1 材料与方法
1.1 伦理声明
1.2 试验设计和饲粮
表1 饲粮组成Table 1 Composition of diets % |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | PKM组 PKM group |
|---|---|---|
| 粗饲料Roughage (30%) | ||
| 燕麦青干草Oat green hay | 50.00 | 50.00 |
| 燕麦青贮Oat silage | 50.00 | 50.00 |
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| 精料补充料 Concentrate supplement (70%) | ||
| 玉米Corn | 65.50 | 51.80 |
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 8.00 | 5.00 |
| 棉籽粕Cottonseed meal | 4.00 | 3.70 |
| 菜籽粕Rapeseed meal | 16.00 | 15.00 |
| 棕榈粕Palm kernel meal | 18.00 | |
| 食盐NaCl | 0.50 | 0.50 |
| 石粉Limestone | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 预混料Premix | 5.00 | 5.00 |
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 |
预混料为商品饲料。 | |
Premix was commercial feed. |
1.3 饲养管理
1.4 样品采集
1.5 测定指标及方法
1.5.1 GC-IMS分析
1.5.2 ROVA计算
1.6 数据处理
2 结果与分析
2.1 藏羊不同部位肌肉挥发性物质组成和含量
2.1.1 PKM对藏羊不同部位肌肉挥发性物质组成和含量的影响
表2 PKM对藏羊不同部位肌肉挥发性物质组成和含量的影响Table 2 Effects of PKM on composition and contents of volatile substances in different muscle parts of Tibetan sheep % |
| 项目 Items | 保留时间 Retention time/s | 背最长肌Longissimus dorsi | P值 P-value | 股二头肌Biceps femoris | P值 P-value | 臂三头肌Triceps brachii | P值 P-value | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 对照组 Control group | PKM组 PKM group | 对照组 Control group | PKM组 PKM group | 对照组 Control group | PKM组 PKM group | |||||||||||||||||
| 醛类Aldehydes | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| (E)-2-庚烯醛(E)-2-heptenal | 489.225 | 0.33±0.12 | 0.77±0.07 | 0.006 | 0.46±0.18 | 0.64±0.05 | 0.162 | 0.45±0.20 | 0.70±0.13 | 0.140 | ||||||||||||
| (E)-2-辛烯醛(E)-2-octenal | 695.312 | 0.21±0.07 | 0.55±0.14 | 0.020 | 0.22±0.10 | 0.23±0.03 | 0.853 | 0.30±0.18 | 0.24±0.06 | 0.608 | ||||||||||||
| 1-壬醛二聚体1-nonanal dimer | 775.042 | 0.39±0.19 | 0.84±0.07 | 0.017 | 0.39±0.19 | 0.52±0.12 | 0.385 | 0.43±0.19 | 1.14±0.26 | 0.019 | ||||||||||||
| 1-壬醛单体1-nonanal monomer | 773.414 | 2.40±0.43 | 3.21±0.29 | 0.055 | 2.48±0.19 | 4.89±1.28 | 0.080 | 2.90±0.28 | 7.69±0.18 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
| 1-辛醛二聚体1-octanal dimer | 586.941 | 0.25±0.11 | 0.60±0.08 | 0.012 | 0.25±0.12 | 0.38±0.04 | 0.138 | 0.33±0.16 | 0.61±0.24 | 0.179 | ||||||||||||
| 1-辛醛单体1-octanal monomer | 586.941 | 0.99±0.21 | 1.63±0.01 | 0.032 | 1.34±0.21 | 2.92±0.82 | 0.032 | 1.36±0.32 | 4.26±0.42 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
| 庚醛二聚体Heptanal dimer | 390.184 | 0.22±0.08 | 0.49±0.03 | 0.007 | 0.21±0.09 | 0.40±0.10 | 0.080 | 0.26±0.11 | 1.26±0.44 | 0.052 | ||||||||||||
| 庚醛单体Heptanal monomer | 390.184 | 0.53±0.10 | 0.91±0.11 | 0.011 | 1.23±0.09 | 2.49±0.61 | 0.024 | 0.74±0.27 | 4.28±0.23 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
| 己醛二聚体Hexanal dimer | 264.688 | 0.26±0.14 | 0.55±0.04 | 0.030 | 1.30±0.10 | 4.07±1.77 | 0.054 | 0.33±0.19 | 8.99±1.27 | 0.006 | ||||||||||||
| 己醛单体Hexanal monomer | 265.458 | 1.29±0.13 | 1.24±0.14 | 0.719 | 5.10±0.10 | 8.21±1.21 | 0.011 | 1.73±0.86 | 7.62±0.80 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
| 2-苯乙醛2-phenylacetaldehyde | 648.583 | 0.34±0.16 | 1.00±0.32 | 0.034 | 0.32±0.11 | 0.52±0.06 | 0.057 | 0.46±0.18 | 0.41±0.08 | 0.670 | ||||||||||||
| 1-丁醛1-butanal | 137.660 | 0.26±0.05 | 0.34±0.03 | 0.077 | 0.20±0.02 | 0.17±0.02 | 0.186 | 0.74±0.24 | 0.11±0.03 | 0.044 | ||||||||||||
| 醇类Alcohols | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 乙醇Ethanol | 99.724 | 12.73±1.17 | 12.18±0.80 | 0.538 | 7.66±0.71 | 5.59±0.69 | 0.022 | 17.76±1.70 | 4.88±1.00 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
| 1-丁醇二聚体1-butanol dimer | 170.467 | 0.67±0.17 | 1.17±0.03 | 0.007 | 1.03±0.15 | 1.71±0.11 | 0.003 | 6.77±2.46 | 8.91±0.73 | 0.224 | ||||||||||||
| 1-丁醇单体1-butanol monomer | 170.467 | 4.61±0.26 | 4.89±0.58 | 0.488 | 4.02±0.14 | 3.97±0.21 | 0.788 | 19.68±3.78 | 12.22±0.86 | 0.029 | ||||||||||||
| 1-戊醇二聚体1-pentanol dimer | 246.673 | 0.14±0.09 | 0.37±0.02 | 0.010 | 0.40±0.10 | 1.21±0.48 | 0.045 | 0.24±0.15 | 3.30±0.22 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
| 1-戊醇单体1-pentanol monomer | 246.673 | 1.05±0.07 | 0.87±0.16 | 0.165 | 2.71±0.13 | 4.63±0.73 | 0.011 | 1.43±0.96 | 5.26±0.43 | 0.003 | ||||||||||||
| 1-戊烯-3-醇1-penten-3-ol | 181.237 | 1.37±0.06 | 2.51±0.11 | <0.001 | 1.57±0.11 | 2.36±0.27 | 0.009 | 1.70±0.28 | 1.57±0.23 | 0.560 | ||||||||||||
| 1-丙醇1-propanol | 124.884 | 2.31±0.24 | 3.54±0.17 | 0.002 | 3.27±0.10 | 1.84±0.10 | <0.001 | 1.89±0.06 | 1.19±0.20 | 0.005 | ||||||||||||
| 1-辛烯-3-醇1-octen-3-ol | 561.020 | 1.86±0.36 | 3.29±0.07 | 0.018 | 3.06±0.43 | 4.46±0.14 | 0.006 | 2.57±1.02 | 6.05±0.30 | 0.005 | ||||||||||||
| 2-呋喃甲醇2-furfuryl alcohol | 324.680 | 0.27±0.07 | 0.51±0.04 | <0.001 | 0.19±0.07 | 0.25±0.05 | 0.289 | 0.26±0.06 | 0.09±0.02 | 0.007 | ||||||||||||
| 2-甲基丁醇2-methyl butanol | 210.483 | 1.26±0.11 | 0.42±0.04 | 0.012 | 1.00±0.10 | 0.70±0.22 | 0.110 | 0.40±0.09 | 0.17±0.03 | 0.016 | ||||||||||||
| 3-辛醇3-octanol | 545.849 | 0.54±0.19 | 1.11±0.11 | 0.018 | 0.66±0.14 | 2.03±0.58 | 0.016 | 0.59±0.21 | 2.79±0.35 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
| 酮类Ketones | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3-辛酮3-octanone | 549.483 | 0.18±0.06 | 0.41±0.01 | 0.008 | 0.52±0.07 | 0.30±0.04 | 0.011 | 0.28±0.18 | 0.33±0.02 | 0.657 | ||||||||||||
| 2-丁酮二聚体2-butanone dimer | 133.192 | 2.89±0.18 | 4.00±0.19 | <0.001 | 2.38±0.21 | 1.97±0.22 | 0.080 | 3.62±0.72 | 1.57±0.34 | 0.011 | ||||||||||||
| 2-丁酮单体2-butanone monomer | 132.480 | 5.90±0.05 | 9.23±0.35 | 0.012 | 4.46±0.22 | 4.27±0.14 | 0.281 | 6.86±0.61 | 2.65±0.40 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
| 丙酮Acetone | 108.396 | 8.29±0.36 | 22.61±1.04 | 0.018 | 16.79±1.05 | 11.55±2.08 | 0.018 | 9.54±0.28 | 4.83±0.10 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
| 2-庚酮二聚体2-heptanone dimer | 371.634 | 0.11±0.06 | 0.27±0.06 | 0.002 | 0.10±0.04 | 0.15±0.02 | 0.137 | 0.13±0.08 | 0.30±0.01 | 0.065 | ||||||||||||
| 2-庚酮单体2-heptanone monomer | 372.693 | 0.32±0.06 | 0.58±0.05 | 0.004 | 0.50±0.07 | 1.03±0.10 | 0.002 | 0.43±0.16 | 1.23±0.08 | 0.001 | ||||||||||||
| 2-戊酮2-pentanone | 176.689 | 1.68±0.04 | 3.76±0.15 | <0.001 | 2.27±0.16 | 2.54±0.31 | 0.258 | 1.36±0.24 | 0.33±0.10 | 0.002 | ||||||||||||
| 乙偶姻二聚体Acetoin dimer | 210.090 | 15.66±0.94 | 0.98±0.13 | <0.001 | 8.90±0.79 | 5.22±1.94 | 0.038 | 0.87±0.24 | 0.60±0.43 | 0.395 | ||||||||||||
| 乙偶姻单体Acetoin monomer | 213.365 | 27.43±1.04 | 9.28±0.28 | <0.001 | 21.42±0.67 | 15.34±3.94 | 0.058 | 8.10±0.39 | 2.17±0.45 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
| 酯类Esters | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3-甲基丁酸丁酯3-butyl methyl butyrate | 660.845 | 0.28±0.08 | 0.64±0.04 | 0.002 | 0.23±0.08 | 0.37±0.03 | 0.045 | 0.44±0.07 | 0.37±0.04 | 0.022 | ||||||||||||
| 乙酸乙酯Ethyl acetate | 143.069 | 1.16±0.03 | 2.65±0.13 | 0.002 | 1.06±0.07 | 1.28±0.14 | 0.072 | 2.27±0.48 | 0.67±0.04 | 0.028 | ||||||||||||
| 乙酸甲酯Methyl acetate | 126.665 | 1.68±0.12 | 2.21±0.16 | 0.010 | 2.09±0.06 | 1.32±0.16 | 0.005 | 2.56±0.24 | 0.79±0.21 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
| 杂环类Heterocycles | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2-戊基呋喃2-pentylfuran | 555.997 | 0.16±0.04 | 0.38±0.02 | 0.001 | 0.20±0.06 | 0.45±0.03 | 0.012 | 0.21±0.09 | 0.43±0.00 | 0.047 | ||||||||||||
2.1.2 藏羊不同部位肌肉中关键风味物质的鉴定
表3 藏羊不同部位肌肉挥发性物质的ROVATable 3 ROVA of volatile substances in different muscle parts of Tibetan sheep |
| 项目 Items | 阈值 Threshold/ (mg/kg)[18] | 相对气味活度值ROVA | 气味特征 Odor characteristics | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 对照组Control group | PKM组PKM group | ||||||||
| 背最长肌 Longissimus dorsi | 背最长肌 Longissimus dorsi | 股二头肌 Biceps femoris | 臂三头肌 Triceps brachii | 背最长肌 Longissimus dorsi | 股二头肌 Biceps femoris | 臂三头肌 Triceps brachii | |||
| 乙偶姻Acetoin | 0.055 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 黄油、奶油 | |
| 己醛Hexanal | 0.005 | 0.40 | 2.32 | 2.54 | 1.92 | 6.72 | 64.55 | 青草、奶油、 脂肪 | |
| (E)-2-庚烯醛 (E)-2-heptenal | 0.013 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.21 | 0.32 | 0.13 | 1.06 | 肥皂、脂肪、 杏仁 | |
| (E)-2-辛烯醛 (E)-2-octenal | 0.003 | 0.09 | 0.14 | 0.62 | 0.98 | 0.21 | 1.57 | 坚果、脂肪 | |
| 1-壬醛1-nonanal | 0.001 | 3.57 | 5.23 | 20.49 | 21.68 | 14.77 | 171.76 | 脂肪、柑橘 | |
| 1-辛醛1-octanal | 0.001 | 2.26 | 4.15 | 14.93 | 17.11 | 12.90 | 136.19 | 脂肪、肥皂、 柠檬 | |
| 1-戊烯-3-醇 1-penten-3-ol | 0.100 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.16 | 0.18 | 0.12 | 1.17 | 黄油、刺鼻 | |
| 2-甲基丁醇 2-methyl butanol | 0.016 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.21 | 酒、洋葱 | |
| 2-戊基呋喃 2-pentylfuran | 0.006 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.21 | 0.34 | 0.20 | 1.37 | 绿豆、黄油 | |
| 2-苯乙醛 2-phenylacetaldehyde | 0.004 | 0.11 | 0.15 | 0.71 | 1.34 | 0.35 | 1.99 | 山楂、蜂蜜、 甘甜 | |
| 3-辛醇3-octanol | 0.018 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.20 | 0.33 | 0.31 | 3.04 | 苔藓、坚果、 蘑菇 | |
| 庚醛Heptanal | 0.003 | 0.32 | 0.87 | 2.07 | 2.50 | 2.64 | 36.11 | 脂肪、柑橘、 腐臭 | |
气味特征描述来自Flavornet and human odor space数据库。 | |
The odor characteristics were described from Flavornet and human odor space database. |
2.1.3 藏羊不同部位肌肉挥发性物质OPLS-DA
图1 藏羊不同部位肌肉挥发性物质OPLS-DAL0、B0和T0分别表示对照组背最长肌、股二头肌和臂三头肌,L18、B18和T18分别表示PKM组背最长肌、股二头肌和臂三头肌。图3和图4同。 Fig.1 OPLS-DA of volatile substances in different muscle parts of Tibetan sheep L0, B0 and T0 represented longissimus dorsi, biceps femoris and triceps brachii in the control group, and L18, B18 and T18 represented longissimus dorsi, biceps femoris and triceps brachii in PKM group, respectively. The same as Fig.3 and Fig.4. |
2.2 PKM组藏羊不同部位肌肉挥发性物质组成和含量差异
2.2.1 PKM组藏羊不同部位肌肉挥发性物质图谱和PCA分析
图4 PKM组藏羊不同部位肌肉挥发性物质PCA及指纹图谱分析Ethyl acetate:乙酸乙酯;Acetone:丙酮;Ethanol:乙醇;1-propanol:1-丙醇;2-butanone monomer:2-丁酮单体;2-butanone dimer:2-丁酮二聚体;Methyl acetate:乙酸甲酯;1-penten-3-ol:1-戊烯-3-醇;2-pentanone:2-戊酮;2-methyl butanol:2-甲基丁醇;Acetoin monomer:乙偶姻单体;Acetoin dimer:乙偶姻二聚体;1-pentanol monomer:1-戊醇单体;1-pentanol dimer:1-戊醇二聚体;Hexanal monomer:己醛单体;Hexanal dimer:己醛二聚体;1-butanol monomer:1-丁醇单体;1-butanol dimer:1-丁醇二聚体;2-heptanone monomer:2-庚酮单体;Heptanal monomer:庚醛单体;Heptanal dimer:庚醛二聚体;2-heptanone dimer:2-庚酮二聚体;1-octen-3-ol:1-辛烯-3-醇;3-octanol:3-辛醇;1-octanal monomer:1-辛醛单体;1-octanal dimer:1-辛醛二聚体;1-nonanal monomer:1-壬醛单体;1-nonanal dimer:1-壬醛二聚体;2-pentylfuran:2-戊基呋喃;(E)-2-heptenal:(E)-2-庚烯醛;3-butyl methyl butyrate:3-甲基丁酸丁酯;(E)-2-octenal:(E)-2-辛烯醛;2-phenylacetaldehyde:2-苯乙醛;1~8表示未知物质:1 to 8 represented unknown substances。 Fig.4 PCA and fingerprint analysis of volatile substances in different muscle parts of Tibetan sheep in PKM group |
2.2.2 PKM组藏羊不同部位肌肉挥发性物质定性和定量分析
表4 PKM组藏羊不同部位肌肉挥发性物质定性和定量分析Table 4 Qualitative and quantitative analysis of volatile substances in different muscle parts of Tibetan sheep in PKM group |
| 项目 Items | 保留时间 Retention time/s | 含量Content/% | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 背最长肌 Longissimus dorsi | 股二头肌 Biceps femoris | 臂三头肌 Triceps brachii | |||
| 醛类Aldehydes | |||||
| (E)-2-庚烯醛(E)-2-heptenal | 489.225 | 0.77±0.07 | 0.64±0.05 | 0.70±0.13 | 0.291 |
| (E)-2-辛烯醛(E)-2-octenal | 695.312 | 0.55±0.14a | 0.23±0.03b | 0.24±0.06b | 0.008 |
| 1-壬醛二聚体1-nonanal dimer | 775.042 | 0.84±0.07ab | 0.52±0.12b | 1.14±0.26a | 0.012 |
| 1-壬醛单体1-nonanal monomer | 773.414 | 3.21±0.29c | 4.89±1.28b | 7.69±0.18a | 0.001 |
| 1-辛醛二聚体1-octanal dimer | 586.941 | 0.60±0.08 | 0.38±0.04 | 0.61±0.24 | 0.197 |
| 1-辛醛单体1-octanal monomer | 586.941 | 1.63±0.01c | 2.92±0.82b | 4.26±0.42a | 0.003 |
| 庚醛二聚体Heptanal dimer | 390.184 | 0.49±0.03b | 0.40±0.10b | 1.26±0.44a | 0.013 |
| 庚醛单体Heptanal monomer | 390.184 | 0.91±0.11c | 2.49±0.61b | 4.28±0.23a | <0.001 |
| 己醛二聚体Hexanal dimer | 264.688 | 0.55±0.04c | 4.07±1.77b | 8.99±1.27a | 0.010 |
| 己醛单体Hexanal monomer | 265.458 | 1.24±0.14b | 8.21±1.21a | 7.62±0.80a | <0.001 |
| 2-苯乙醛2-phenylacetaldehyde | 648.583 | 1.00±0.32a | 0.52±0.06b | 0.41±0.08b | 0.020 |
| 1-丁醛1-butanal | 137.660 | 0.34±0.03a | 0.17±0.02b | 0.11±0.03c | <0.001 |
| 醇类Alcohols | |||||
| 乙醇Ethanol | 99.724 | 12.18±0.80a | 5.59±0.69b | 4.88±1.00b | <0.001 |
| 1-丁醇二聚体1-butanol dimer | 170.467 | 1.17±0.03b | 1.71±0.11b | 8.91±0.73a | <0.001 |
| 1-丁醇单体1-butanol monomer | 170.467 | 4.89±0.58b | 3.97±0.21b | 12.22±0.86a | <0.001 |
| 1-戊醇二聚体1-pentanol dimer | 246.673 | 0.37±0.02c | 1.21±0.48b | 3.30±0.22a | <0.001 |
| 1-戊醇单体1-pentanol monomer | 246.673 | 0.87±0.16b | 4.63±0.73a | 5.26±0.43a | <0.001 |
| 1-戊烯-3-醇1-penten-3-ol | 181.237 | 2.51±0.11a | 2.36±0.27a | 1.57±0.23b | 0.003 |
| 1-丙醇1-propanol | 124.884 | 3.54±0.17a | 1.84±0.10b | 1.19±0.20c | <0.001 |
| 1-辛烯-3-醇1-octen-3-ol | 561.020 | 3.29±0.07c | 4.46±0.14b | 6.05±0.30a | <0.001 |
| 2-呋喃甲醇2-furfuryl alcohol | 324.680 | 0.51±0.04a | 0.25±0.05b | 0.09±0.02c | <0.001 |
| 2-甲基丁醇2-methyl butanol | 210.483 | 0.42±0.04b | 0.70±0.22a | 0.17±0.03b | 0.008 |
| 3-辛醇3-octanol | 545.849 | 1.11±0.11b | 2.03±0.58a | 2.79±0.35a | 0.006 |
| 酮类Ketones | |||||
| 3-辛酮3-octanone | 549.483 | 0.41±0.01a | 0.30±0.04b | 0.33±0.02b | 0.007 |
| 2-丁酮二聚体2-butanone dimer | 133.192 | 4.00±0.19a | 1.97±0.22b | 1.57±0.34b | <0.001 |
| 2-丁酮单体2-butanone monomer | 132.480 | 9.23±0.35a | 4.27±0.14b | 2.65±0.40c | <0.001 |
| 丙酮Acetone | 108.396 | 22.61±1.04a | 11.55±2.08b | 4.83±0.10c | <0.001 |
| 2-庚酮二聚体2-heptanone dimer | 371.634 | 0.27±0.06a | 0.15±0.02b | 0.30±0.01a | 0.006 |
| 2-庚酮单体2-heptanone monomer | 372.693 | 0.58±0.05c | 1.03±0.10b | 1.23±0.08a | <0.001 |
| 2-戊酮2-pentanone | 176.689 | 3.76±0.15a | 2.54±0.31b | 0.33±0.10c | <0.001 |
| 乙偶姻二聚体Acetoin dimer | 210.090 | 0.98±0.13b | 5.22±1.94a | 0.60±0.43b | 0.005 |
| 乙偶姻单体Acetoin monomer | 213.365 | 9.28±0.28b | 15.34±3.94a | 2.17±0.45c | 0.001 |
| 酯类Esters | |||||
| 3-甲基丁酸丁酯3-butyl methyl butyrate | 660.845 | 0.64±0.04a | 0.37±0.03b | 0.37±0.04b | <0.001 |
| 乙酸乙酯Ethyl acetate | 143.069 | 2.65±0.13a | 1.28±0.14b | 0.67±0.04c | <0.001 |
| 乙酸甲酯Methyl acetate | 126.665 | 2.21±0.16a | 1.32±0.16b | 0.79±0.21c | <0.001 |
| 杂环类Heterocycles | |||||
| 2-戊基呋喃2-pentylfuran | 555.997 | 0.38±0.02b | 0.45±0.03a | 0.43±0.00a | 0.021 |
同行数据肩标不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P<0.05)。 | |
In the same row, values with different letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same letter or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). |
