Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2025 , Vol. 37 >Issue 9: 6193 - 6209

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2025.503

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Dandelion Extract Supplementation in Low Fish Meal Diets on Growth Performance, Muscle Quality and Serum Biochemical Indices of Litopenaeus vannamei

  • MAO Minling ,
  • YANG Yundeng ,
  • LUO Qingxia ,
  • TAN Beiping ,
  • CHI Shuyan ,
  • YANG Qihui , *
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  • Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
* professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2025-01-17

  Online published: 2025-09-12

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Abstract

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different supplemental levels of dandelion extract (DE) in low fish meal diets on growth performance, muscle quality and serum biochemical indices of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei. Six hundred healthy juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei with an initial body weight of (0.22±0.00) g were selected and randomly divided into 5 groups, with 3 replicates in each group and 40 shrimp in each replicate. Each group was fed isonitrogen and isolipid diets supplemented with 0 (control group, DE0 group), 0.30% (DE3 group), 0.60% (DE6 group), 0.90% (DE9 group), and 1.50% (DE15 group) DE in the basal diet, respectively. The experiment lasted for 8 weeks. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with DE0 group, the final body weight, weight gain rate, specific growth rate and feeding rate in DE3 and DE6 groups were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the feed conversion ratio was significantly decreased (P<0.05). 2) Compared with DE0 group, the crude protein content in whole shrimp in DE15 group was significantly increased (P<0.05); except for DE6 group, the crude lipid content in whole shrimp in the other DE supplemental groups was significantly decreased (P<0.05); the crude protein content in muscle in each DE supplemental group was significantly increased (P<0.05), while the crude lipid content in muscle was significantly decreased (P<0.05). 3) Compared with DE0 group, the contents of total amino acids, total essential amino acids, total delicious amino acids and total aromatic amino acids in muscle in DE3 group were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the contents of total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and total n-3 PUFA in muscle in DE3 group were significantly increased (P<0.05). 4) Compared with DE0 group, the muscle hardness, gumminess and chewiness in each DE supplemental group were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the muscle cooking water loss rate was significantly decreased (P<0.05); the muscle springiness and cohesiveness in DE3, DE9 and DE15 groups were significantly improved (P<0.05); the muscle shear force in DE6, DE9 and DE15 groups was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the muscle steaming water loss rate was significantly decreased (P<0.05). 5) Compared with DE0 group, the serum total protein content in DE3, DE6 and DE9 groups was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol content was significantly decreased (P<0.05); the serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol content and the acid phosphatase activity in each DE supplemental group were significantly increased (P<0.05); the serum alkaline phosphatase activity in DE3, DE6 and DE15 groups was significantly increased (P<0.05); the activities of serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in DE3 and DE6 groups were significantly decreased (P<0.05). In conclusion, an appropriate supplementation level of DE in low fish meal diets can promote the growth of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei, improve muscle quality and serum biochemical indices. Taking the weight gain rate as the evaluation index, the appropriate supplementation level of DE in low fish meal diets for juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei is 0.40% according to the broken line model.

Key words： Litopenaeus vannamei; dandelion extract; growth performance; muscle quality; serum biochemical indices

Cite this article

MAO Minling , YANG Yundeng , LUO Qingxia , TAN Beiping , CHI Shuyan , YANG Qihui . Effects of Dandelion Extract Supplementation in Low Fish Meal Diets on Growth Performance, Muscle Quality and Serum Biochemical Indices of Litopenaeus vannamei[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2025 , 37(9) : 6193 -6209 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2025.503

作为世界养殖产量最高的优良虾类之一,凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)养殖产业的发展对于全球水产养殖业至关重要[1-3]。然而,随着水产养殖行业的不断扩大,鱼粉资源短缺和价格上涨成为对虾养殖产业发展的掣肘[4-6]。在此背景下,寻找低鱼粉水产饲料的解决方案以及可促进凡纳滨对虾生长的添加剂成为研究热点。自2020年起,除中药类外,我国停止使用所有促生长类药物饲料添加剂[7],由此开启了饲用抗生素禁用的新时代,也昭示着源于中药资源的植物提取物饲料添加剂迎来了新机遇[8]。蒲公英(Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz.)又叫地丁,其种类繁多,数量庞大[9]。生蒲公英全草营养成分丰富[10],含有多糖类、黄酮类、甾醇、萜类和酚酸类化合物等多种生物活性物质[11-14]。研究表明,蒲公英活性成分对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)和2,2'-联氮-双-(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二铵盐(ABTS)自由基均表现出良好的清除效果,并能够通过清除自由基来减轻机体损伤[15];蒲公英中的甾醇成分通过调节炎性细胞因子分泌,能够有效减轻机体炎症反应,同时提高促修复因子表达水平[16]。这些机制有可能是蒲公英发挥其作用的重要原因。在水产动物研究中,饲料添加蒲公英提取物(dandelion extract,DE)可促进鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)[17]、珍珠龙胆石斑鱼(Epinephelus lanceolatus♂×Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀)[18]和卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)[19]等鱼类的生长,提高终末体重(FBW)、增重率(WGR)和特定生长率(SGR),并降低饲料系数(FCR)。目前,有关蒲公英的研究主要应用于陆生动物上[20-25],而在凡纳滨对虾饲料中的应用研究则鲜见报道。DE作为一种天然的植物提取物,在水产养殖中具有广阔的应用前景。因此,本研究以凡纳滨对虾幼虾为对象,通过在低鱼粉饲料中添加DE,并从生长性能、肌肉品质和血清生化指标等方面评估其生物学效应,旨在为我国对虾养殖产业的发展以及绿色健康养殖提供参考。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验饲料

本试验所用DE为市购产品,呈粉末状,纯度为50%。饲料以红鱼粉(12%)、豆粕和花生粕等为蛋白质源,以鱼油、大豆油和大豆卵磷脂为脂肪源,通过添加维生素和矿物质预混料并补充DL-蛋氨酸(99%)和L-赖氨酸(98%)至适宜水平配制而成。试验通过在基础饲料中分别添加0、0.30%、0.60%、0.90%和1.50%的DE,配制成5种等氮等脂饲料,并对应命名为DE0组(对照组)、DE3组、DE6组、DE9组和DE15组。原料粉碎后过80目筛(0.18 mm),并按照饲料配方称取各原料在V型搅拌机中混匀,再加入预先称量好的鱼油、大豆油和大豆卵磷脂,与粉料进行揉匀,最后加入纯净水充分混合均匀,使用双螺杆挤条机(F-26Q型,广州华功光机电科技有限公司)制备成1.00和1.50 mm的2种颗粒饲料。将配制好的饲料置于60 ℃烘箱中烘干熟化30 min,在阴凉处风干,低温(-20 ℃)密封保存备用。饲料组成及营养水平见表1。
表1 饲料组成及营养水平(干物质基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of diets (DM basis) %

项目
Items		 组别Groups
DE0 DE3 DE6 DE9 DE15
原料Ingredients
红鱼粉Brown fish meal 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00
豆粕Soybean meal 21.00 21.00 21.00 21.00 21.00
花生粕Peanut meal 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00
玉米蛋白粉Corn gluten meal 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00
啤酒酵母Beer yeast 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00
虾壳粉Shrimp shell powder 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00
小麦面粉Wheat flour 24.00 24.00 24.00 24.00 24.00
大豆卵磷脂Phospholipids 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30
鱼油Fish oil 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50
大豆油Soybean oil 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50
磷酸二氢钙Ca(H2PO4)2 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50
维生素C Vitamin C 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
氯化胆碱Choline chloride 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
维生素和矿物质预混料Vitamin and mineral premix1) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
L-赖氨酸L-lysine (98%) 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29
DL-蛋氨酸DL-methionine (99%) 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92
蒲公英提取物DE 0.30 0.60 0.90 1.50
微晶纤维素Microcrystalline cellulose 3.44 3.14 2.84 2.54 1.94
合计Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels2)
粗蛋白质Crude protein 38.39 38.30 38.20 38.25 38.41
粗脂肪Crude lipid 6.66 6.69 6.70 6.64 6.73
粗灰分Ash 9.60 9.63 9.62 9.76 9.90
水分(风干基础) Moisture (air-dry basis) 9.98 10.51 10.63 10.63 10.57

1)每千克维生素和矿物质预混料含有 Each kilogram of the vitamin and mineral premix contained the following:维生素A醋酸酯 vitamin A acetate 450 000 IU,VD3 100 000 IU,DL-α生育酚醋酸酯 DL-α tocopherol acetate 5.00 g,甲萘醌 menadione 0.50 g,硝酸硫铵 thiamine nitrate 0.50 g,核黄素 riboflavin 0.70 g,盐酸吡哆醇 pyridoxine hydrochloride 0.60 g,氰钴胺 cyanocobalamin 0.002 g,D-泛酸钙 D-calcium pantothenate 2.00 g,烟酰胺 nicotinamide 3.50 g,叶酸 folic acid 0.15 g,D-生物素 D-biotin 0.006 g,L-抗坏血酸-2-磷酸酯 L-ascorbate-2-phosphate 10.00 g,肌醇 inositol 8.00 g,Mg 20.00 g,Fe 2.00 g,Zn 7.50 g,Mn 2.00 g,Cu 1.50 g,Co 0.08 g,Se 0.01 g,I 0.10 g。

2)营养水平为实测值。Nutrient levels were measured values.

1.2 试验设计和养殖管理

本试验于广东海洋大学湛江海洋高新科技园室内养殖系统进行,试验已获广东海洋大学动物伦理和福利委员会的批准,批准号:GDOU-AEWC-20180063。试验虾苗购自湛江恒兴中联水产科技有限公司,暂养30 d,期间投喂商品饲料。正式试验前24 h停止投料,随机挑选规格一致的健康凡纳滨对虾幼虾600尾,初始体重为(0.22±0.00) g,放入15个0.30 m2玻璃纤维桶中。试验分为5个组,每组3个重复,每个重复40尾虾。试验期8周,期间每日投喂4次,分别于07:00、12:00、17:00和22:00投喂,每日投喂量为对虾体重的6%~10%,并根据对虾的进食情况和天气情况调整具体投喂量。试验期间做好水质管理,控制溶氧量为5~6 mg/L,盐度为29‰~31‰,pH为7.5~8.0。

1.3 样品采集

试验结束后,凡纳滨对虾饥饿处理24 h后取样。称重计数各组所有对虾,用于计算生长性能指标。每重复随机挑选6尾虾暂存于冰箱以分析全虾体成分。剥离对虾肌肉,用于肌肉质构特性和持水力的测定。剩余肌肉置于冻存管中,液氮暂存,后保存于-80 ℃超低温冰箱,待真空冷冻干燥后测定肌肉营养成分以及氨基酸和脂肪酸组成。每重复随机挑选若干尾虾从围心腔采血,暂存于4 ℃过夜(12 h),离心(4 ℃,1 191×g,10 min)后取上清液,保存于-80 ℃中待用,以测定血清生化指标。

1.4 指标测定

1.4.1 生长性能指标及计算公式

WGR(%)=100×(mt-m0)/m0;
SGR(%/d)=100×(lnmt-lnm0)/t;
FCR=摄食量/(mt-m0);
摄食率(FR,%/d)=100×摄食量/[(m0+mt)/2]/t;
存活率(SR,%)=100×终末数量/初始数量。
式中:m0为初始体重(g);mt为终末体重(g);t为试验天数(d)[26]。

1.4.2 饲料、全虾和肌肉营养成分

饲料水分含量采用105 ℃直接干燥法(GB/T 6435—2014)测定,全虾和肌肉水分含量采用真空冷冻干燥法测定;采用凯氏定氮法(GB 5009.5—2016)测定粗蛋白质含量;以石油醚为溶剂,采用索氏抽提法(GB/T 6432—2006)测定粗脂肪含量;采用550 ℃灼烧法(GB/T 6438—2007)测定粗灰分含量。

1.4.3 肌肉氨基酸和脂肪酸组成

肌肉氨基酸组成采用盐酸水解法(GB 5009.124—2016)分析,肌肉脂肪酸组成采用气相色谱法(GB 5009.168—2016)分析,测定委托四川威尔检测技术股份有限公司进行。

1.4.4 肌肉质构特性和持水力

肌肉质构特性的测定:使用TA.XTPlus质构仪在对虾肌肉第2腹节中央测定硬度、弹性、内聚性、胶着性和咀嚼性。测试设定参数如下:P/36R探头,测前、测中、测后速度为1 mm/s,应变目标模式,应变量为40%;样品压缩间隔时间为5 s,自动触发模式,0.5 N触发力。取第3腹节肌肉测定剪切力,测试设定参数如下:A/MORS切刀,测前、测中、测后速度为1 mm/s,应变目标模式,应变量为75%;自动触发模式,5 N触发力。
肌肉持水力的测定:取第1和第2腹节肌肉称重(ma),然后在蒸锅上蒸4 min,擦干水分后称重(mb),计算蒸失水率;取第3和第4腹节肌肉称重(mc),然后在沸水中煮4 min,擦干水分后称重(md),计算煮失水率。计算公式如下:
蒸失水率(%)=100×(ma-mb)/ma;
煮失水率(%)=100×(mc-md)/mc。

1.4.5 血清生化指标

血清总蛋白(TP)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量以及酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST)活性参照李军亮等[27]的方法,使用相应的试剂盒(南京建成生物工程研究所),并按照试剂盒说明书进行测定。

1.5 数据处理

试验数据采用SPSS 22进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),组间多重比较采用Duncan氏法,结果数据以平均值±标准差(mean±SD)表示,P<0.05表示差异显著。

2 结果

2.1 饲料中添加DE对凡纳滨对虾幼虾生长性能的影响

由表2可知,随着DE添加水平的提高,凡纳滨对虾幼虾FBW、WGR、SGR和FR均呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势,并均在DE6组达到最高。与DE0组相比,DE3组和DE6组FBW、WGR、SGR和FR均显著提高(P<0.05),DE9组和DE15组则无显著差异(P>0.05);同时,DE3组和DE6组FCR显著降低(P<0.05),DE9组和DE15组则无显著差异(P>0.05)。各组对虾SR均在96.67%及以上,且组间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表2 饲料中添加DE对凡纳滨对虾幼虾生长性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of dietary DE supplementation on growth performance of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei (n=3)

项目
Items		 组别Groups
DE0 DE3 DE6 DE9 DE15
初始体重IBW/g 0.22±0.00 0.22±0.00 0.22±0.00 0.22±0.00 0.22±0.00
终末体重FBW/g 12.76±0.11a 13.22±0.21b 13.34±0.16b 12.82±0.16a 12.63±0.06a
增重率WGR/% 5 699.49±48.13a 5 907.37±95.76b 5 964.45±71.45b 5 725.72±72.65a 5 637.75±26.98a
特定生长率SGR/(%/d) 7.25±0.02a 7.31±0.03b 7.33±0.02b 7.26±0.03a 7.23±0.01a
饲料系数FCR 1.28±0.01b 1.24±0.01a 1.25±0.03a 1.31±0.02b 1.30±0.02b
摄食率FR/(%/d) 4.42±0.04a 4.55±0.02b 4.58±0.09b 4.51±0.05ab 4.47±0.08ab
存活率SR/% 99.17±1.44 99.17±1.44 97.50±2.50 96.67±1.44 99.17±1.44

同行数据肩标相同字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below.

如图1所示,以WGR为评价指标,根据折线模型y=692.93x+5 699.50(R2=1.000 0)和y=-332.09x+6 108.10(R2=0.810 4),低鱼粉饲料中DE促进凡纳滨对虾幼虾生长的最适添加水平为0.40%。
图1 饲料中DE添加水平与凡纳滨对虾幼虾WGR的关系

Fig.1 Relationship between dietary DE supplemental level and WGR of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei

2.2 饲料中添加DE对凡纳滨对虾幼虾全虾体成分和肌肉营养成分的影响

由表3可知,饲料中添加DE对凡纳滨对虾幼虾全虾水分含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。随着饲料中DE添加水平的提高,全虾粗蛋白质含量逐渐提高,其中DE15组显著高于DE0组(P<0.05),其余各组间无显著差异(P>0.05)。除DE6组外,其余DE添加组全虾粗脂肪含量显著低于DE0组(P<0.05)。随着饲料中DE添加水平的提高,全虾粗灰分含量呈现先降低后升高的变化趋势,其中DE3组和DE6组全虾粗灰分含量显著低于DE0组(P<0.05),而DE9组和DE15组则显著高于DE0组(P<0.05)。
表3 饲料中添加DE对凡纳滨对虾幼虾全虾体成分和肌肉营养成分的影响

Table 3 Effects of dietary DE supplementation on whole body composition and muscle nutrients of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei (n=6) %

项目
Items		 组别Groups
DE0 DE3 DE6 DE9 DE15
体成分Body composition
水分Moisture 76.56±0.97 75.66±0.26 75.27±0.75 75.13±0.76 75.72±0.97
粗蛋白质Crude protein 69.00±0.05a 69.51±0.61ab 69.57±0.74ab 69.78±0.73ab 70.17±0.49b
粗脂肪Crude lipid 12.80±0.14b 12.19±0.33a 12.91±0.27b 12.23±0.35a 12.18±0.32a
粗灰分Ash 12.34±0.07c 11.89±0.07b 11.66±0.09a 12.52±0.09d 12.60±0.11d
肌肉营养成分Muscle nutrients
水分Moisture 75.64±0.38 75.70±0.33 75.59±0.47 75.62±0.17 75.41±0.54
粗蛋白质Crude protein 84.23±0.16a 86.22±0.09c 85.98±0.05c 87.08±0.25d 85.58±0.14b
粗脂肪Crude lipid 7.17±0.04d 7.07±0.03c 6.96±0.08b 6.59±0.04a 7.00±0.03bc
粗灰分Ash 6.51±0.20c 6.37±0.10bc 6.09±0.07a 6.20±0.02ab 6.14±0.07a

水分为湿样基础,其余成分为干物质基础。

Moisture was wet sample basis, and the others were dry matter basis.

饲料中添加DE对凡纳滨对虾幼虾肌肉水分含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。与DE0组相比,DE添加组肌肉粗蛋白质含量显著提高(P<0.05),而肌肉粗脂肪含量显著降低(P<0.05);DE6组、DE9组和DE15组肌肉粗灰分含量显著降低(P<0.05)。

2.3 饲料中添加DE对凡纳滨对虾幼虾肌肉氨基酸组成的影响

由表4可知,在凡纳滨对虾幼虾肌肉中共检测得到16种氨基酸,包括9种必需氨基酸、2种芳香族氨基酸和7种呈味氨基酸,其中谷氨酸(Glu)、天冬氨酸(Asp)和精氨酸(Arg)含量较高。与DE0组相比,DE3组肌肉总氨基酸(total amino acid,TAA)、总必需氨基酸(total essential amino acid,TEAA)、总呈味氨基酸(total delicious amino acid,TDAA)和总芳香族氨基酸(total aromatic amino acid,TAAA)含量均显著提高(P<0.05),而其他DE添加组均无显著差异(P>0.05);除脯氨酸(Pro)外,DE3组肌肉其他氨基酸含量显著提高(P<0.05);DE3组、DE9组和DE15组肌肉缬氨酸(Val)和丙氨酸(Ala)含量显著提高(P<0.05);DE9组和DE15组肌肉Arg含量显著降低(P<0.05);DE3组和DE9组肌肉甘氨酸(Gly)含量显著提高(P<0.05);DE3和DE15肌肉异亮氨酸(Ile)含量显著提高(P<0.05)。除以上氨基酸外,DE6组、DE9组和DE15组其他氨基酸含量与DE0组相比均无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表4 饲料中添加DE对凡纳滨对虾幼虾肌肉氨基酸组成的影响(干物质基础)

Table 4 Effects of dietary DE supplementation on muscle amino acid composition of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei (DM basis) (n=3) %

项目
Items		 组别Groups
DE0 DE3 DE6 DE9 DE15
异亮氨酸Ile* 3.19±0.04a 3.27±0.06c 3.17±0.03a 3.23±0.01abc 3.24±0.02bc
亮氨酸Leu* 5.89±0.02a 6.00±0.09b 5.81±0.01a 5.90±0.04a 5.83±0.05a
苏氨酸Thr* 3.02±0.02a 3.11±0.04b 3.02±0.01a 3.00±0.07a 2.96±0.05a
赖氨酸Lys* 6.49±0.03ab 6.65±0.10c 6.44±0.01a 6.58±0.04bc 6.44±0.04a
组氨酸His* 1.61±0.02a 1.69±0.02b 1.62±0.00a 1.63±0.01a 1.63±0.01a
蛋氨酸Met* 2.22±0.01ab 2.28±0.05c 2.20±0.01ab 2.24±0.02bc 2.18±0.02a
缬氨酸Val* 3.29±0.03a 3.39±0.03c 3.27±0.02a 3.34±0.02b 3.35±0.00b
苯丙氨酸Phe*# 3.21±0.02a 3.29±0.07b 3.18±0.00a 3.23±0.02ab 3.20±0.01a
酪氨酸Tyr# 2.95±0.01a 3.02±0.04b 2.93±0.00a 2.96±0.03a 2.94±0.04a
精氨酸Arg*& 7.70±0.03c 8.00±0.08d 7.73±0.05c 7.57±0.05b 7.45±0.04a
天冬氨酸Asp& 7.94±0.03ab 8.21±0.13c 7.94±0.02ab 8.06±0.06b 7.90±0.06a
丝氨酸Ser& 2.96±0.03ab 3.09±0.03c 2.98±0.00b 2.94±0.11ab 2.86±0.05a
谷氨酸Glu& 13.02±0.07a 13.35±0.18b 13.01±0.04a 13.10±0.11a 12.91±0.11a
甘氨酸Gly& 6.26±0.08a 6.64±0.08b 6.24±0.09a 6.64±0.04b 6.14±0.04a
丙氨酸Ala& 5.32±0.01a 5.53±0.07b 5.26±0.01a 5.53±0.04b 5.48±0.04b
脯氨酸Pro& 4.93±0.09ab 4.93±0.06ab 4.77±0.04a 4.98±0.01b 4.98±0.15b
总氨基酸TAA 80.01±0.47ab 82.45±1.02c 79.58±0.23a 80.94±0.60b 79.47±0.70a
总必需氨基酸TEAA 36.65±0.16a 37.69±0.54b 36.44±0.12a 36.73±0.20a 36.27±0.23a
总呈味氨基酸TDAA 48.12±0.27ab 49.75±0.52c 47.94±0.17a 48.82±0.43b 47.72±0.48a
总芳香族氨基酸TAAA 6.17±0.02a 6.31±0.11b 6.11±0.00a 6.19±0.04a 6.14±0.05a

*表示必需氨基酸,#表示芳香族氨基酸,&表示呈味氨基酸。

* represented essential amino acids, # represented aromatic amino acids, and & represented delicious amino acids.

2.4 饲料中添加DE对凡纳滨对虾幼虾肌肉脂肪酸组成的影响

由表5可知,在凡纳滨对虾幼虾肌肉中共检测得到23种脂肪酸,包括9种饱和脂肪酸(saturated fatty acid,SFA)和14种不饱和脂肪酸(unsaturated fatty acid,UFA),其中主要脂肪酸为棕榈酸(≥19.36%)、硬脂酸(≥12.54%)、油酸(≥14.40%)、亚油酸(≥19.44%)、二十碳五烯酸(EPA,≥10.58%)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA,≥10.22%)。
表5 饲料中添加DE对凡纳滨对虾幼虾肌肉脂肪酸组成的影响(干物质基础)

Table 5 Effects of dietary DE supplementation on muscle fatty acid composition of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei (DM basis) (n=3) %

项目
Items		 组别Groups
DE0 DE3 DE6 DE9 DE15
肉豆蔻酸C14∶0 0.26±0.01cd 0.22±0.00b 0.27±0.01d 0.25±0.01c 0.20±0.01a
十五烷酸C15∶0 0.23±0.01a 0.22±0.01a 0.26±0.01b 0.27±0.01b 0.23±0.00a
棕榈酸C16∶0 19.84±0.49a 19.36±0.05a 21.30±0.01c 21.63±0.45c 20.55±0.01b
十七烷酸C17∶0 1.04±0.04a 1.03±0.01a 1.04±0.01ab 1.07±0.00b 1.07±0.00b
硬脂酸C18∶0 13.32±0.36bc 13.66±0.04c 12.54±0.15a 12.99±0.16b 13.12±0.03b
花生酸C20∶0 0.93±0.02d 0.92±0.04cd 0.88±0.02bc 0.81±0.03a 0.85±0.01ab
二十一烷酸C21∶0 0.21±0.00d 0.18±0.00c 0.16±0.00b 0.15±0.00a 0.17±0.00c
二十三烷酸C23∶0 0.22±0.01d 0.19±0.00c 0.13±0.01b 0.11±0.00a 0.11±0.00a
木蜡酸C24∶0 0.45±0.01c 0.36±0.01a 0.41±0.02b 0.35±0.01a 0.35±0.02a
总饱和脂肪酸ΣSFA 36.50±0.91ab 36.14±0.04a 37.00±0.15bc 37.62±0.27c 36.64±0.07ab
花生烯酸C20∶1 0.77±0.02c 0.75±0.01c 0.68±0.01a 0.67±0.02a 0.71±0.00b
棕榈油酸C16∶1n-7 0.60±0.00b 0.56±0.00a 0.63±0.01c 0.64±0.02c 0.59±0.01b
十七碳一烯酸C17∶1n-7 0.08±0.00 0.08±0.00 0.08±0.00 0.09±0.00 0.09±0.00
油酸C18∶1n-9 15.17±0.04d 14.57±0.01b 14.40±0.02a 14.64±0.01b 14.83±0.08c
芥酸C22∶1n-9 0.22±0.00c 0.26±0.00d 0.43±0.01e 0.19±0.00b 0.10±0.00a
总单不饱和脂肪酸ΣMUFA 16.84±0.06c 16.23±0.02a 16.21±0.01a 16.22±0.00a 16.32±0.06b
花生二烯酸C20∶2 2.29±0.01b 2.35±0.01c 2.20±0.01a 2.18±0.06a 2.38±0.01c
亚油酸C18∶2n-6 19.49±0.31a 19.44±0.04a 19.65±0.06a 19.44±0.06a 20.35±0.08b
二高-γ-亚油酸C20∶3n-6 0.09±0.00 0.09±0.00 0.08±0.00 0.09±0.00 0.09±0.00
花生四烯酸C20∶4n-6 1.94±0.05a 1.99±0.01b 1.91±0.01a 1.92±0.01a 1.90±0.01a
二十二碳二烯酸C22∶2n-6 0.27±0.00c 0.23±0.00b 0.28±0.00d 0.23±0.00b 0.18±0.00a
总n-6多不饱和脂肪酸
Σn-6 PUFA		 24.09±0.35a 24.10±0.05a 24.13±0.06a 23.86±0.01a 24.90±0.07b
α-亚麻酸C18∶3n-3 0.99±0.04a 0.98±0.04a 1.02±0.00a 0.99±0.01a 1.09±0.01b
二十碳三烯酸C20∶3n-3 0.23±0.00b 0.21±0.01a 0.24±0.01b 0.26±0.01c 0.26±0.00c
二十碳五烯酸C20∶5n-3 10.70±0.45a 11.23±0.01b 10.93±0.07ab 10.77±0.04a 10.58±0.01a
二十二碳六烯酸C22∶6n-3 10.65±0.13c 11.11±0.03d 10.48±0.03bc 10.28±0.22ab 10.22±0.07a
总n-3多不饱和脂肪酸
Σn-3 PUFA		 22.57±0.62a 23.54±0.07b 22.66±0.09a 22.30±0.26a 22.14±0.06a
总多不饱和脂肪酸
ΣPUFA		 46.66±0.97a 47.64±0.02b 46.79±0.16ab 46.16±0.27a 47.05±0.01ab
总不饱和脂肪酸
ΣUFA		 63.50±0.91bc 63.86±0.04c 63.00±0.15ab 62.38±0.27a 63.36±0.07b
与DE0组相比,DE9组肌肉总SFA含量显著提高(P<0.05),其余各组无显著差异(P>0.05)。随着饲料中DE添加水平的提高,肌肉棕榈酸含量呈现提高趋势,其中DE6组、DE9组和DE15组显著高于DE0组和DE3组(P<0.05);DE6组肌肉硬脂酸含量显著低于其他组(P<0.05);肌肉二十三烷酸和木蜡酸含量呈现降低趋势,其中DE添加组显著低于DE0组(P<0.05)。
与DE0组相比,DE9组肌肉总UFA含量显著降低(P<0.05),其余各组无显著差异(P>0.05);DE添加组肌肉总单不饱和脂肪酸(monounsaturated fatty acid,MUFA)含量显著降低(P<0.05);DE3组总多不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acid,PUFA)含量显著提高(P<0.05),其余各组无显著差异(P>0.05)。此外,DE15组肌肉总n-6 PUFA含量显著高于其他各组(P<0.05),DE3组肌肉总n-3 PUFA含量显著高于其他各组(P<0.05)。随着饲料中DE添加水平的提高,肌肉EPA和DHA含量均呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势,在DE3组达到最高且显著高于DE0组(P<0.05);其余DE添加组肌肉EPA含量与DE0组相比无显著差异(P>0.05),而DE9组和DE15组肌肉DHA含量则显著低于DE0组(P<0.05)。

2.5 饲料中添加DE对凡纳滨对虾幼虾肌肉质构特性和持水力的影响

由表6可知,饲料中添加DE对凡纳滨对虾幼虾肌肉质构特性有显著影响(P<0.05)。DE添加组肌肉硬度、胶着性和咀嚼性均显著高于DE0组(P<0.05),且在DE9组达到最高。随着饲料中DE添加水平的提高,肌肉剪切力呈上升趋势,其中DE6组、DE9组和DE15组之间无显著差异(P>0.05),且均显著高于DE0组和DE3组(P<0.05)。与DE0组相比,DE3组、DE9组和DE15组肌肉弹性和内聚性显著提高(P<0.05),DE6组无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表6 饲料中添加DE对凡纳滨对虾幼虾肌肉质构特性的影响

Table 6 Effects of dietary DE supplementation on muscle texture characteristics of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei (n=3)

项目
Items		 组别Groups
DE0 DE3 DE6 DE9 DE15
硬度Hardness/g 3 042.15±106.98a 3 243.86±90.08b 3 338.43±105.98b 4 340.39±72.54d 3 871.68±91.64c
弹性Springiness/mm 0.20±0.01a 0.23±0.00b 0.20±0.00a 0.23±0.01b 0.23±0.01b
内聚性Cohesiveness 0.15±0.01a 0.18±0.00b 0.17±0.01ab 0.20±0.01c 0.20±0.01c
胶着性Gumminess/g 468.31±53.11a 582.90±21.10b 567.12±51.39b 868.56±59.72c 786.58±61.57c
咀嚼性Chewiness/mJ 91.12±7.77a 131.21±7.20b 113.79±10.13b 195.72±7.50c 177.25±19.25c
剪切力Shear force/g 1.88±0.13a 2.05±0.21a 2.57±0.32b 2.66±0.14b 2.63±0.14b
如图2所示,与DE0组相比,DE添加组凡纳滨对虾幼虾肌肉煮失水率均显著降低(P<0.05);DE6组、DE9组和DE15组肌肉蒸失水率亦显著降低(P<0.05),但DE3组无显著差异(P>0.05)。结果表明,饲料中添加DE可增强凡纳滨对虾肌肉的持水力。
图2 饲料中添加DE对凡纳滨对虾幼虾肌肉持水力的影响

数据柱标注不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。

Fig.2 Effects of dietary DE supplementation on muscle water holding capacity of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei (n=3)

Value columns with different letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05).

2.6 饲料中添加DE对凡纳滨对虾幼虾血清生化指标的影响

由表7可知,随着饲料中DE添加水平的提高,凡纳滨对虾幼虾血清TP含量呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势,其中DE3组、DE6组和DE9组血清TP含量显著高于DE0组(P<0.05),且在DE6组达到最高;DE15组血清TP含量与DE0组相比差异不显著(P>0.05)。随着饲料中DE添加水平的提高,血清HDL-C含量逐渐提高,各DE添加组均显著高于DE0组(P<0.05);同时,DE3组、DE6组和DE9组血清LDL-C含量显著低于DE0组(P<0.05)。各DE添加组血清ACP活性显著高于DE0组(P<0.05),且在DE15组达到最高;DE3组、DE6组和DE15组血清AKP活性显著高于DE0组(P<0.05);随着饲料中DE添加水平的提高,血清ALT和AST活性均呈现先降低后升高的变化趋势,在DE6组最低,且显著低于DE0组(P<0.05)。
表7 饲料中添加DE对凡纳滨对虾幼虾血清生化指标的影响

Table 7 Effects of dietary DE supplementation on serum biochemical indices of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei (n=3)

项目
Items		 组别Groups
DE0 DE3 DE6 DE9 DE15
总蛋白TP/(g/L) 53.17±6.51a 88.98±7.54b 90.05±7.78b 77.66±5.03b 63.56±9.08a
高密度脂蛋白胆固醇
HDL-C/(mmol/L)		 1.19±0.02a 1.46±0.03b 1.51±0.09b 1.43±0.08b 1.68±0.08c
低密度脂蛋白胆固醇
LDL-C/(mmol/L)		 1.41±0.02c 1.20±0.03ab 1.21±0.09ab 1.17±0.08a 1.33±0.08bc
酸性磷酸酶ACP/(U/L) 91.20±2.00a 118.13±3.14c 108.40±2.50b 115.20±4.53c 139.00±4.66d
碱性磷酸酶AKP/(U/L) 29.26±1.33a 53.86±2.28d 34.27±1.16bc 32.33±1.34ab 36.09±2.17c
谷丙转氨酶ALT/(U/L) 87.18±2.41c 78.60±2.01b 73.61±2.67a 85.66±3.60c 95.97±0.57d
谷草转氨酶AST/(U/L) 96.55±4.37c 85.70±2.31b 78.71±2.70a 90.78±2.73b 104.16±2.53d

3 讨论

3.1 饲料中添加DE对凡纳滨对虾幼虾生长性能的影响

养殖行业降低鱼粉用量后,饲料和养殖成本也随之降低,但对虾同时也会出现FBW、WGR和SGR下降的问题,对生长产生不利影响[27-29]。DE中含有20多种黄酮类化合物,包括槲皮素、芦丁、木犀草素、芹菜素和香叶木素等[10],研究表明黄酮类化合物可提高动物的生长性能[30-31]。本研究中,饲料中添加0.30%和0.60%的DE可显著提高凡纳滨对虾幼虾FBW、WGR、SGR和FR,显著降低FCR,而对SR无显著影响,表明饲料中添加适宜水平DE可促进凡纳滨对虾幼虾的生长。Xue等[17]研究报道,在鲤鱼饲料中添加DE,可提高其WGR、SGR和PER,且降低FCR,促进鲤鱼的生长。研究表明,在珍珠龙胆石斑鱼饲料中短期(2或4周)添加0.40%的DE具有促进其生长的作用[18]。Tan等[19]在卵形鲳鲹饲料中添加DE,结果显示DE可显著提高其生长性能。在陆生动物上,Du等[22]使用酶处理蒲公英饲喂肉鸡,发现1~21日龄肉鸡FCR显著降低,汪珊等[32]和郭梦宇等[33]也得到类似研究结果。本研究中,饲料中添加0.90%和1.50%的DE对凡纳滨对虾幼虾生长性能无显著影响,可能是DE添加水平较高时,其味道或气味影响饲料的适口性,或某些抗营养因子过多,导致幼虾生长受到影响。
由此表明,DE对多数动物具有促进生长的作用。本试验以WGR为评价指标,通过折线模型得出凡纳滨对虾幼虾低鱼粉饲料中DE适宜添加水平为0.40%。

3.2 饲料中添加DE对凡纳滨对虾幼虾全虾体成分和肌肉营养成分的影响

凡纳滨对虾幼虾的体成分和肌肉营养成分反映了其营养品质和食用价值[34-35]。本研究中,随着饲料中DE添加水平的提高,凡纳滨对虾全虾粗蛋白质含量有升高趋势,全虾粗脂肪含量有降低趋势,在肌肉中这一趋势更为明显,表明饲料中添加DE可促进凡纳滨对虾蛋白质的合成,同时促进脂肪的分解。Nam等[36]认为,DE通过刺激脂肪酶来调节脂肪分解,从而发挥其分解脂肪的作用。粗灰分含量是衡量凡纳滨对虾全虾和肌肉中无机物含量的一个重要参数,可用来评价其品质。本研究中,饲喂添加0.30%和0.60%的DE饲料的凡纳滨对虾全虾粗灰分含量显著低于对照组;而在肌肉中,所有DE添加组粗灰分含量均低于对照组;同时,DE对全虾和肌肉水分含量均无显著影响。在对卵形鲳鲹的研究中发现,全鱼粗蛋白质含量随着DE添加水平的提高而提高,不添加DE组肌肉粗蛋白质含量最低[19],这与本研究结果一致,但上述研究中DE对全鱼粗灰分含量无显著影响。另一研究发现,在鲤鱼饲料中添加DE可提高其肌肉粗蛋白质含量,降低粗脂肪含量,但对粗灰分含量无显著影响[17]。粗灰分含量结果不一致的原因可能是物种不同,从而导致试验结果有差异。由此可见,饲料中添加适宜水平DE可提高凡纳滨对虾幼虾的营养品质和食用价值。

3.3 饲料中添加DE对凡纳滨对虾幼虾肌肉氨基酸组成的影响

氨基酸是合成蛋白质的基本单位,可用于评价食品中蛋白质的营养价值[37]。人体(包括婴儿)自身有9种不能合成或合成速率不能满足需要的必需氨基酸,这意味着这些氨基酸需要从食物中获取[38]。本试验中,饲料中添加0.30%的DE均能显著提高凡纳滨对虾幼虾肌肉中各必需氨基酸以及TEAA含量。TDAA的组成和含量可影响水生动物中特有的鲜味[39]。在TDAA中,鲜味与Glu和Asp相关,甘味与丝氨酸(Ser)、Pro、Ala和Gly相关[34]。Arg不仅能增加呈味复杂性,提升鲜度,还能抑制Ile等带苦味特征的氨基酸,且在营养代谢调控中发挥重要作用[40-41]。本试验中,随着饲料中DE添加水平的提高,肌肉Arg含量呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势,在添加0.30%的DE时含量最高,而在添加1.50%的DE时含量最低,这表明适量添加DE可提高对虾肌肉Arg含量。本试验中,Glu在肌肉全部氨基酸中占比最高(≥12.91%),对呈味效果影响最大[40],其中DE3组肌肉Glu含量显著高于其他组,且其他组间无显著差异。由此可知,饲料中添加0.30%的DE时可使凡纳滨对虾肌肉更具鲜甜味。苯丙氨酸(Phe)和酪氨酸(Tyr)是芳香族氨基酸,且Phe是Tyr的前体,对水产动物生长具有积极影响[42]。Kim等[43]研究证明,当饲料中适量添加Phe时,虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)生长性能提高,且Tyr可替代Phe。本试验中,饲料中添加0.30%的DE显著提高了凡纳滨对虾幼虾肌肉Phe和Tyr含量。本研究结果表明,当饲料中添加0.30%的DE时,凡纳滨对虾幼虾肌肉TEAA、TDAA、TAAA和TAA含量均显著提高,其余添加水平则无显著差异。由此可见,饲料中添加0.30%时,凡纳滨对虾幼虾肌肉氨基酸含量上升,味道较鲜美。

3.4 饲料中添加DE对凡纳滨对虾幼虾肌肉脂肪酸组成的影响

Wood等[44]指出,脂肪总量是影响脂肪酸组成的主要因素。本研究中,DE添加组凡纳滨对虾幼虾肌肉粗脂肪含量显著低于DE0组,影响了脂肪酸的组成。SFA是人体的主要能量来源之一,它们可以被分解以提供能量,但过多摄入SFA被认为对人体有害[45]。本试验中,凡纳滨对虾幼虾肌肉SFA中占比最大的是棕榈酸,其含量在DE6组、DE9组和DE15组显著高于DE0组和DE3组。棕榈酸可能引起细胞脂毒性,促进活性氧(ROS)的产生,从而降低肌肉品质[46]。Bao等[47]在南极磷虾(Euphausia superba)的研究中发现,使用蒲公英多糖处理后,其肌肉UFA含量提高。本试验中,当饲料中添加0.30%的DE时,对虾肌肉总UFA含量最高。研究发现,UFA能够改善肌肉风味[48],尤其是PUFA可以增加肌肉脂肪在高温时所产生的香味,并提高肌肉的多汁性[49-50]。在n-6 PUFA中,DE15组肌肉亚油酸显著高于其他组,适量摄入亚油酸可降低心血管疾病风险[51]。Kumar等[52]研究表明,n-3 PUFA在炎症性疾病中具备有益作用,可能与细胞膜组成改变有关。脂肪酸的营养价值主要体现在如DHA、EPA等n-3 PUFA含量上[53],而水产动物含有丰富的DHA和EPA[54]。DHA和EPA是必需脂肪酸,可增强神经发育,对大脑功能有积极影响,在预防阿尔茨海默病和提高认知功能方面也具有良好效果[37,55]。本研究中,DE3组肌肉总PUFA显著高于DE0组,尤其是总n-3 PUFA含量提高,其他DE添加组相较DE0组则无显著差异,这表明凡纳滨对虾饲料中添加适宜水平DE在改善肌肉脂肪酸组成方面的效果符合食品健康要求,具有较高的食用价值。

3.5 饲料中添加DE对凡纳滨对虾幼虾肌肉质构特性和持水力的影响

肌肉是凡纳滨对虾主要的食用部分,而质构特性是一种重要的感官特性,决定着消费者对食品的接受程度[56],其主要包括硬度、弹性、内聚性、胶着性、咀嚼性和剪切力等,且与肌肉的水分、脂肪、胶原蛋白含量以及肌原纤维蛋白等密切相关[57]。持水力可反映可溶性物质在肌肉中的流失情况,是衡量肌肉品质的指标之一[48]。胶原蛋白是构成肌内结缔组织的主要成分,具有3股螺旋结构[58]。它与肌原纤维蛋白等其他肌肉蛋白相互交织,共同维持肌肉结构和保持肌肉完整性,其含量与硬度、弹性等质构指标呈正相关,含量提高可以使肌肉质构特性得到改善[54,59]。肌肉内结缔组织能在肌纤维间以及肌束周围构建起一种致密的膜鞘结构,曾勇庆等[60]认为这对于增强肌肉保水能力非常有益。本试验中,饲料中添加DE可降低凡纳滨对虾肌肉蒸失水率和煮失水率,说明肌肉持水力有所提高。一项在肉鸡的研究中发现,饲粮添加1 g/kg酶处理蒲公英可显著降低腿肌蒸煮失水率[22],本试验结果与其一致。咀嚼性检测可模拟肉样咀嚼过程,肉样质构越好,咀嚼性越高[61]。郁二蒙等[62]研究表明,当肌肉纤维交织紧密时,肌肉的内聚性高。另一研究指出,肌肉纤维密度影响大西洋鲑(Salmo salar)的肌肉质地,且与剪切力呈正相关[63]。由此说明,饲料中添加DE可使凡纳滨对虾幼虾肌肉纤维密度增大。本研究中,DE添加组肌肉硬度、弹性、内聚性、胶着性和咀嚼性与DE0组相比均有所提高,且在DE9组达到最高。分析其原因,可能是由于DE的添加提高了饲料利用率,促进凡纳滨对虾对营养物质的吸收,使得肌肉中粗蛋白质含量增加,有助于提高Gly、Ala、Glu和赖氨酸(Lys)等含量,从而促进胶原蛋白和肌原纤维蛋白的生成,改善质构特性。肉的嫩度可用剪切力指标反映,其数值越小,嫩度越高,研究表明肌内脂肪含量与嫩度呈正相关[64-65]。本试验中,DE添加组肌肉剪切力均高于DE0组,说明肌肉粗脂肪含量降低影响了其嫩度。有研究指出,口感较好的虾肉制品具有较高的硬度、弹性、胶着性和咀嚼性[66]。综上所述,饲料中添加DE可提高凡纳滨对虾幼虾的肌肉质构特性和持水力,DE添加组的肌肉更富有嚼劲,品质更好。

3.6 饲料中添加DE对凡纳滨对虾幼虾血清生化指标的影响

血清生化指标与水产动物的生理代谢密切相关[67]。蒲公英中具有包括多糖、黄酮和酚酸等生物活性成分,有助于改善血清生化指标[68-69]。本试验中,凡纳滨对虾幼虾血清TP含量随饲料中DE添加水平的提高呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势,且DE3组、DE6组和DE9组显著高于DE0组,这与肌肉粗蛋白质含量的变化趋势一致,表明DE可增强凡纳滨对虾利用蛋白质的能力,从而促进生长。研究表明,蒲公英多糖能够显著提高肉鸡血清TP含量[23]。TP含量升高还被认为与更强的先天免疫反应有关[70-71]。HDL-C和LDL-C等脂蛋白是脂质运输的主要载体,肝胰腺脂质代谢功能受到血清中HDL-C含量降低和LDL-C含量升高的影响[72]。本研究中,DE添加组血清HDL-C含量均显著高于DE0组,血清LDL-C含量具有下降趋势且DE3组、DE6组和DE9组显著低于DE0组,说明DE有助于凡纳滨对虾对脂质的代谢。研究表明,高胆固醇饲粮中添加蒲公英可提高家兔血清HDL-C含量,而降低血清LDL-C含量[73]。ACP和AKP在凡纳滨对虾体液防御系统中发挥着重要作用,当机体发生免疫反应时,磷酸酯类物质被ACP和AKP催化水解,促进ATP的生成[74]。彭小玉等[75]研究发现,饲料中添加2%和4%的蒲公英水提物能显著提高鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)血清AKP活性。本试验中,DE添加组血清ACP和AKP活性均高于DE0组,表明在饲料中添加DE有利于凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫功能的增强。ALT和AST是重要的转氨酶,当肝脏功能异常时,血液中ALT和AST活性会升高,因此被用作评估肝胰腺健康的指标[76]。Xue等[17]认为,蒲公英具有抗氧化和清除自由基等作用,从而防止细胞膜氧化损伤,使细胞膜完整性得到维持,因此可以抑制AST和ALT的释放。本研究中,随着饲料中DE添加水平的提高,凡纳滨对虾幼虾血清ALT和AST活性呈现先降低后升高的变化趋势,表明饲料中添加适宜水平DE时,对虾肝胰腺受损风险将降低,但添加水平过高时可能会有不利影响,具体机制还需进一步研究。在鲤鱼的研究中发现,饲料中添加DE提高了其血清TP含量,促进了血清HDL-C含量的提高和LDL-C含量的降低,提高了血清AKP活性而降低了血清AST和ALT活性[17,77];在卵形鲳鲹的研究中[20]也得到类似结果。由此可见,DE能改善血清生化指标,具有调节凡纳滨对虾生理代谢的功能。

4 结论

本研究表明,在低鱼粉饲料中添加适宜水平DE能够促进凡纳滨对虾幼虾生长,改善肌肉品质和血清生化指标。以WGR为评价指标,根据折线模型得出凡纳滨对虾幼虾低鱼粉饲料中DE适宜添加水平为0.40%。

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