.77 2.61 2.82 2.81 2.67 2.66 2.47 0.105 0.457 0.833 0.208
高密度脂蛋白
HDL/(mmol/L)		 1.48 1.35 1.46 1.29 1.52 1.40 1.41 0.059 0.269 0.799 0.973
尿素氮
UN/(mmol/L)		 5.86 5.85 5.22 5.77 5.50 5.94 5.79 0.276 0.978 0.670 0.920
尿酸UA/(μmol/L) 305.85 339.25 369.13 297.75 303.50 348.88 293.50 0.230 0.392 0.643 0.076
谷丙转氨酶
ALT/(U/L)		 44.88 43.29 46.28 45.48 40.11 48.99 39.56 3.261 0.810 0.866 0.961
谷草转氨酶
AST/(U/L)		 47.19 36.40 43.55 51.31 36.71 32.70 44.70 2.752 0.059 0.261 0.703
葡萄糖
GLU/(mmol/L)		 8.46 8.36 7.64 9.24 8.46 8.62 8.11 0.284 0.863 0.490 0.790

2.4 饲粮SF水平对不同性别武冈铜鹅肠道形态结构的影响

由表5可知,饲粮SF水平与肉鹅性别对空肠相对长度有显著交互效应(P<0.05)。SF水平对鹅的肠道相对长度和相对重量无显著影响(P>0.05)。不同性别鹅的十二指肠、空肠、回肠相对长度和空肠、回肠相对重量均有显著差异(P<0.05),且每个指标均为母鹅显著大于公鹅(P<0.05)。
表5 饲粮SF水平对70日龄不同性别武冈铜鹅肠道相对长度和相对重量的影响

Table 5 Effects of dietary SF levels on relative length and relative weight of intestine of 70-day-old Wugang Tong geese with different genders

项目
Items		 性别Gender 组别Groups SEM P值P-value
母
Female		 公
Male		 10.05%
SF		 10.53%
SF		 11.00%
SF		 11.49%
SF		 11.95%
SF		 性别
Gender		 SF水平
SF
level		 性别×
SF水平
Gender×SF
level
相对长度Relative length/(cm/kg)
十二指肠Duodenum 11.05* 10.12 10.39 10.34 10.83 10.67 10.71 0.143 0.002 0.777 0.819
空肠Jejunum 25.00* 22.28 24.08 23.14 24.16 23.13 23.68 0.382 0.001 0.855 0.046
回肠Ileum 23.23* 20.56 23.77 22.12 22.83 22.28 21.48 0.416 0.002 0.057 0.078
相对重量Relative weight/(g/kg)
十二指肠Duodenum 3.46 3.30 3.32 3.24 3.42 3.35 3.41 0.080 0.331 0.843 0.560
空肠Jejunum 8.59* 7.51 8.28 7.85 8.30 8.05 7.79 0.157 0.001 0.773 0.092
回肠Ileum 6.66* 5.85 6.76 6.10 6.52 6.10 5.83 0.148 0.008 0.288 0.439
由表6可知,饲粮SF水平与肉鹅性别对回肠和空肠的绒毛高度、空肠V/C有显著交互效应(P<0.05)。SF水平对鹅肠道组织形态有显著影响(P<0.05)。不同性别鹅回肠隐窝深度和V/C有显著差异(P<0.05)。
表6 饲粮SF水平对70日龄不同性别武冈铜鹅肠道形态结构的影响

Table 6 Effects of dietary SF levels on intestinal morphology of 70-day-old Wugang Tong geese with different genders

项目
Items		 性别Gender 组别Groups SEM P值P-value
母
Female		 公
Male		 10.05%
SF		 10.53%
SF		 11.00%
SF		 11.49
%SF		 11.95%
SF		 性别
Gender		 SF水平
SF
level		 性别×
SF水平
Gender×SF
level
空肠Ileum
绒毛高度
Villus height/μm		 758.39 742.95 647.98c 838.79a 843.59a 762.04b 660.95c 7.644 0.317 <0.001 <0.001
隐窝深度
Crypt depth/μm		 189.04 194.94 229.33a 188.85b 187.94b 170.94c 182.89bc 2.238 0.193 <0.001 0.137
绒毛高度/隐窝深度
V/C		 4.09 3.90 2.86c 4.53a 4.50a 4.47a 3.63b 0.061 0.142 <0.001 <0.001
回肠Jejunum
绒毛高度
Villus height/μm		 669.19 670.72 585.18c 659.43b 692.07a 719.23a 693.87a 5.037 0.880 <0.001 0.012
隐窝深度
Crypt depth/μm		 211.34* 190.98 220.39a 206.34b 206.50b 188.57c 184.00c 2.148 <0.001 <0.001 0.520
绒毛高度/隐窝深度
V/C		 3.21 3.56* 2.68c 3.24b 3.38b 3.84a 3.79a 0.039 <0.001 <0.001 0.065

2.5 饲粮SF水平对不同性别武冈铜鹅盲肠食糜挥发性脂肪酸含量的影响

由表7可知,饲粮SF水平与肉鹅性别对盲肠食糜挥发性脂肪酸含量无显著交互效应(P>0.05);SF水平对鹅盲肠食糜中乙酸、丁酸、异戊酸、戊酸、己酸和异丁酸含量无显著影响(P>0.05),但对丙酸含量有显著影响(P<0.05),11.95%SF组丙酸含量最大,10.05%SF组丙酸含量最小;不同性别鹅盲肠食糜挥发性脂肪酸含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表7 饲粮SF水平对70日龄不同性别武冈铜鹅盲肠食糜挥发性脂肪酸含量的影响

Table 7 Effects of dietary SF level on volatile fatty acids contents in cecal digesta of 70-day-old Wugang Tong geese with different genders μg/g

项目
Items		 性别Gender 组别Groups SEM P值P-value
母
Female		 公
Male		 10.05%
SF		 10.53%
SF		 11.00%
SF		 11.49%
SF		 11.95%
SF		 性别
Gender		 SF水平
SF
level		 性别×
SF水平
Gender×SF
level
乙酸Acetic acid 3 285.87 3 246.30 2 654.85 3 743.86 3 171.20 3 313.75 3 348.17 20.931 0.869 0.209 0.276
丁酸Butyric acid 590.33 548.82 360.52 574.71 621.27 568.94 691.04 36.263 0.466 0.076 0.202
异戊酸
Isovaleric acid		 92.74 89.90 69.33 89.11 108.13 86.21 100.45 6.114 0.783 0.443 0.602
戊酸Valeric acid 106.49 100.66 70.94 103.73 112.10 99.24 126.91 6.072 0.634 0.175 0.143
己酸Caproic acid 0.77 0.75 0.51 0.67 0.92 0.69 0.96 0.066 0.851 0.175 0.111
异丁酸
Isobutyric acid		 71.36 71.70 53.40 73.04 83.08 69.35 75.72 4.031 0.940 0.271 0.404
丙酸Propionic acid 849.98 913.56 570.47b 947.52a 843.64a 944.42a 1 045.62a 44.492 0.554 0.036 0.344

3 讨论

3.1 饲粮SF水平对28~70日龄武冈铜鹅生长性能的影响

鹅属于食草性家禽,自身能够充分利用消化道机能特点消化分解膳食纤维维持生命机体的正常生长。在养殖过程中,纤维的来源、水平和鹅种类、日龄、饲养环境等都会对鹅的生长性能产生影响[8]。生产中,常用ADFI、ADG和F/G反映动物的生长性能。
Li等[9]研究不同纤维添加水平对肉鹅生长性能的影响,结果发现,低膳食纤维组鹅的ADG和ADFI显著降低。Gonzalez-Alvarado等[10]在饲粮中添加相同水平的燕麦壳或大豆壳(ISF 3%~5%),结果发现添加了燕麦壳或大豆壳组肉鸡的ADFI显著低于对照组。Kheravii等[11]研究发现,在肉鸡饲粮中添加燕麦壳,16日龄采食量和饲料转化率均有所降低。同时有研究表明,添加SF可提高肉鸡的F/G,在饲粮中添加3%的高甲基化果胶,可使肉鸡F/G显著提高,添加0.3%的SF(如瓜尔胶)时,肉鸡的F/G提高了5%,但与对照组差异不显著[12]。而本研究发现,在饲粮纤维水平相同的条件下,添加不同水平SF对28~70日龄武冈铜鹅生长性能无显著影响。这说明添加SF对家禽生长性能的影响与ISF存在明显的差异,可能与SF的黏性和发酵特性有关。
以往对家禽饲粮的研究更注重粗纤维的添加水平和纤维的来源,并未对饲粮中纤维的主要营养素含量进行细致探究,目前在家禽饲粮中关于适宜SF添加水平的研究缺乏相关证据,今后应该进一步开展此方面的研究工作,为在家禽生产中科学、合理利用纤维性物质提供科学依据。

3.2 饲粮SF水平对不同性别武冈铜鹅血清抗氧化指标的影响

机体在氧化代谢过程中会产生大量超氧阴离子自由基,具有强氧化性,正常生理状态时氧阴离子自由基处于动态平衡状态。当动物机体氧化防御系统受到损伤时,能够引起机体氧化应激并造成氧化损伤,从而引起多种疾病的发生[13]。此外,活性氧(ROS)还可以通过氧化机体不饱和脂肪酸和骨架蛋白,使家禽肉品质降低[14]。肌纤维内的脂质和蛋白质的氧化是造成家禽肉品质下降的重要原因。在哺乳动物中,T-AOC和SOD、CAT、GSH-Px活性以及MDA含量等指标能够反映机体的抗氧化能力[15]。T-AOC反映机体的总抗氧化能力;GSH-Px能起到保护细胞膜结构和维持细胞膜功能的作用;CAT参与动物机体内的ROS代谢过程;MDA是脂质氧化作用的终产物,影响膜蛋白的活性,破坏膜结构的完整性,间接反映细胞的损伤程度。很多研究表明,SF可以通过清除自由基起到抗氧化的效果[16]。此外,SF还可以提高血清中CAT、T-SOD、GSH-Px的活性,进而提高小鼠的抗氧化能力[17]。本研究结果显示,饲粮中添加SF可以显著降低肉鹅血清中MDA的含量,提高T-AOC及SOD、CAT、GSH-Px等的活性,这与前人研究结果一致。这表明SF能够提高家禽抗氧化能力,保护机体免受氧化损伤。其中肉鹅饲粮中添加11.49%SF,血清中T-AOC及GSH-Px、SOD活性最高,MDA含量的降低幅度最大。

3.3 饲粮SF水平对不同性别武冈铜鹅血清生化指标的影响

血清生化指标能反映动物组织发育、物质代谢程度和健康状况,对判断新陈代谢、营养平衡具有重要指示作用[18-19]。血清中TP、ALB含量与机体蛋白质代谢有密切的关系,在一定范围内血清TP、ALB含量升高可促进机体正向作用加强。本研究中,11.95%SF组血清TP含量显著低于其他各组,说明饲粮中添加11.95%SF显著降低了肉鹅对蛋白质的利用能力。血脂主要由TG和TC构成,是机体赖以生存的重要基本物质,其水平的高低能间接反映机体所处的生理或病理状态。本研究中,各组血清TG和TC含量无显著差异,说明饲粮中添加SF对70日龄肉鹅脂肪消化吸收无显著影响,同时机体也未出现异常状况。脂蛋白主要在小肠和肝脏中合成,其能确保动物机体胆固醇的平衡。当动物血清中HDL含量降低,LDL含量升高时,动物的脂肪合成往往呈现增强趋势[20-21]。本研究中,各组血清HDL和LDL含量差异均不显著,说明饲粮中不同SF水平对武冈铜鹅脂肪的合成无显著影响。UN与体内氮沉积和蛋白质利用率呈负相关,可以反映动物蛋白质代谢状况,是反映蛋白质沉积的一个指标。本试验中,血清UN含量在10.05%SF组最小,在11.49%SF组最大,但差异不显著,说明饲粮中不同SF水平对武冈铜鹅蛋白质的代谢有较小的负面影响。UA是蛋白质分解代谢的最终产物,体内氨基酸平衡时,UA含量降低[22-23],本试验中,与10.05%SF组相比,其他各组血清UA含量均降低,这表明饲粮添加SF对机体氨基酸平衡有正向作用,饲粮添加SF可能会提高蛋白质的合成,进而使血清中UA含量减少。血清ALT和AST的活性反映了肝脏的组织渗透性和细胞的新陈代谢功能。本试验中,各组血清ALT和AST的活性无显著差异,表明饲粮添加SF对肉鹅肝脏不会产生负面影响。血清中的GLU含量稳定对于机体维持正常的生命活动具有重要的作用。本研究发现,饲粮添加SF对武冈铜鹅血清中GLU含量无显著影响,但其他各组血清GLU含量均高于10.05%SF组,说明饲粮添加SF对武冈铜鹅的机体血糖代谢有较小影响。由此可知,饲粮中添加适量SF对武冈铜鹅的蛋白质利用能力有微弱的影响,对脂肪的合成、消化吸收以及血糖代谢无显著影响。

3.4 饲粮SF水平对不同性别武冈铜鹅肠道发育及形态结构的影响

在动物机体中,营养物质消化吸收的部位主要位于肠道,家禽为了维护正常的消化生理和肠道蠕动,饲粮中需要提供一定量的粗纤维,而粗纤维在家禽胃肠道中发挥作用取决于其化学结构、粒度和添加量。研究表明,饲粮中添加粗纤维后家禽肠道对其产生快速的适应性变化,如改变肠道长度、重量、绒毛高度、隐窝深度等,对机体营养物质的吸收有积极影响[24-25]。
González-Alvarado等[10]研究发现,饲粮粗纤维的水合作用和黏性使食糜含水量增加,体积增大、流通速度减慢,从而刺激胃肠道的蠕动,促进肠道的发育,最终提高了家禽胃、盲肠和消化道的相对重量。Jiménez-Moreno等[26]在肉仔鸡低纤维饲粮中添加适量ISF可降低腹部脂肪沉积,增强胃肠的功能,提高营养物质消化率,且不影响肉鸡生长性能。Noy等[27]研究发现,饲喂ISF(稻谷)可以显著降低肉鸡十二指肠的相对重量,饲喂SF(甜菜渣)能够增加小肠的相对重量。Sadeghi等[3]用SF(甜菜渣)、ISF(谷壳)和SF与ISF等量混合配制3种饲粮饲喂肉鸡,结果发现,添加SF增加了肉鸡空肠和回肠的重量,而添加ISF降低了十二指肠的重量,与Noy等[27]的研究结果相符,认为高比例的SF能够增加小肠的重量。这可能是因为甜菜渣含有丰富的果胶,能够增加肠道的黏度,减缓食糜流通速度。本研究结果显示,饲粮粗纤维含量相等的情况下,随SF水平的增加,70日龄武冈铜鹅的肠道相对长度和重量无显著变化。造成此结果的原因可能是本试验设置的SF水平跨度较小,未能对家禽肠道的相对长度和相对重量产生显著影响。同时,本试验发现,性别对家禽肠道存在影响,母鹅肠道的相对长度和相对重量均大于公鹅,这可能是由于母鹅消化器官的发育较体增重更占优先地位所致。
肠道通过肠隐窝、褶皱和绒毛的形成增大肠黏膜的表面积,从而影响营养物质的吸收效率,而V/C高低反映出肠道吸收功能的强弱,V/C越大说明肠道发育越好,肠道与食糜的接触面积就越大,消化吸收效率就越高。本试验发现,饲粮中添加SF可显著降低空肠和回肠的隐窝深度,提高空肠和回肠的绒毛高度及V/C。以上研究结果表明,饲粮中粗纤维水平固定的情况下,适当提高SF的比例,对家禽肠道的发育产生积极影响。

3.5 饲粮SF水平对不同性别武冈铜鹅盲肠食糜挥发性脂肪酸含量的影响

肠道内容物中的挥发性脂肪酸是肠道微生物对碳水化合物的降解产物[28],能够调节肠道pH,抑制有害病菌的增殖[29],保护肠道黏膜屏障[30],还能够为动物机体和肠道细胞提供能源[31]。肉鸡大肠内发酵所产生的能量相当于其代谢能的3%~4%[32]。有研究报道,饲粮纤维类型会影响肠道挥发性脂肪酸的组成,饲粮中高比例的SF可能会增加肠道微生物的数量,从而增加肠道挥发性脂肪酸的含量。本研究结果显示,随着饲粮中SF水平的增加,盲肠食糜中丙酸含量显著增加。Kalmendal等[33]用高纤维的向日葵饼(CF37.03%,ISF31.7%)作为纤维源,配制含粗纤维分别为2.30%(无向日葵饼)、5.42%(10%向日葵饼)、7.96%(20%向日葵饼)和10.99%(30%向日葵饼)的饲粮饲喂肉鸡,结果表明,ISF含量较低组空肠中乙酸和丙酸含量显著高于ISF含量较高组,各组间丁酸含量差异不显著。与本试验结果一致。目前,饲粮纤维对家禽肠道挥发性脂肪酸含量的影响的报道较少,报道的结果也存在一定的差异,这可能是由于饲粮纤维的来源、溶解性及添加水平不同而导致的。

4 结论

综上所述,饲粮中添加11.49%SF可显著提高70日龄武冈铜鹅机体抗氧化性能,对肠道健康与发育有积极影响,同时对其生长性能无不良影响。因此,在本试验条件下,28~70日龄武冈铜鹅饲粮SF推荐添加水平为11.49%。

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