1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
表1 去皮蔗渣营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Nutrient levels of peeled bagasse (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目Items | 含量Content |
|---|---|
| 干物质DM | 91.43±1.23 |
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF | 87.61±0.15 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF | 49.53±0.50 |
| 半纤维素HC | 33.20±0.48 |
| 纤维素CL | 41.52±0.21 |
| 酸性洗涤木质素ADL | 10.84±0.72 |
实测值 Measured values。 |
1.2 试验方法
1.2.1 黄孢原毛平革菌的活化和扩繁
1.2.2 黄孢原毛平革菌的计数
1.2.3 去皮蔗渣固态发酵正交试验
表2 正交试验因素和水平Table 2 Factors and levels of orthogonal experiment |
| 因素 Factors | 水平Levels | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | |
| 黄孢原毛平革菌添加量Phanerochaete chrysosporium addition amount/% (A) | 1 | 3 | 5 |
| 发酵时间Fermentation time/d (B) | 15 | 30 | 45 |
| 蔗糖添加量Sucrose addition amount/% (C) | 1 | 3 | 5 |
| 初始pH Initial pH (D) | 4 | 5 | 6 |
表3 正交试验设计Table 3 Orthogonal experiment design |
| 组别 Groups | 因素Factors | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 黄孢原毛平革菌添加量 Phanerochaete chrysosporium addition amount/% | 发酵时间 Fermentation time/d | 蔗糖添加量 Sucrose addition amount/% | 初始pH Initial pH | |
| A | 1 | 15 | 1 | 4 |
| B | 1 | 30 | 3 | 5 |
| C | 1 | 45 | 5 | 6 |
| D | 3 | 15 | 3 | 6 |
| E | 3 | 30 | 5 | 4 |
| F | 3 | 45 | 1 | 5 |
| G | 5 | 15 | 5 | 5 |
| H | 5 | 30 | 1 | 6 |
| I | 5 | 45 | 3 | 4 |
1.3 样品采集
1.4 样品测定
1.4.1 常规养分含量
1.4.2 发酵指标
1.4.3 微生物区系
1.5 数据分析
2 结果
2.1 不同发酵条件对发酵去皮蔗渣常规养分含量的影响
表4 发酵去皮蔗渣常规养分含量正交试验结果及分析Table 4 Orthogonal experimental results and analysis of conventional nutrient contents in fermented peeled bagasse % |
| 项目 Items | 因素Factors | 中性洗 涤纤维 NDF | 酸性洗 涤纤维 ADF | 半纤维素 HC | 纤维素 CL | 酸性洗涤 木质素 ADL | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 黄孢原毛平革菌 添加量 Phanerochaete chrysosporium addition amount (A) | 发酵时间 Fermentation time (B) | 蔗糖添加量 Sucrose addition amount (C) | 初始pH Initial pH (D) | |||||||||||||||||
| 组别Groups | ||||||||||||||||||||
| A | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 82.66±0.57c | 56.21±1.23c | 26.46±0.66c | 43.40±0.64bc | 9.07±0.41ab | |||||||||||
| B | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 85.82±0.51d | 56.63±0.27cd | 29.19±0.78d | 45.42±0.31e | 9.47±0.16abc | |||||||||||
| C | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 85.26±0.39d | 57.59±0.11cde | 27.67±0.28cd | 43.49±0.41bc | 11.35±0.99de | |||||||||||
| D | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 79.58±0.96b | 57.85±0.55de | 21.74±1.52b | 45.01±0.24de | 10.25±0.18bcd | |||||||||||
| E | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 79.94±0.51b | 53.32±0.61b | 26.62±1.12c | 42.65±0.67ab | 8.66±0.49a | |||||||||||
| F | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 78.10±0.11a | 58.35±0.78e | 19.75±0.66a | 44.03±0.84cd | 8.90±0.08a | |||||||||||
| G | 3 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 81.65±0.19c | 54.32±0.12b | 27.33±0.32cd | 43.41±0.04bc | 11.87±0.29e | |||||||||||
| H | 3 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 79.36±0.23b | 56.91±0.24cde | 22.45±0.01b | 44.58±0.81cde | 10.67±0.83cde | |||||||||||
| I | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 80.44±0.20b | 56.92±0.94cde | 23.53±1.13b | 42.63±0.62ab | 11.40±0.05de | |||||||||||
| CK | 87.61±0.15e | 49.53±0.50a | 33.20±0.48e | 41.52±0.21a | 10.84±0.72de | |||||||||||||||
中性洗涤纤维 NDF | k1 | 84.58 | 81.30 | 80.04 | 81.02 | 影响因素:A>C>D>B;最佳组合:A2B3C1D1 | ||||||||||||||
| k2 | 79.21 | 81.71 | 81.95 | 81.85 | ||||||||||||||||
| k3 | 80.48 | 81.27 | 82.28 | 81.40 | ||||||||||||||||
| R | 5.37 | 0.44 | 2.24 | 0.84 | ||||||||||||||||
酸性洗涤纤维 ADF | k1 | 56.81 | 56.13 | 57.16 | 55.48 | 影响因素:C>B>D>A;最佳组合:A3B2C3D1 | ||||||||||||||
| k2 | 56.51 | 55.62 | 57.13 | 56.43 | ||||||||||||||||
| k3 | 56.05 | 57.62 | 55.08 | 57.45 | ||||||||||||||||
| R | 0.76 | 2.00 | 2.08 | 1.97 | ||||||||||||||||
半纤维素 HC | k1 | 27.77 | 25.17 | 22.88 | 25.53 | 影响因素:A>C>B>D;最佳组合:A2B3C1D3 | ||||||||||||||
| k2 | 22.70 | 26.09 | 24.82 | 25.42 | ||||||||||||||||
| k3 | 24.43 | 23.65 | 27.20 | 23.95 | ||||||||||||||||
| R | 5.07 | 2.44 | 4.32 | 1.59 | ||||||||||||||||
纤维素 CL | k1 | 44.10 | 43.94 | 44.00 | 42.90 | 影响因素:D>C>B>A;最佳组合:A3B3C3D1 | ||||||||||||||
| k2 | 43.89 | 44.22 | 44.35 | 44.28 | ||||||||||||||||
| k3 | 43.54 | 43.38 | 43.18 | 44.36 | ||||||||||||||||
| R | 0.56 | 0.84 | 1.17 | 1.46 | ||||||||||||||||
酸性洗涤木质素 ADL | k1 | 9.96 | 10.40 | 9.55 | 9.71 | 影响因素:A>C>D>B;最佳组合:A2B2C1D1 | ||||||||||||||
| k2 | 9.27 | 9.60 | 10.37 | 10.08 | ||||||||||||||||
| k3 | 11.31 | 10.55 | 10.63 | 10.76 | ||||||||||||||||
| R | 2.04 | 0.95 | 1.08 | 1.04 | ||||||||||||||||
CK代表去皮蔗渣原料,未进行任何处理。ki指该因素在i水平下该指标的平均值,R为同列ki值极差。同列数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。表5同。 | |
CK represented the raw material of peeled bagasse, without any treatment. ki refered to the average value of the indicator at level i for this factor, and R is the range of ki values in the same column. In the same column, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as Table 5. |
2.2 不同发酵条件对发酵去皮蔗渣发酵指标的影响
表5 发酵去皮蔗渣发酵指标正交试验结果及分析Table 5 Orthogonal experimental results and analysis of fermentation indices in fermented peeled bagasse |
| 项目 Items | 因素Factors | 氨态氮 NH3-N/ (mmol/L) | 乳酸 LA/ (mg/L) | pH | 乙酸 AA/ (mmol/L) | 丁酸 BA/ (mmol/L) | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 黄孢原毛平革菌 添加量 Phanerochaete chrysosporium addition amount (A) | 发酵时间 Fermentation time (B) | 蔗糖添加量 Sucrose addition amount (C) | 初始pH Initial pH (D) | |||||||||||||||||||
| 组别Groups | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| A | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.04±0.01b | 52.59±3.13b | 4.43±0.05c | 10.17±0.26c | - | |||||||||||||
| B | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.09±0.00c | 22.69±0.39a | 5.33±0.03f | 6.07±0.27b | 8.96±0.14e | |||||||||||||
| C | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | - | 23.80±1.57a | 6.38±0.14g | 0.09±0.13a | 0.35±0.01a | |||||||||||||
| D | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 0.09±0.01c | 21.45±2.54a | 4.96±0.01d | 14.09±0.24d | 7.17±0.08f | |||||||||||||
| E | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | - | 181.69±15.07c | 4.06±0.01a | 22.92±2.01f | - | |||||||||||||
| F | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0.01±0.01a | 22.97±0.39a | 8.52±0.07h | - | - | |||||||||||||
| G | 3 | 1 | 3 | 2 | - | 33.90±0.20a | 5.15±0.02e | - | 5.61±0.10d | |||||||||||||
| H | 3 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 0.28±0.03d | 26.57±4.30a | 4.99±0.08d | 12.50±0.81d | 4.61±0.33c | |||||||||||||
| I | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0.11±0.02c | 232.07±13.50d | 4.19±0.01b | 16.13±0.56e | 2.98±0.15b | |||||||||||||
氨态氮 NH3-N/ (mmol/L) | k1 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 影响因素:C>A>D=B;最佳组合:A2B3C3D2 | ||||||||||||||||
| k2 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.10 | 0.03 | ||||||||||||||||||
| k3 | 0.13 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.13 | ||||||||||||||||||
| R | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.09 | ||||||||||||||||||
乳酸 LA/(mg/L) | k1 | 33.03 | 35.98 | 34.04 | 155.45 | 影响因素:D>A>C>B;最佳组合:A3B3C2D1 | ||||||||||||||||
| k2 | 75.37 | 76.99 | 92.07 | 26.52 | ||||||||||||||||||
| k3 | 97.51 | 92.95 | 79.80 | 23.94 | ||||||||||||||||||
| R | 64.49 | 56.97 | 58.03 | 131.51 | ||||||||||||||||||
pH | k1 | 5.38 | 4.85 | 5.98 | 4.23 | 影响因素:D>B>C>A;最佳组合:A3B2C2D1 | ||||||||||||||||
| k2 | 5.85 | 4.80 | 4.83 | 6.33 | ||||||||||||||||||
| k3 | 4.78 | 6.36 | 5.19 | 5.44 | ||||||||||||||||||
| R | 1.07 | 1.57 | 1.15 | 2.10 | ||||||||||||||||||
乙酸 AA/(mmol/L) | k1 | 8.17 | 12.13 | 11.33 | 24.61 | 影响因素:D>B>A>C;最佳组合:A2B2C2D1 | ||||||||||||||||
| k2 | 18.50 | 20.74 | 18.15 | 3.04 | ||||||||||||||||||
| k3 | 14.32 | 8.11 | 11.50 | 13.34 | ||||||||||||||||||
| R | 10.33 | 12.63 | 6.82 | 21.57 | ||||||||||||||||||
丁酸 BA/(mmol/L) | k1 | 4.66 | 6.39 | 2.31 | 1.49 | 影响因素:C>D>B>A;最佳组合:A2B3C1D1 | ||||||||||||||||
| k2 | 3.59 | 6.79 | 9.56 | 7.29 | ||||||||||||||||||
| k3 | 6.60 | 1.66 | 2.98 | 6.07 | ||||||||||||||||||
| R | 3.01 | 5.13 | 7.25 | 5.80 | ||||||||||||||||||
-:未检出 not detected。 |
2.3 不同发酵条件对发酵去皮蔗渣微生物区系的影响
2.3.1 操作分类单元(OTU)数目
2.3.2 Alpha多样性分析
表6 Alpha多样性指数分析Table 6 Alpha diversity index analysis |
| 项目Items | B组Group B | E组Group E | H组Group H |
|---|---|---|---|
| ACE指数ACE index | 493.77±22.47 | 514.35±40.09 | 496.15±18.71 |
| Chao1指数Chao1 index | 498.39±27.75 | 519.40±35.44 | 493.37±20.75 |
| Shannon指数Shannon index | 3.88±0.33b | 3.17±0.05a | 3.37±0.30ab |
| Simpson指数Simpson index | 0.94±0.02b | 0.86±0.00a | 0.87±0.04a |
同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。 | |
In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). |
2.3.3 基于门水平的微生物群落结构分析
2.3.4 基于属水平的微生物群落结构分析
图3 属水平微生物相对丰度Liquorilactobacillus:液体乳杆菌属;Clostridium:梭菌属;Caproiciproducens:产己酸菌属;Sporolactobacillus:芽孢乳杆菌属;Bacillus:芽孢杆菌属;Enterobacter:肠杆菌属;Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia:伯克霍尔德氏菌属;Laceyella:莱斯氏菌属;Acinetobacter:不动杆菌属;Acetobacter:醋酸杆菌属;Others:其他。 Fig.3 Relative abundance of microorganism at genus level |
2.3.5 基于种水平的微生物群落结构分析
图4 种水平微生物相对丰度Clostridium beijerinckii:拜氏梭菌;Bacillus pumilus:短小芽孢杆菌;Burkholderia cenocepacia:洋葱伯克霍尔德菌;Clostridium tyrobutyricum:酪丁酸梭菌;Laceyella sp. FBKL410:放线菌属FBKL410;Rummeliibacillus stabekisii:鲁梅利杆菌;Lactobacillus brevis:短乳杆菌;Pediococcus acidilactici:乳酸片球菌;Acinetobacter sp. CIP 53.82:不动杆菌属CIP53.82;Acinetobacter baumannii:鲍曼不动杆菌;Others:其他。 Fig.4 Relative abundance of microorganism at species level |
2.4 正交试验综合评分法分析
表7 正交试验综合评分法分析表Table 7 Analysis table of orthogonal experiment comprehensive scoring method |
| 项目 Items | 因素Factors | 综合评分 Comprehensive score | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 黄孢原毛平革 菌添加量 Phanerochaete chrysosporium addition amount (A) | 发酵时间 Fermentation time (B) | 蔗糖添加量 Sucrose addition amount (C) | 初始pH Initial pH (D) | ||
| 组别Groups | |||||
| A | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -0.53 |
| B | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | -0.49 |
| C | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | -0.49 |
| D | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | -0.50 |
| E | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | -0.58 |
| F | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | -0.42 |
| G | 3 | 1 | 3 | 2 | -0.46 |
| H | 3 | 2 | 1 | 3 | -0.61 |
| I | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | -0.63 |
| k1 | -0.55 | -0.53 | -0.53 | -0.39 | 影响因素: D>A>C>B; 最佳组合: A2B3C3D1 |
| k2 | -0.46 | -0.52 | -0.53 | -0.58 | |
| k3 | -0.53 | -0.50 | -0.48 | -0.57 | |
| R | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.19 | |
