Research on Evaluation and Prediction Model for Metabolizable Energy of Rapeseed Meals in Xiangjia Yellow Chicken No.2

YANG Xintuo; ZHAO Yunjie; CHANG Qi; CHEN Pengyi; HUANG Zeyu; ZHANG Haihan; HE Xi; SONG Zehe

doi:10.12418/CJAN2025.517

2025 , Vol. 37 >Issue 9: 6370 - 6380

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2025.517

RESEARCH PAPER

Research on Evaluation and Prediction Model for Metabolizable Energy of Rapeseed Meals in Xiangjia Yellow Chicken No.2

YANG Xintuo ^,¹^,²^,³^,⁴^,⁵ ,
ZHAO Yunjie ¹^,²^,³^,⁴^,⁵ ,
CHANG Qi ¹^,²^,³^,⁴^,⁵ ,
CHEN Pengyi ¹^,²^,³^,⁴^,⁵ ,
HUANG Zeyu ¹^,²^,³^,⁴^,⁵ ,
ZHANG Haihan ¹^,²^,³^,⁴^,⁵ ,
HE Xi ¹^,²^,³^,⁴^,⁵ ,
SONG Zehe ^,¹^,²^,³^,⁴^,⁵^,^**

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¹ College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
² Engineering Research Center for Feed Safety and Efficient Utilization, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410128, China
³ Hunan Poultry Safety Production Engineering Technology Research Center, Changsha 410128, China
⁴ Provincial and Ministerial Co-Built Collaborative Innovation Center for the Production of High-Quality Livestock and Poultry Products, Changsha 410128, China
⁵ Yuelu Mountain Laboratory, Changsha 410128, China

^** associate professor, E-mail: zehesong111@163.com

^*Contributed equally

Received date: 2025-01-23

Online published: 2025-09-12

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Abstract

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the metabolizable energy of 10 kinds of rapeseed meals from different sources in Xiangjia yellow chicken No.2, and to establish a prediction model for the metabolizable energy of rapeseed meals in fast-growing yellow-feathered broilers based on the chemical components in rapeseed meals. The experiment was divided into two stages, with the first stage being 14 to 18 days of age and the second stage being 35 to 39 days of age. In the first stage, 528 fourteen-day-old male Xiangjia yellow chicken No.2 with an initial body weight of (273±2) g were selected and randomly divided into 11 groups, with 6 replicates in each group and 8 chickens in each replicate. In the second stage, another 264 thirty-five-day-old male Xiangjia yellow chicken No.2 with an initial weight of (1 256±5) g were selected and randomly divided into 11 groups, with 6 replicates in each group and 4 chickens in each replicate. Each group was fed 10 kinds of rapeseed meal diets and 1 kind of basal diet, respectively. Among them, the rapeseed meal diets adopted the proportional substitution method, using 10 kinds of rapeseed meals from different sources to replace 20% of the energy supply components in the basal diet. Each stage consisted of a 2-day pre-test period and a 3-day fecal collection period, and the excrement was collected by the full fecal collection method. The results showed as follows: 1) there were differences in the common nutrient contents of rapeseed meals from different sources. 2) The source of rapeseed meals had a significant effect on apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and nitrogen corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) (P<0.05). The average values of AME and AMEn of 10 kinds of rapeseed meals in fast-growing yellow-feathered broilers were 8.36 and 7.67 MJ/kg from 14 to 18 days of age, and 8.03 and 7.15 MJ/kg from 35 to 39 days of age, respectively. 3) Based on the stepwise regression analysis, it was concluded that the AME and AMEn prediction equations for rapeseed meals in fast-growing yellow-feathered broilers were AME=28.890+0.317×ether extract (EE)-0.603×crude fiber (CF)-4.567×acid soluble protein (ASP) [determination coefficient (R²)=0.576, P<0.001], AMEn=27.569+0.315×EE-0.672×CF-3.911×ASP (R²=0.621, P<0.001) from 14 to 18 days of age; AME=30.373+0.617×EE-6.522×ASP-0.928×crude ash (Ash) (R²=0.662, P<0.001), AMEn=26.023+0.582×EE-5.961×ASP-0.647×Ash (R²=0.616, P<0.001) from 35 to 39 days of age, respectively. This study provides data references for evaluating the nutritional value of rapeseed meal and enriching the database of feed ingredients for yellow-feathered broilers in China.

Key words： rapeseed meal; fast-growing yellow-feathered broilers; AME; AMEn; prediction model

Cite this article

YANG Xintuo , ZHAO Yunjie , CHANG Qi , CHEN Pengyi , HUANG Zeyu , ZHANG Haihan , HE Xi , SONG Zehe . Research on Evaluation and Prediction Model for Metabolizable Energy of Rapeseed Meals in Xiangjia Yellow Chicken No.2[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2025 , 37(9) : 6370 -6380 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2025.517

随着畜牧业的发展,我国蛋白质饲料原料缺乏问题日益凸显^[1],开发和利用非常规饲用蛋白质原料成为畜牧业发展的现实需求。而精准和完备的非常规饲料原料养分数据是其开发利用的前提条件。菜籽粕是油菜籽经榨油之后的副产物,2023年我国菜籽粕产量约为1 218万t^[2]。菜籽粕中粗蛋白质(crude protein,CP)含量为35%~42%,除赖氨酸含量低于豆粕外,其他氨基酸含量均与豆粕相接近^[3],是一种极具潜力的蛋白质原料。然而,由于受产地、加工工艺等因素的影响,菜籽粕养分含量和可消化性变异较大,其中CP含量为35%~42%,粗纤维(crude fiber,CF)含量为12%~13%^[4-5],进而影响菜籽粕的代谢能^[6-7]。张婵娟^[8]测定了12种不同来源的菜籽粕,发现中性洗涤纤维(neutral detergent fiber,NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(acid detergent fiber,ADF)、粗脂肪(ether extract,EE)和粗灰分(crude ash,Ash)的变异系数(coefficient of variation,CV)均大于15%。唐德富等^[9]通过全收粪法测定10种不同来源菜籽粕的表观代谢能(AME)为6.84~10.01 MJ/kg,氮校正表观代谢能(AMEn)为6.64~9.81 MJ/kg。因此,建立可准确估测菜籽粕可消化养分的预测方程对提高菜籽粕在畜禽饲粮中的应用具有重要价值^[7,10-11]。丁鹏等^[1]建立了爱拔益加(AA)肉仔鸡对湖南省内6个不同地区菜籽粕的AME和AMEn预测方程。Ye等^[7]建立了不同日龄AA肉鸡对菜籽粕的AME和AMEn预测方程。然而,快速型黄羽肉鸡对不同来源菜籽粕代谢能预测方程的研究却鲜有报道。湘佳黄鸡2号是湖南湘佳牧业股份有限公司自主培育的快速型黄羽肉鸡配套系,以生长快、肉质优为核心优势,适配冷鲜加工需求,是现代标准化禽肉生产的优选品种^[12]。本课题组前期基于湘佳黄鸡2号的养分沉积规律、代谢能需要量以及其他常规饲料原料营养价值评定进行了相关研究,但缺乏对菜籽粕等非常规饲用蛋白质原料的营养价值评估。因此,本试验收集了10种不同来源的菜籽粕,评估了其在快速型黄羽肉鸡——湘佳黄鸡2号不同时期的AME和AMEn并建立了估测模型,旨在为丰富我国黄羽肉鸡饲料原料数据库提供参考。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验原料和动物

本试验选取不同来源的菜籽粕共10种,采用四分法取样后用粉碎机粉碎过40目筛,储存在自封袋中于-20 ℃保存备用,其样品信息见表1。

表1 菜籽粕样品信息

Table 1 Rapeseed meal sample information

样品编号 Sample number	样品原产地 Sample place of origin
RSM1	加拿大
RSM2	加拿大
RSM3	四川省
RSM4	加拿大
RSM5	加拿大
RSM6	内蒙古自治区
RSM7	四川省
RSM8	加拿大
RSM9	云南省
RSM10	加拿大

选用792只同批出雏的、健康的1日龄快速型黄羽肉鸡(湘佳黄鸡2号),采用笼养方式,饲养于湖南省长沙市长沙县开慧镇锡福村科技小院,试验期间自由采食与饮水,保持24 h光照,并按常规程序进行消毒和免疫。鸡舍采用生物质锅炉水暖供温,第1周温度控制在33 ℃,第2周温度控制在28~31 ℃,之后逐步下降并最终保持在24~26 ℃。试验各项操作均经过湖南农业大学生物医学研究伦理委员会的审查与批准(批准号:HAU ACC 2023DK JQ017)。

1.2 试验设计

试验分为2个阶段,其中第1阶段为14~18日龄,第2阶段为35~39日龄。非试验期间饲喂商品饲料。第1阶段选取14日龄湘佳黄鸡2号肉公鸡528只[初始体重为(273±2) g],随机分为11组,每组6个重复,每个重复8只;第2阶段另外选取35日龄湘佳黄鸡2号肉公鸡264只[初始体重为(1 256±5) g],随机分为11组,每组6个重复,每个重复4只。基础饲粮为玉米-豆粕型饲粮,参照《黄羽肉鸡营养需要量》(NY/T 3645—2020)进行配制。采用等比替代法并参照Ye等^[7]的替代比例,用10种不同来源的菜籽粕替代基础饲粮中供能组分的20%,基础饲粮中供能组分为玉米、豆粕和大豆油(忽略饲粮中添加的氨基酸在本试验中的供能作用),并维持这三者比例始终保持不变,饲粮组成见表2,饲粮营养水平见表3。

表2 饲粮组成(干物质基础)

Table 2 Composition of diets (DM basis) %

原料 Ingredients	14~18日龄14 to 18 days of age		35~39日龄35 to 39 days of age
原料 Ingredients	基础饲粮 Basal diet	试验饲粮 Experimental diet	基础饲粮 Basal diet	试验饲粮 Experimental diet
玉米Corn	52.30	41.37	55.20	43.65
豆粕Soybean meal	39.40	31.17	34.50	27.29
大豆油Soybean oil	4.00	3.16	5.94	4.70
菜籽粕Rapeseed meal		20.00		20.00
食盐NaCl	0.30	0.30	0.30	0.30
L-赖氨酸盐酸盐L-Lys·HCl	0.12	0.12	0.11	0.11
DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met	0.21	0.21	0.19	0.19
磷酸氢钙CaHPO₄	2.00	2.00	2.00	2.00
石粉Limestone	1.03	1.03	1.10	1.10
沸石粉Zeolite powder	0.13	0.13	0.13	0.13
预混料Premix	0.51	0.51	0.53	0.53
合计Total	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00

预混料为14~18日龄每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets in 14 to 18 days of age:VA 10 000 IU,VD₃ 600 IU,VE 45 IU,VK 2.5 mg,VB₁ 2.4 mg,VB₂ 5.0 mg,VB₆ 2.8 mg,VB₁₂ 16 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 42 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 12 mg,叶酸 folic acid 1.0 mg,生物素 biotin 0.12 mg,胆碱 choline 1 300 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 80 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 7 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 85 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 80 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 0.70 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.15 mg。

预混料为35~39日龄每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets in 35 to 39 days of age:VA 9 000 IU,VD₃ 500 IU,VE 35 IU,VK 2.2 mg,VB₁ 2.3 mg,VB₂ 5.0 mg,VB₆ 2.4 mg,VB₁₂ 15 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 35 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 10 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.7 mg,生物素 biotin 0.10 mg,胆碱 choline 1 000 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 80 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 7 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 80 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 60 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 0.60 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.15 mg。

表3 饲粮营养水平(实测值)

Table 3 Nutrient levels of diets (measured values)

营养水平 Nutrient levels	基础饲粮 Basal diet	菜籽粕样品编号Sample number of rapeseed meals
营养水平 Nutrient levels	基础饲粮 Basal diet	RSM1	RSM2	RSM3	RSM4	RSM5	RSM6	RSM7	RSM8	RSM9	RSM10
14~18日龄14 to 18 days of age
干物质DM/%	88.00	89.05	87.15	89.03	88.84	88.28	88.64	88.95	88.47	89.04	88.29
总能 GE/(MJ/kg DM)	19.72	19.84	19.98	19.40	19.76	19.72	19.50	19.96	19.52	19.85	19.72
粗蛋白质 CP/% DM	23.24	27.29	27.88	28.25	26.44	24.13	26.85	26.90	27.85	23.75	26.83
35~39日龄35 to 39 days of age
干物质DM/%	88.09	88.43	88.17	88.59	88.46	88.37	88.68	88.83	87.78	88.43	87.78
总能 GE/(MJ/kg DM)	20.03	20.02	20.03	19.76	19.88	19.91	19.80	20.16	20.06	20.24	20.14
粗蛋白质 CP/% DM	20.92	25.58	25.57	25.21	24.80	25.65	22.22	25.30	24.23	24.26	26.32

1.3 样品采集

第1阶段和第2阶段分别于14和35日龄时开始饲喂试验饲粮,每个阶段预饲2 d后禁食17 h,继续饲喂试验饲粮,同时开始收集排泄物,每天收集2次,每次间隔12 h,饲喂55 h后停料,计算耗料量并同期测定饲粮干物质(dry matter,DM)含量,然后继续收集排泄物17 h(共收集72 h排泄物)。排泄物小心去除羽毛和皮屑等杂物后,按照每100 g鲜排泄物加入10 mL 10%的盐酸,并放置于-20 ℃冰箱保存,将3 d收集的排泄物混合均匀后,于65 ℃下烘干,然后室温回潮24 h,称重,粉碎后过40目筛保存于自封袋中,用于样品的测定。

1.4 指标测定

DM、EE和Ash含量分别参照GB/T 6435—2014、GB/T 6433—2006和GB/T 6438—2007中方法进行测定;CF、NDF和ADF含量分别参照GB/T 6434—2022、GB/T 20806—2022和NY/T 1459—2022中方法,利用F1600半自动纤维测定仪(济南阿尔瓦仪器有限公司)进行测定;总能(gross energy,GE)采用半自动量热仪(SDACM-3100,湖南三德科技股份有限公司)进行测定;CP含量参照GB/T 6432—2018中方法,利用自动凯氏定氮仪(KN520,济南阿尔瓦仪器有限公司)进行测定。菜籽粕原料中的植酸(phytic acid,PA)和酸溶蛋白(acid-soluble protein,ASP)含量分别参照GB 5009.153—2016和NY/T 3801—2020中方法进行测定。无氮浸出物(nitrogen free extract,NFE)含量为计算值,计算公式为:

NFE(%)=100-(水分+CP+EE+CF+Ash)。

1.5 计算公式

本试验采用全收粪法结合套算法测定快速型黄羽肉鸡对菜籽粕的AME和AMEn,计算公式参照Wang等^[13]的方法,具体如下:

饲粮AME(MJ/kg)=[食入饲粮GE(MJ)-排泄物GE(MJ)]/总采食量(kg);

氮沉积量(RN,g/g)=(食入总氮-排泄物总氮)/采食量;

饲粮AMEn(MJ/kg)=AME-34.39×RN;

待测原料AME(MJ/kg)=[试验饲粮AME-基础饲粮AME×(1-试验饲粮中被测饲料原料的质量百分比)]/试验饲粮中被测饲料原料的质量百分比;

待测原料AMEn(MJ/kg)=[试验饲粮AMEn-基础饲粮AMEn×(1-试验饲粮中被测饲料原料的质量百分比)]/试验饲粮中被测饲料原料的质量百分比。

1.6 数据统计分析

采用SPSS 27.0对基本统计量进行分析,采用ANOVA模块分析不同来源和日龄对菜籽粕AME和AMEn是否具有统计学意义,采用Correlate模块对10种菜籽粕的化学成分与AME和AMEn进行相关性分析,采用Regression模块构建菜籽粕化学成分对肉鸡AME和AMEn的回归方程,P<0.05为差异显著。

2 结果与分析

2.1 菜籽粕常规养分分析

由表4可知,10种不同来源菜籽粕DM、CP、EE、Ash、CF、NDF、ADF、NFE、PA和ASP含量的平均值分别为89.90%(88.13%~92.09%)、43.48%(39.31%~46.16%)、2.91%(1.33%~7.59%)、7.36%(5.89%~8.80%)、15.46%(12.85%~18.55%)、33.93%(25.56%~49.61%)、24.84%(17.85%~41.48%)、30.79%(27.28%~33.56%)、1.48%(1.31%~1.87%)和2.39%(2.12%~2.82%)。在菜籽粕的常规养分中,Ash、CF和PA含量的CV超过10%,EE、NDF和ADF含量的CV超过20%,其中EE的CV最高(84.21%)。

表4 不同来源菜籽粕常规养分含量

Table 4 Common nutrient contents of different sources of rapeseed meals

项目 Items	干物质 DM/%	粗蛋白质 CP/% DM	粗脂肪 EE/% DM	粗灰分 Ash/% DM	粗纤维 CF/% DM	中性洗涤纤维 NDF/% DM	酸性洗涤纤维 ADF/% DM	无氮浸出物 NFE/% DM	植酸 PA/% DM	酸溶蛋白 ASP/% DM
菜籽粕样品编号Sample number of rapeseed meals
RSM1	89.23	43.34	1.33	7.58	16.14	38.59	25.34	31.61	1.43	2.29
RSM2	88.78	46.16	1.58	7.01	14.96	27.70	21.74	30.30	1.51	2.37
RSM3	89.12	44.58	1.38	8.21	18.55	39.46	32.59	27.28	1.87	2.67
RSM4	89.25	40.97	1.88	7.78	17.38	37.97	26.06	31.99	1.60	2.31
RSM5	88.13	46.01	1.58	6.96	15.33	34.15	22.67	30.13	1.32	2.26
RSM6	89.33	44.27	1.52	8.80	15.21	26.00	21.84	30.19	1.55	2.31
RSM7	91.97	39.31	7.34	7.85	16.42	49.61	41.48	29.09	1.37	2.39
RSM8	89.64	43.59	1.89	6.63	14.36	27.32	19.03	33.56	1.38	2.12
RSM9	92.09	40.99	7.59	5.89	13.45	25.56	19.82	32.10	1.31	2.82
RSM10	91.46	45.63	2.98	6.88	12.85	32.97	17.85	31.33	1.45	2.37
平均值Mean	89.90	43.48	2.91	7.36	15.46	33.93	24.84	30.79	1.48	2.39
标准差SD	1.41	2.36	2.45	0.85	1.73	7.68	7.22	1.70	0.17	0.20
变异系数CV/%	1.56	5.42	84.21	11.55	11.20	22.63	29.08	3.33	11.33	8.52

2.2 菜籽粕来源和肉鸡日龄对菜籽粕代谢能的影响

由表5可知,14~18日龄,10种菜籽粕AME和AMEn的平均值分别为8.36和7.67 MJ/kg;35~39日龄,10种菜籽粕AME和AMEn的平均值分别为8.03和7.15 MJ/kg。菜籽粕来源对AME和AMEn有显著影响(P<0.05),日龄对菜籽粕AME和AMEn均无显著影响(P>0.05),菜籽粕来源与日龄对AME和AMEn无显著交互作用(P>0.05)。

表5 菜籽粕来源和肉鸡日龄对菜籽粕代谢能的影响(干物质基础)

Table 5 Effects of rapeseed meal source and broiler age on metabolic energy of rapeseed meals (DM basis) MJ/kg DM

项目 Item	日龄 Days of age	表观代谢能 AME	氮校正表观代谢能 AMEn
菜籽粕样品编号Sample number of rapeseed meals
RSM1	14~18日龄14 to 18 days of age	7.62^ab	6.83^bc
	35~39日龄35 to 39 days of age	7.65^cde	6.82^cd
RSM2	14~18日龄14 to 18 days of age	8.66^ab	8.27^ab
	35~39日龄35 to 39 days of age	6.88^de	6.20^cd
RSM3	14~18日龄14 to 18 days of age	4.18^c	3.31^d
	35~39日龄35 to 39 days of age	4.23^f	3.66^e
RSM4	14~18日龄14 to 18 days of age	6.96^b	6.25^c
	35~39日龄35 to 39 days of age	6.38^e	5.78^de
RSM5	14~18日龄14 to 18 days of age	9.40^a	9.23^a
	35~39日龄35 to 39 days of age	9.08^abc	7.78^abc
RSM6	14~18日龄14 to 18 days of age	9.00^ab	7.99^ab
	35~39日龄35 to 39 days of age	6.74^de	6.42^cd
RSM7	14~18日龄14 to 18 days of age	9.75^a	8.89^a
	35~39日龄35 to 39 days of age	10.66^a	9.62^a
RSM8	14~18日龄14 to 18 days of age	9.37^a	8.19^ab
	35~39日龄35 to 39 days of age	10.36^ab	9.29^a
RSM9	14~18日龄14 to 18 days of age	9.22^a	9.05^a
	35~39日龄35 to 39 days of age	9.88^ab	8.82^ab
RSM10	14~18日龄14 to 18 days of age	9.47^a	8.65^a
	35~39日龄35 to 39 days of age	8.48^bcd	7.09^bc
平均值Mean	14~18日龄14 to 18 days of age	8.36	7.67
	35~39日龄35 to 39 days of age	8.03	7.15
均值标准误SEM	14~18日龄14 to 18 days of age	0.311	0.309
	35~39日龄35 to 39 days of age	0.331	0.300
P值P-value
来源Source		<0.001	<0.001
日龄Days of age		0.263	0.052
来源×日龄Source×days of age		0.246	0.105

	同一日龄同列数据肩标相同字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。
	In the same column of the same days of age, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05).

2.3 菜籽粕化学成分与代谢能的相关关系

由表6可知,14~18日龄,肉鸡对菜籽粕的AME与Ash[相关系数(r)=-0.448,P<0.01)、CF(r=-0.665,P<0.01)、NDF(r=-0.326,P<0.05)、ADF(r=-0.382,P<0.01)、PA(r=-0.726,P<0.01)和ASP含量(r=-0.336,P<0.05)呈显著或极显著负相关,与DM(r=0.291,P<0.05)、EE(r=0.330,P<0.05)和NFE含量(r=0.462,P<0.01)呈显著或极显著正相关;AMEn与Ash(r=-0.545,P<0.01)、CF(r=-0.719,P<0.01)、NDF(r=-0.372,P<0.01)、ADF(r=-0.428,P<0.01)、PA(r=-0.805,P<0.01)和ASP含量(r=-0.283,P<0.05)呈显著或极显著负相关,与DM(r=0.283,P<0.05)、EE(r=0.382,P<0.01)和NFE(r=0.463,P<0.01)呈显著或极显著正相关。35~39日龄,肉鸡对菜籽粕的AME与Ash(r=-0.516,P<0.01)、CF(r=-0.542,P<0.01)、PA(r=-0.781,P<0.01)和ASP含量(r=-0.351,P<0.05)呈显著或极显著负相关,与DM(r=0.446,P<0.01)、EE(r=0.525,P<0.01)和NFE含量(r=0.478,P<0.01)呈极显著正相关;AMEn与CP(r=-0.316,P<0.05)、Ash(r=-0.451,P<0.01)、CF(r=-0.499,P<0.01)、PA(r=-0.753,P<0.01)和ASP含量(r=-0.350,P<0.05)呈显著或极显著负相关,与DM(r=0.422,P<0.01)、EE(r=0.518,P<0.01)和NFE含量(r=0.467,P<0.01)呈极显著正相关。

表6 菜籽粕化学成分与代谢能的皮尔逊相关系数

Table 6 Pearson correlation coefficients between chemical component and metabolizable energy of rapeseed meals

项目 Items	干物质 DM	粗蛋白质 CP	粗脂肪 EE	粗灰分 Ash	粗纤维 CF	中性洗涤纤维 NDF	酸性洗涤纤维 ADF	无氮浸出物 NFE	植酸 PA	酸溶蛋白 ASP
干物质DM	1.000
粗蛋白质CP	-0.598^**	1.000
粗脂肪EE	0.883^**	-0.713^**	1.000
粗灰分Ash	-0.333^**	0.025	-0.379^**	1.000
粗纤维CF	-0.428^**	-0.221	-0.283^*	0.676^**	1.000
中性洗涤纤维NDF	0.158	-0.457^**	0.213	0.399^**	0.624^**	1.000
酸性洗涤纤维ADF	0.174	-0.544^**	0.333^**	0.507^**	0.709^**	0.883^**	1.000
无氮浸出物NFE	0.153	-0.118	0.026	-0.584^**	-0.616^**	-0.486^**	-0.671^**	1.000
植酸PA	-0.357^**	0.188	-0.472^**	0.623^**	0.698^**	0.182	0.279^*	-0.579^**	1.000
酸溶蛋白ASP	0.288^*	-0.139	0.392^**	-0.132	0.148	-0.055	0.141	-0.437^**	0.345^**	1.000
14~18日龄表观代谢能 AME of 14 to 18 days of age	0.291^*	-0.026	0.330^*	-0.448^**	-0.665^**	-0.326^*	-0.382^**	0.462^**	-0.726^**	-0.336^*
14~18日龄氮校正表观代谢能 AMEn of 14 to 18 days of age	0.283^*	-0.005	0.382^**	-0.545^**	-0.719^**	-0.372^**	-0.428^**	0.463^**	-0.805^**	-0.283^*
35~39日龄表观代谢能 AME of 35 to 39 days of age	0.446^**	-0.273	0.525^**	-0.516^**	-0.542^**	-0.044	-0.128	0.478^**	-0.781^**	-0.351^*
35~39日龄氮校正表观代谢能 AMEn of 35 to 39 days of age	0.422^**	-0.316^*	0.518^**	-0.451^**	-0.499^**	-0.061	-0.101	0.467^**	-0.753^**	-0.350^*

	*表示极显著相关(P<0.01),表示显著相关(P<0.05)。
	** indicated extremely significant correlation (P<0.01), and * indicated significant correlation (P<0.05).

2.4 菜籽粕化学成分对肉鸡代谢能的回归模型

由表7可知,通过逐步回归分析得出,14~18日龄快速型黄羽肉鸡对菜籽粕的AME最佳预测方程为AME=28.890+0.317×EE-0.603×CF-4.567×ASP[决定系数(R²)=0.576,均方根误差(RMSE)=1.465,P<0.001],AMEn最佳预测方程为AMEn=27.569+0.315×EE-0.672×CF-3.911×ASP(R²=0.621,RMSE=1.372,P<0.001);35~39日龄,快速型黄羽肉鸡对菜籽粕的AME最佳预测方程为AME=30.373+0.617×EE-6.522×ASP-0.928×Ash(R²=0.662,RMSE=1.390,P<0.001),AMEn最佳预测方程为AMEn=26.023+0.582×EE-5.961×ASP-0.647×Ash(R²=0.616,RMSE=1.344,P<0.001)。

表7 快速型黄羽肉鸡菜籽粕代谢能逐步回归方程

Table 7 Stepwise regression equations for metabolizable energy of rapeseed meals in fast-growing yellow-feathered broilers

项目 Items	预测方程 Prediction equations	决定系数 R²	均方根误差 RMSE	P值 P-value
14~18日龄14 to 18 days of age
表观代谢能AME	AME=28.890+0.317×EE- 0.603×CF-4.567×ASP	0.576	1.465	<0.001
氮校正表观代谢能AMEn	AMEn=27.569+0.315×EE- 0.672×CF-3.911×ASP	0.621	1.372	<0.001
35~39日龄35 to 39 days of age
表观代谢能AME	AME=30.373+0.617×EE-6.522× ASP-0.928×Ash	0.662	1.390	<0.001
氮校正表观代谢能AMEn	AMEn=26.023+0.582×EE- 5.961×ASP-0.647×Ash	0.616	1.344	<0.001

AME:表观代谢能 apparent metabolizable energy;AMEn:氮校正表观代谢能 nitrogen corrected apparent metabolizable energy;EE:粗脂肪 ether extract;CF:粗纤维 crude fiber;ASP:酸溶蛋白 acid soluble protein;Ash:粗灰分 crude ash。

3 讨论

3.1 不同来源菜籽粕常规养分比较

本试验采集的10种菜籽粕CP含量的CV小于10%,且CP含量的平均值为43.48%,明显高于NRC(2012)、《猪营养需要量》(GB/T 39235—2020)以及《黄羽肉鸡营养需要量》(NY/T 3645—2020),略高于Adewole等^[14]和Toghyani等^[15]报道的值,与张婵娟^[8]报道的值相近,这可能与菜籽粕品种以及加工技术相关。Theodoridou等^[16]研究发现,黄色芥菜型菜籽粕CP含量(46.95% DM)比棕色甘蓝型菜籽粕(39.98% DM)高。初雷^[17]研究发现,采用脱皮处理的菜籽粕相较于未经过脱皮处理的传统工艺菜籽粕,CP含量提高9.31%~11.80%。Toghyani等^[15]研究发现,同一批菜籽经过不同温度和压榨压力处理后,其菜籽粕CP含量存在差异,采用100 ℃处理和高螺杆扭矩压榨形成的菜籽粕CP含量为40.78% DM,而采用90 ℃处理和低螺杆扭矩压榨形成的菜籽粕CP含量为35.53% DM。本试验采集的10种菜籽粕EE含量CV最大,达到84.21%。郝生燕^[18]研究发现,采集的93份菜籽粕样品中EE含量的变异度最高,主要原因可能与菜籽粕是经浸提还是压榨的工艺密切相关。本试验采集的10种菜籽粕CF含量略高于NRC(2012)、《猪营养需要量》(GB/T 39235—2020)以及《黄羽肉鸡营养需要量》(NY/T 3645—2020),NDF和ADF含量与三者相近。研究报道,菜籽粕PA含量为4%~8%^[19],明显高于本研究中菜籽粕PA含量。何小丽等^[20]和贾冰玉等^[21]研究发现,未发酵的菜籽粕中ASP含量分别为4.19%和3.31%,均高于本研究中的平均值2.39%。李旺等^[22]研究发现,通过几种不同的物理方式对豆粕进行处理后,不同处理之间豆粕ASP含量差异显著。本研究中,菜籽粕EE、Ash、CF、NDF、ADF和PA的CV均大于10%,相关数据均有利于菜籽粕有效能值预测模型的构建以及模型的覆盖度,可以进一步丰富菜籽粕原料数据库。

3.2 快速型黄羽肉鸡对菜籽粕的代谢能

本研究测定的10种菜籽粕在14~18日龄和35~39日龄快速型黄羽肉鸡中的AME和AMEn平均值分别为8.36和7.67 MJ/kg及8.03和7.15 MJ/kg。雷廷等^[23]和Latifi等^[24]报道,罗斯(Ross)308肉鸡对菜籽粕的AMEn分别为7.42和7.72 MJ/kg;张琼莲^[25]报道,0~3周龄康达尔黄羽肉公鸡对菜籽粕的AME为8.29 MJ/kg,与本试验接近。而张赛等^[26]报道的80日龄慢速型黄羽肉鸡(清远麻鸡)对菜籽粕的AME(7.22 MJ/kg)和AMEn(6.15 MJ/kg)略低于本试验,说明清远麻鸡与本研究中的湘佳黄鸡2号对菜籽粕的能量代谢率存在一定差异,这与Yang等^[27]发现的代谢能随日龄增长呈现先增后降的二次变化规律具有一致性。同种饲料原料代谢能的显著波动主要受原料本身属性以及不同动物代谢差异的双重影响。本试验所用菜籽粕的AME和AMEn均高于《黄羽肉鸡营养需要量》(NY/T 3645—2020)中菜籽粕参考值(7.41和6.56 MJ/kg),可能的原因是本试验中菜籽粕的EE含量高于《黄羽肉鸡营养需要量》(NY/T 3645—2020)中的参考值,而EE含量与代谢能呈正相关。此外,饼粕类饲料的代谢能受提油工艺的影响,机械压榨工艺因残油率较高,其得到的饼粕类饲料代谢能普遍高于化学浸提工艺^[28]。整体而言,本试验结果与现有数据库及文献报道因受肉鸡种类(如快速/慢速)、菜籽粕来源(油菜品种、化学成分和加工工艺)等因素影响仍存在差异^[15-19],体现了原料自身属性与动物种类互作对代谢能评估的重要性。

3.3 快速型黄羽肉鸡菜籽粕代谢能预测模型的建立

本试验在快速型黄羽肉鸡的2个日龄阶段各获得1个菜籽粕AME和1个菜籽粕AMEn预测方程。本试验中,2个阶段的快速型黄羽肉鸡菜籽粕代谢能预测方程最佳预测因子为EE和ASP,EE作为预测因子出现在2个阶段AME和AMEn的预测方程中,与申童^[29]研究的发酵菜籽粕在AA肉鸡上的结果类似。于爽^[30]研究表明,相比基于GE(R²=0.56,P<0.01),基于EE含量(R²=0.63,P<0.01)建立的肉鸭菜籽粕AME一元方程,有着更高的R²;而在其采用逐步回归法建立的多元回归方程中,EE也是作为最佳预测因子出现在方程中。ASP含量可以作为饼粕类饲料原料中蛋白质品质的评价指标^[22],本试验仅将ASP作为其中1个预测因子用于逐步回归方程的建立,而蛋白质原料中的ASP含量对肉鸡代谢能的影响有待进一步研究。此外,丁鹏等^[1]研究表明,AA肉鸡7~14日龄和21~28日龄对菜籽粕AME和AMEn的最佳预测因子均为NDF。Ye等^[7]研究表明,AA肉鸡25~28日龄对菜籽粕AME和AMEn预测方程的预测因子也包含NDF。在本试验的相关分析中,NDF含量与黄羽肉鸡14~18日龄对菜籽粕的AME和AMEn分别存在显著和极显著负相关关系,但是在回归分析中NDF与被解释变量(因变量)之间的统计学意义为不显著。

4 结论

① 快速型黄羽肉鸡(湘佳黄鸡2号)14~18日龄对菜籽粕的AME和AMEn平均值分别为8.36和7.67 MJ/kg,35~39日龄对菜籽粕的AME和AMEn平均值分别为8.03和7.15 MJ/kg。

② 快速型黄羽肉鸡14~18日龄对菜籽粕的AME和AMEn预测方程分别为AME=28.890+0.317×EE-0.603×CF-4.567×ASP(R²=0.576,P<0.001),AMEn=27.569+0.315×EE-0.672×CF-3.911×ASP(R²=0.621,P<0.001);35~39日龄对菜籽粕的AME和AMEn预测方程分别为AME=30.373+0.617×EE-6.522×ASP-0.928×Ash(R²=0.662,P<0.001),AMEn=26.023+0.582×EE-5.961×ASP-0.647×Ash(R²=0.616,P<0.001)。

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