Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2025 , Vol. 37 >Issue 9: 5970 - 5981

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2025.486

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Mongolian Herbal Mineral Lick Block on Serum Biochemical, Antioxidant, Immune Indices and Mineral Contents of Dairy Cows

  • CHEN Lexiang , 1, 2 ,
  • AO Xiaofang 1 ,
  • ZHANG Wenguang 1 ,
  • BAO Hugejiletu 3 ,
  • LUO Hailing 2 ,
  • MAN Da , 1, *
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  • 1 College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
  • 3 Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Extension Center, Hohhot 010013, China
* associate professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2025-01-16

  Online published: 2025-09-12

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Abstract

This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of Mongolian herbal mineral lick block on serum biochemical, antioxidant, immune indices and mineral content of dairy cows. Thirty Holstein dairy cows in mid-lactation with good body condition, similar body weight [(615.0±41.6) kg], milk yield [(30.56±2.18) kg] and parity (2 to 3 parities) were selected and randomly divided into 2 groups, with 15 cows in each group. Cows in the control group were supplemented with ordinary mineral lick block, while others in the test group were supplemented with Mongolian herbal mineral lick block, with both lick blocks containing the same mineral element content. The pre-trial period lasted 7 days, and the formal trial period lasted 42 days. The results showed as follows: 1) on day 21, compared with the control group, the serum urea nitrogen (UN) and total cholesterol (TC) contents of dairy cows in the test group were significantly increased (P<0.05); on day 42, compared with the control group, the serum glucose (GLU), UN and TC contents of dairy cows in the test group were significantly increased (P<0.05), while the serum albumin (ALB) content was significantly decreased (P<0.05). 2) On day 21, compared with the control group, the serum total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) of dairy cows in the test group were significantly increased (P<0.05), while the serum malondialdehyde (MDA) content was significantly decreased (P<0.05). On day 42, compared with the control group, the serum T-AOC and activities of SOD, CAT and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) of dairy cows in the test group were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the serum MDA content was significantly decreased (P<0.05). 3) On day 21, compared with the control group, the serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) contents of dairy cows in the test group were significantly increased (P<0.05), while the serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content was significantly decreased (P<0.05). On day 42, compared with the control group, the serum immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgG and IgM contents of dairy cows in the test group were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the serum IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) contents were significantly decreased (P<0.05). 4) Compared with the control group, the serum contents of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, copper, iron, zinc, manganese and selenium of dairy cows in the test group showed no significant changes (P>0.05). In conclusion, supplementing with Mongolian herbal mineral lick block can improve the antioxidant capacity and immune function of dairy cows without significantly affecting serum mineral contents.

Key words： Mongolian herb; mineral lick block; dairy cows; biochemical; antioxidant; immune

Cite this article

CHEN Lexiang , AO Xiaofang , ZHANG Wenguang , BAO Hugejiletu , LUO Hailing , MAN Da . Effects of Mongolian Herbal Mineral Lick Block on Serum Biochemical, Antioxidant, Immune Indices and Mineral Contents of Dairy Cows[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2025 , 37(9) : 5970 -5981 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2025.486

矿物质在动物体内发挥着至关重要的作用,几乎涉及所有生物化学过程,包括能量的生成、细胞的生长与修复、神经信号的传递以及肌肉的收缩等。矿物质也是酶系统的核心组成部分,一部分矿物质直接构成酶的结构骨架,而另一部分则作为酶的辅助因子或激活剂,确保酶能够高效、准确地执行其催化功能[1]。反刍动物缺乏必需的矿物质,会导致生长发育受损、免疫力下降以及对传染病的易感性增加[2]。有研究表明,补饲矿物质舔砖不仅能改善奶牛干物质采食量,还能显著提高乳蛋白和乳脂含量[3]。Zhang等[4]研究发现,饲粮中添加低聚糖螯合有机微量矿物质可提高肉羊空肠消化酶活性、血液免疫物质含量及改善肉质,但对肉羊生长性能、饲料系数和屠宰参数无显著影响。舍饲和放牧2种不同的饲养模式对奶牛血清中矿物质的代谢有显著影响[5]。Sizova等[6]研究表明,血清和毛发矿物质中常量元素(镁、钙、磷)和微量元素(钴、锰、硒、锌)含量的提高与产奶量的增加有关。
蒙草药是传统中医药的重要组成部分,拥有独特而深厚的理论体系、药物资源、加工技术和用药程序。它以植物的叶、花、果实、种子、茎、皮、根等不同部位作为药用原料,可根据需求以完整、破碎或粉末的形态入药[7],具有“原始、简单、廉价、绿色”的特点。蒙草药具有抑菌抗炎、抗病毒、祛风除湿、消肿止痛、清火解毒等多重药理作用[8-9],在治疗常见病、多发病及某些罕见病方面展现出独特优势与显著疗效[10]。Baiyila等[11]研究发现,蒙药那如-3能够显著抑制创伤性脊髓损伤小鼠的炎症反应,降低脊髓和血液中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)的蛋白表达水平,且该作用呈现时间和浓度依赖性。Chen等[12]研究表明,牛奶中添加阿如拉-7粉末可促进感染大肠杆菌的犊牛体重增长,缓解腹泻症状,减轻炎症反应,并提升机体免疫力。
在奶牛集约化养殖模式下,外源性矿物质补充主要依赖微量元素预混料或舔砖[13]。其中,矿物质舔砖作为缓释型载体,虽能通过自由舔食方式持续满足奶牛的矿物质需求,但其功能单一,难以实现对奶牛综合健康效益的提升。目前,矿物质与蒙草药的独立作用已有较多研究,但二者协同应用对反刍动物作用的系统性研究仍属空白。因此,本试验在课题组前期研究[14]的基础上,结合矿物质需持续性补充和蒙草药缓释性的特点制成蒙草药矿物质舔砖,旨在探究该舔砖对奶牛血清生化、抗氧化、免疫指标及矿物质含量的影响,以期为开发兼具矿物质营养补充与健康调控功能的新型补充剂提供参考依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 蒙草药矿物质舔砖的制备

本试验所用普通矿物质舔砖和蒙草药矿物质舔砖的配方由内蒙古农业大学动物科学学院智牧砖研团队设计提供,委托内蒙古卜式生物科技有限公司生产。主要生产原料包括:氯化钠、磷酸氢钙、氧化钴、硫酸亚铁、碳酸锰、五水硫酸铜、硫酸锌、亚硒酸钠、维生素D、维生素E、蒙草药复方等。每块舔砖重量为5 kg,其成分分析保证值和蒙草药复方含量见表1。
表1 舔砖产品成分分析保证值和蒙草药复方含量

Table 1 Lick block products component analysis guarantee values and Mongolian herbal compound contents

项目
Items		 含量Content
普通矿物质舔砖
Common mineral lick block		 蒙草药矿物质舔砖
Mongolian herbal mineral lick block
铜Cu/(mg/kg) 90 90
铁Fe/(mg/kg) 400 400
锰Mn/(mg/kg) 200 200
锌Zn/(mg/kg) 400 400
硒Se/(mg/kg) 25 25
钴Co/(mg/kg) 50 50
维生素D Vitamin D/(IU/kg) 70 000 70 000
维生素E Vitamin E/(IU/kg) 115 115
高勒图·宝日(丁香)
Gaoletu baori (Syzygium aromaticum)/(g/kg)		 1.2
浑钦(黄芩)
Hunqin (Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi)/(g/kg)		 0.6
给喜古讷(掌叶大黄)
Geixigune (Rheum palmatum L.)/(g/kg)		 1.2
古日古木(红花)
Gurigumu (Carthamus tinctorius L.)/(g/kg)		 1.0

1.2 试验设计

本研究已获得内蒙古农业大学实验动物福利与伦理委员会批准(批准编号:NND2024054),试验地点位于内蒙古自治区呼和浩特市和林格尔县。选取30头体况良好、体重[(615.0±41.6) kg]和产奶量[(30.56±2.18) kg]相近、2~3胎次的泌乳中期荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为2组,每组15头。对照组补饲普通矿物质舔砖,试验组补饲蒙草药矿物质舔砖,2组舔砖的矿物质含量相同。试验期49 d,其中预试期7 d,正试期42 d,试验期间将舔砖悬挂于圈舍内供奶牛自由舔食。

1.3 试验饲粮

试验所用全混合日粮(TMR)参照NRC(2001)[15]奶牛的营养需求配制,其组成及营养水平见表2。其中,泌乳净能(NEL)根据NRC(2001)[15]计算得到,粗蛋白质含量参照GB/T 6432—2018[16]的方法测定,粗脂肪含量参照GB/T 6433—2006[17]的方法测定,中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量参照Van Soest等[18]的方法测定,钙含量参照GB/T 6436—2018[19]的方法测定,总磷含量参照GB/T 6437—2018[20]的方法测定。
表2 TMR组成及营养水平(干物质基础)

Table 2 Composition and nutrient levels of TMR (DM basis) %

项目Items 含量Content
原料Ingredients
苜蓿Alfalfa 15.62
玉米青贮Corn silage 30.37
压片玉米Flaked corn 18.73
豆粕Soybean meal 15.10
棉籽粕Cottonseed meal 6.20
啤酒糟Brewer’s grains 8.72
小麦麸Wheat bran 2.34
碳酸氢钠NaHCO3 0.52
氯化钠NaCl 0.50
磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 0.30
预混料Premix1) 1.60
合计Total 100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels2)
泌乳净能NEL/(MJ/kg) 6.88
粗蛋白质CP 17.45
粗脂肪EE 3.10
中性洗涤纤维NDF 30.62
酸性洗涤纤维ADF 19.70
钙Ca 0.82
总磷TP 0.37

1)每千克预混料含有 One kilogram of the premix contained the following:VA 500 000 IU,VD 250 000 IU,VE 3 000 IU,Fe 1 800 mg,Cu 600 mg,Zn 5 500 mg,Mn 1 300 mg,I 100 mg,Se 15 mg,Co 20 mg。

2)泌乳净能为计算值,其他营养水平为实测值。NEL was a calculated value, while the others were measured values.

1.4 样品采集与测定指标

1.4.1 样品采集

在正试期第21天和第42天晨饲前,每头牛尾静脉采血10 mL,室温下静置30 min后,在4 ℃下以1 006×g的离心力离心10 min,将血清分装至1.5 mL离心管中,-20 ℃保存待测。

1.4.2 测定指标

血清生化指标:葡萄糖(GLU)含量采用葡萄糖氧化酶-过氧化物酶法测定,总蛋白(TP)含量采用二喹啉甲酸法测定,白蛋白(ALB)含量采用溴甲酚绿法测定,尿素氮(UN)含量采用脲酶法测定,总胆固醇(TC)含量采用胆固醇氧化酶-过氧化物酶-氨基安替比林法测定,甘油三酯(TG)含量采用甘油磷酸氧化酶-过氧化物酶-氨基安替比林法测定,试剂盒均购自南京博研生物科技有限公司,按照试剂盒说明书步骤进行测定。
血清抗氧化指标:总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)采用铁离子还原/抗氧化能力法测定,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性采用水溶性四唑盐-8法测定,谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性采用5,5'-二硫代双(2-硝基苯甲酸)法测定,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性采用可见光法测定,丙二醛(MDA)含量采用硫代巴比妥酸法测定,试剂盒均购自南京博研生物科技有限公司,按照试剂盒说明书步骤进行测定。
血清免疫指标:免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)、IL-1β、IL-6、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)和TNF-α含量采用酶联免疫吸附试验法测定,试剂盒均购自南京博研生物科技有限公司,按照试剂盒说明书步骤进行测定。
血清矿物质指标:钙、磷、铜、铁、锌、锰、镁、钠和硒含量使用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪测定。

1.5 数据统计与分析

利用SPSS 22.0软件的独立样本t检验程序对试验数据进行组间差异分析,结果用平均值和均值标准误(SEM)表示,P<0.05为差异显著。

2 结果与分析

2.1 蒙草药矿物质舔砖对奶牛血清生化指标的影响

由表3可知,试验第21天,与对照组相比,试验组奶牛血清UN和TC含量显著提高(P<0.05);试验第42天,与对照组相比,试验组奶牛血清GLU、UN和TC含量显著提高(P<0.05),血清ALB含量显著降低(P<0.05)。
表3 蒙草药矿物质舔砖对奶牛血清生化指标的影响

Table 3 Effects of Mongolian herbal mineral lick block on serum biochemical indices of dairy cows

项目
Items		 时间
Time		 对照组
Control group		 试验组
Test group		 均值标准误
SEM		 P值
P-value

葡萄糖GLU/(mg/mL)		 第21天Day 21 0.82 1.11 0.057 0.067
第42天Day 42 0.78 1.24 0.047 0.008

总蛋白TP/(mg/mL)		 第21天Day 21 33.80 31.62 2.272 0.657
第42天Day 42 34.44 30.79 1.680 0.338

白蛋白ALB/(mg/mL)		 第21天Day 21 26.88 23.45 1.368 0.279
第42天Day 42 28.06 18.85 1.432 0.032

尿素氮UN/(mmol/L)		 第21天Day 21 6.46 8.55 0.333 0.035
第42天Day 42 6.54 10.14 0.344 0.006

总胆固醇TC/(μg/mL)		 第21天Day 21 1 564.56 2 252.63 92.373 0.020
第42天Day 42 1 695.62 2 673.12 113.141 0.012

甘油三酯TG/(μg/mL)		 第21天Day 21 380.28 468.31 22.089 0.117
第42天Day 42 405.52 529.34 23.896 0.061

2.2 蒙草药矿物质舔砖对奶牛血清抗氧化指标的影响

由表4可知,试验第21天,与对照组相比,试验组奶牛血清T-AOC及SOD、CAT活性显著提高(P<0.05),血清MDA含量显著降低(P<0.05);试验第42天,与对照组相比,试验组奶牛血清T-AOC及SOD、CAT、GSH-Px活性显著提高(P<0.05),血清MDA含量显著降低(P<0.05)。
表4 蒙草药矿物质舔砖对奶牛血清抗氧化指标的影响

Table 4 Effects of Mongolian herbal mineral lick block on serum antioxidant indices of dairy cows

项目
Items		 时间
Time		 对照组
Control group		 试验组
Test group		 均值标准误
SEM		 P值
P-value

总抗氧化能力
T-AOC/(μmol Trolox/mL)		 第21天Day 21 0.49 0.57 0.010 0.014
第42天Day 42 0.41 0.58 0.020 0.014

超氧化物歧化酶
SOD/(U/mL)		 第21天Day 21 13.00 28.67 1.631 0.009
第42天Day 42 11.44 31.53 1.260 0.001

谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶
GSH-Px/(U/mL)		 第21天Day 21 225.14 257.50 7.079 0.084
第42天Day 42 200.30 262.29 7.810 0.017

过氧化氢酶
CAT/(U/mL)		 第21天Day 21 39.65 48.38 0.717 0.004
第42天Day 42 41.68 54.33 2.240 0.048

丙二醛
MDA/(nmol/mL)		 第21天Day 21 6.71 4.61 0.348 0.039
第42天Day 42 9.32 4.67 0.240 0.001

2.3 蒙草药矿物质舔砖对奶牛血清免疫指标的影响

由表5可知,试验第21天,与对照组相比,试验组奶牛血清IgG和IgM含量显著提高(P<0.05),血清IL-6含量显著降低(P<0.05);试验第42天,与对照组相比,试验组奶牛血清IgA、IgG和IgM含量显著提高(P<0.05),血清IL-6和TNF-α含量显著降低(P<0.05)。
表5 蒙草药矿物质舔砖对奶牛血清免疫指标的影响

Table 5 Effects of Mongolian herbal mineral lick block on serum immune indices of dairy cows

项目
Items		 时间
Time		 对照组
Control group		 试验组
Test group		 均值标准误
SEM		 P值
P-value
免疫球蛋白A IgA/(μg/mL) 第21天Day 21 354.55 443.00 28.860 0.200
第42天Day 42 354.20 515.49 23.536 0.027
免疫球蛋白G IgG/(mg/mL) 第21天Day 21 0.97 1.40 0.035 0.004
第42天Day 42 1.05 1.56 0.072 0.024
免疫球蛋白M IgM/(μg/mL) 第21天Day 21 269.49 331.17 8.146 0.019
第42天Day 42 265.26 407.00 13.114 0.006
白细胞介素-1β IL-1β/(pg/mL) 第21天Day 21 100.67 81.82 6.445 0.217
第42天Day 42 106.24 81.82 5.832 0.104
白细胞介素-6 IL-6/(pg/mL) 第21天Day 21 37.33 27.91 1.373 0.027
第42天Day 42 39.42 27.48 0.971 0.004
白细胞介素-10 IL-10/(pg/mL) 第21天Day 21 20.91 24.46 1.409 0.276
第42天Day 42 23.73 25.22 1.145 0.550
肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α/(pg/mL) 第21天Day 21 34.39 27.78 1.738 0.130
第42天Day 42 36.38 25.66 1.291 0.014

2.4 蒙草药矿物质舔砖对奶牛血清矿物质含量的影响

由表6可知,与对照组相比,补饲蒙草药矿物质舔砖对奶牛血清钙、磷、镁、钠、铜、铁、锌、锰和硒含量均无显著影响(P>0.05)。
表6 蒙草药矿物质舔砖对奶牛血清矿物质含量的影响

Table 6 Effects of Mongolian herbal mineral lick block on serum mineral contents of dairy cows mg/L

项目
Items		 时间
Time		 对照组
Control group		 试验组
Test group		 均值标准误
SEM		 P值
P-value

钙Ca		 第21天Day 21 64.38 72.17 4.349 0.391
第42天Day 42 71.74 67.53 3.872 0.599

磷P		 第21天Day 21 91.25 82.44 6.839 0.534
第42天Day 42 84.50 100.39 10.137 0.451

镁Mg		 第21天Day 21 19.37 17.85 1.119 0.512
第42天Day 42 20.69 19.26 0.938 0.463

钠Na		 第21天Day 21 1 696.36 1 328.92 96.159 0.085
第42天Day 42 1 717.10 1 969.34 120.905 0.321

铜Cu		 第21天Day 21 0.42 0.39 0.041 0.706
第42天Day 42 0.39 0.50 0.028 0.080

铁Fe		 第21天Day 21 3.99 4.93 0.321 0.172
第42天Day 42 5.02 6.23 0.522 0.274

锌Zn		 第21天Day 21 0.33 0.28 0.035 0.487
第42天Day 42 0.36 0.47 0.056 0.374

锰Mn		 第21天Day 21 0.10 0.13 0.012 0.237
第42天Day 42 0.13 0.14 0.013 0.630

硒Se		 第21天Day 21 0.05 0.06 0.005 0.300
第42天Day 42 0.06 0.06 0.010 0.808

3 讨论

3.1 蒙草药矿物质舔砖对奶牛血清生化指标的影响

血液中的GLU是生物体重要的能量来源之一,为细胞生命活动提供基础物质。饲粮中的碳水化合物经分解后可转化为GLU,GLU进入体循环并被氧化以产生能量,多余的GLU则进入脂肪酸合成途径,用于脂肪的生成与储存。本试验中,补饲蒙草药矿物质舔砖42 d后奶牛血清GLU含量较对照组显著提高,表明GLU的利用效率降低。血清UN含量常被用作衡量氨基酸利用率的指标,反映了动物体内蛋白质代谢状态[21]。本试验结果表明,补饲蒙草药矿物质舔砖使奶牛血清UN含量显著提高,这可能是由于补饲蒙草药矿物质舔砖导致氨基酸组成失衡,进而降低了蛋白质合成效率[22]。该推论从补饲蒙草药矿物质舔砖组血清TP和ALB含量下降的现象得到进一步证实。其他关于草药的研究有不同的研究结论:Qiao等[23]研究表明,在饲料中添加300或500 mg/kg的女贞子提取物,使晨饲后2、4、6和8 h绵羊血清UN含量显著降低;刘佩[24]在饲粮中添加复方中草药(罗汉果、桑叶、鱼腥草、黄芪、甘草、神曲),发现热应激奶牛血清UN含量显著降低。TC是评估动物能量平衡和脂肪代谢状态的关键生化指标[25]。本试验中,补饲蒙草药矿物质舔砖显著提高了奶牛血清TC含量。Hosoda等[26]研究表明,补饲丁香能够显著提高荷斯坦奶牛血浆高密度脂蛋白(HDL)和低密度脂蛋白(LDL)含量。Toson等[27]研究表明,补饲甘草提取物能够显著降低肉鸡血浆TC和TG含量。上述研究中脂代谢指标的差异,可能是由于添加的草药成分不同所致。

3.2 蒙草药矿物质舔砖对奶牛血清抗氧化指标的影响

泌乳盛期的奶牛承受着乳汁生成所带来的较大生理负担,乳腺细胞有氧呼吸作用增强,对能量和氧气的需求大幅增加,导致代谢率升高并产生大量活性氧(ROS)。当ROS的生成速度超过抗氧化系统的清除能力时,机体将发生氧化应激,进而引发组织和细胞损伤[28-29]。本试验中,补饲蒙草药矿物质舔砖的奶牛血清T-AOC及SOD、CAT、GSH-Px活性显著提高,血清MDA含量显著降低。Holen等[30]研究表明,多糖锌具有较强的抗氧化能力,能够有效清除多种自由基并提升体内抗氧化酶的活性,从而增强机体抗氧化能力。另有研究发现,在相同浓度条件下,多糖锌的抗氧化活性优于单纯的多糖或无机锌,并且呈现出剂量依赖性[31]。李凯文等[32]进行的体外抗氧化试验表明,当归多糖锌对1,1-二苯基-2-苦苯肼自由基(DPPH)和2,2-联氮-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)二铵盐自由基(ABTS)具有一定的清除作用。蒙药达乌里芯芭(Cymbaria daurica L.)所含的毛蕊花糖苷和异毛蕊花糖苷可通过提高SOD活性、降低MDA含量来增强大鼠胰岛素瘤细胞INS-1的抗氧化能力,降低了四氧嘧啶对INS-1细胞的自由基损伤作用[33]。有研究表明,橘皮素可通过激活核因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)-抗氧化反应元件(ARE)抗氧化通路减轻氧化损伤,这进一步证实了多甲氧基黄酮类化合物作为间接抗氧化剂,能够通过调节Nrf2-ARE信号通路抵御氧化应激损害[34]。艾蒿、洋甘菊、延胡索和锦葵等药用植物的总酚含量与其抗氧化能力之间存在强正相关关系,将这些富含酚类化合物的草药混合物添加至反刍动物饲粮中,可在瘤胃环境中有效发挥抗氧化作用,维持瘤胃内环境的稳定并减少自由基积累[35]。Xu等[36]和Liu等[37]研究发现,槲皮素可通过提高GSH-Px、SOD和CAT等抗氧化酶的活性,降低组织脂质过氧化水平,从而增强机体抗氧化防御系统。有研究表明,在感染寄生虫的羔羊饲粮中单独添加草药混合物或有机锌及两者联合添加,均能提升羔羊肠道的抗氧化能力[38]。这一研究结果为本试验中蒙草药与矿物质联合使用可增强奶牛抗氧化能力提供了进一步佐证。

3.3 蒙草药矿物质舔砖对奶牛血清免疫指标的影响

IgA、IgG和IgM是哺乳动物体液免疫的关键成分[39]。研究表明,饲粮中添加王不留行、通草、川芎、漏芦组成的复方中草药,可显著提高母猪血清和初乳中的IgG含量[40];饲粮中添加川芎嗪能提高感染病菌的獭兔血清IgA和IgG含量[41];饲粮中添加0.5%糙皮侧耳菌HXS-M1发酵复方中药能提高断奶仔猪血清中IgA、IgG和IgM含量[42];饲粮中添加1%的复方中药可显著提高热应激条件下肉牛血清IgA、IgG和IgM含量[43]。上述研究结果与本试验结果高度一致,在本试验中,2组奶牛血清IgA、IgG和IgM含量均处于正常生理范围内,而试验组显著高于对照组,并且含量随补饲时间延长呈增加趋势。这可能与蒙草药的添加有关,蒙草药刺激了奶牛血清中免疫球蛋白的产生,表明机体对病原体的抵抗能力增强[44]。
IL-6是一种由Ⅰ型干扰素(IFNs)激活的细胞因子,由IL-6基因编码,主要由T细胞和巨噬细胞分泌,被认为是一种促炎细胞因子,具有调节免疫反应、造血和急性炎症反应的功能[45-46]。TNF-α是一种主要由巨噬细胞和树突状细胞分泌的细胞因子,在免疫系统的稳态、炎症和细胞增殖中发挥重要作用,TNF-α含量异常升高会引起局部炎症、肿瘤及血液血栓形成[47]。前人研究表明,饲粮中添加中草药提取物能显著降低乳房炎奶牛血清TNF-α含量,并减少IL-6的分泌[48]。刘晓盼[49]构建了白术多糖氧化锌纳米颗粒(AMP-ZnONPs)作为H9N2亚型禽流感疫苗的黏膜免疫佐剂,体外试验结果表明,AMP-ZnONPs可激活Toll样受体4(TLR4)/髓系分化因子88(MyD88)/核因子-κB(NF-κB)信号通路,进而调节巨噬细胞的免疫功能。本试验结果表明,补饲蒙草药矿物质舔砖能显著降低奶牛血清IL-6和TNF-α含量,对奶牛的免疫功能具有改善作用。Narenmandula等[50]研究发现,蒙药沏其日甘-8可显著降低肥胖大鼠血清TNF-α、IL-6和诱导型一氧化氮合酶(INOS)含量,提高IL-10含量,抑制了核因子-κB抑制因子α(IκBα)、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶p38(p38 MAPK)、细胞外信号调节激酶1/2(ERK1/2)和应激激活蛋白激酶(SAPK)/c-Jun氨基末端激酶(JNK)的蛋白磷酸化,进而减少血管内皮损伤、巨噬细胞浸润及其向M1型极化的转变,主要通过抑制肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)信号通路、NF-κB信号通路和Th1、Th17细胞分化来实现其抗炎作用[51-52]。此外,蒙草药的抑菌能力可能在机体免疫中发挥了重要作用[53],细菌结构主要包括细胞壁、细胞膜和细胞质,蒙草药可通过破坏细菌细胞壁,改变细胞膜的通透性和流动性,溶解核酸、蛋白质等方式破坏细菌细胞的代谢紊乱[54];还可通过抑制微生物酶活性、剥夺微生物生长所需的底物或抑制氧化磷酸化等途径直接作用于微生物代谢,导致细菌死亡[55]。病原微生物的减少可反馈性促进机体适应性调节,从而减少促炎因子的分泌。

3.4 蒙草药矿物质舔砖对奶牛血清矿物质含量的影响

研究表明,饲喂罗汉果复方中草药和维生素C可显著提高热应激奶牛血清中钠离子(Na+)、钾离子(K+)和钙离子(Ca2+)含量[24]。然而,本研究结果与之不同,补饲蒙草药矿物质舔砖组与补饲不添加蒙草药的矿物质舔砖组奶牛血清中钙、磷、镁、钠、铜、铁、锌、锰、和硒含量均无显著差异。这表明试验中额外添加的蒙草药可能不会促进动物机体对矿物质的吸收;家畜血清矿物质含量主要受饲粮成分影响[56],因此也可能是由于对照组和试验组舔砖的矿物质构成相同,均已能够满足奶牛自身需求。补充足量的必需矿物质对于维持奶牛的正常生理活动,如造血、免疫反应、能量代谢、酶活性和生殖功能等至关重要[57]。矿物质钙[58]、磷[59]和镁[60]的缺乏会直接导致奶牛泌乳性能下降,显著降低产奶量。郭天龙等[61]研究发现,补饲矿物质舔砖可显著提高蒙古羊血清铁、锰、钴和钼含量。在犊牛饲粮中额外补充锌、铜和锰,可增加这些矿物质的摄入量与体内存留量,同时也会提高其粪便和尿液排泄量,并且随着补充水平的提高,这些矿物质的表观吸收率呈现下降趋势[62]。尽管本试验中2组间血清矿物质含量未表现出显著差异,但随着补饲时间延长,血清矿物质含量呈现升高的趋势,这表明补饲矿物质舔砖对提升奶牛体内矿物质含量具有潜在促进作用。

4 结论

本试验条件下,补饲蒙草药矿物质舔砖可通过提高血清T-AOC及SOD、CAT和GSH-Px活性,降低MDA含量,改善奶牛的抗氧化能力;同时通过提高血清IgA、IgG和IgM含量,降低血清IL-6和TNF-α含量,增强奶牛的免疫功能。此外,蒙草药矿物质舔砖中的蒙草药成分未对奶牛血清矿物质稳态产生显著影响。

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