1 材料与方法
1.1 材料与试剂
表1 对虾加工副产物和配合饲料营养成分Table 1 Nutrients of prawn processing by-product and compound feed |
| 项目 Items | 对虾加工副产物 Prawn processing by-product | 配合饲料 Compound feed |
|---|---|---|
| 水分Moisture/% | 8.4±0.5 | 14.2±0.2 |
| 粗蛋白质CP/% DM | 15.1±0.2 | 16.3±0.4 |
| 粗纤维CF/% DM | 4.3±0.2 | 7.9±0.2 |
| 粗灰分Ash/% DM | 10.1±0.2 | 7.9±0.2 |
1.2 仪器与设备
1.3 试验方法
1.3.1 试验菌株的活化
1.3.2 种子发酵液的制备
1.3.3 试验菌株生长曲线的测定
1.3.4 正交试验优化复合益生菌中3种菌株的混合比例
表2 正交试验因素水平表Table 2 Factor and level table of orthogonal test |
| 水平 Levels | 因素Factors | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 嗜酸乳杆菌 Lactobacillus acidophilus (A) | 枯草芽孢杆菌 Bacillus subtilis (B) | 产朊假丝酵母 Candida utilis (C) | |
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
1.3.5 单因素试验优化发酵参数
1.3.6 响应面试验确定最佳发酵工艺
表3 响应面试验因素与水平Table 3 Factors and levels of response surface test |
| 水平 Levels | 因素Factors | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 接种量 Inoculation amount (A)/% | 发酵温度 Fermentation temperature (B)/℃ | 发酵时间 Fermentation time (C)/h | |
| -1 | 10 | 36 | 36 |
| 0 | 15 | 38 | 48 |
| 1 | 20 | 40 | 60 |
1.3.7 混合饲料营养成分及pH变化
1.4 测定指标
1.4.1 营养成分的测定
1.4.2 pH的测定
1.4.3 蛋白质水解度的测定
1.5 统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 试验菌株的生长曲线
2.2 正交试验结果
表4 正交试验结果Table 4 Results of orthogonal test |
| 试验号 Test No. | 因素Factors | 蛋白质水解度 Proteolytic degree/% | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 嗜酸乳杆菌 Lactobacillus acidophilus (A) | 枯草芽孢杆菌 Bacillus subtilis (B) | 产朊假丝酵母 Candida utilis (C) | ||
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 16.9 |
| 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 17.2 |
| 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 16.8 |
| 4 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 21.3 |
| 5 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 19.5 |
| 6 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 18.2 |
| 7 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 15.7 |
| 8 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 14.8 |
| 9 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 16.4 |
| K1 | 50.9 | 53.9 | 49.9 | |
| K2 | 59.0 | 51.5 | 54.9 | |
| K3 | 46.9 | 51.4 | 52.0 | |
| k1 | 16.9 | 17.9 | 16.6 | |
| k2 | 19.6 | 17.2 | 18.3 | |
| k3 | 15.6 | 17.1 | 17.3 | |
| 极差R | 4.0 | 0.8 | 1.7 | |
表5 正交试验的方差分析Table 5 Variance analysis for orthogonal test |
| 来源 Sources | 平方和 SS | 自由度 DF | 均方 MS | F值 F-value | P值 P-value | 显著性 Significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | 25.33 | 2 | 12.67 | 37.14 | 0.026 | * |
| B | 1.33 | 2 | 0.67 | 1.96 | 0.338 | NS |
| C | 4.20 | 2 | 2.10 | 6.16 | 0.140 | NS |
2.3 单因素试验结果
2.3.1 接种量
图2 接种量对发酵液pH和蛋白质水解度的影响数据点标注相同小写字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下图同。 Fig.2 Effects of inoculum amount on pH and proteolytic degree of fermentation liquor Data points with the same lowercase letters indicated that the difference was not significant (P>0.05), and with different lowercase letters indicated that the difference was significant (P<0.05). The same as below. |
2.3.2 初始pH
2.3.3 发酵时间
2.3.4 发酵温度
2.3.5 固液比
2.3.6 葡萄糖添加量
2.4 响应面试验结果
表6 响应面试验结果Table 6 Results of response surface test |
| 试验号 Test No. | 因素Factors | 蛋白质水解度 Proteolytic degree/% | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 接种量 Inoculation amount (A)/% | 发酵温度 Fermentation temperature (B)/℃ | 发酵时间 Fermentation time (C)/h | ||
| 1 | 15 | 36 | 60 | 18.91 |
| 2 | 15 | 40 | 60 | 19.87 |
| 3 | 20 | 36 | 48 | 18.69 |
| 4 | 15 | 38 | 48 | 21.58 |
| 5 | 10 | 40 | 48 | 19.98 |
| 6 | 10 | 38 | 60 | 18.28 |
| 7 | 15 | 38 | 48 | 20.98 |
| 8 | 10 | 36 | 48 | 18.12 |
| 9 | 15 | 38 | 48 | 21.69 |
| 10 | 10 | 38 | 36 | 19.41 |
| 11 | 20 | 38 | 36 | 20.18 |
| 12 | 15 | 38 | 48 | 20.59 |
| 13 | 20 | 40 | 48 | 20.21 |
| 14 | 15 | 40 | 36 | 19.01 |
| 15 | 20 | 38 | 36 | 19.69 |
| 16 | 15 | 38 | 48 | 21.21 |
| 17 | 15 | 36 | 36 | 19.23 |
表7 响应面试验的方差分析Table 7 Variance analysis for response surface test |
| 来源Sources | 平方和SS | 自由度DF | 均方MS | F值F-value | P值P-value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 模型Model | 16.84 | 9 | 1.87 | 5.32 | 0.019 2 | ||||||
| A | 0.977 8 | 1 | 0.977 8 | 2.780 0 | 0.139 3 | ||||||
| B | 2.12 | 1 | 2.12 | 6.04 | 0.043 7 | ||||||
| C | 0.038 4 | 1 | 0.038 4 | 0.109 4 | 0.750 5 | ||||||
| AB | 0.028 9 | 1 | 0.028 9 | 0.082 2 | 0.782 6 | ||||||
| AC | 0.150 4 | 1 | 0.150 4 | 0.428 0 | 0.533 9 | ||||||
| BC | 0.348 1 | 1 | 0.348 1 | 0.990 4 | 0.352 8 | ||||||
| A2 | 2.58 | 1 | 2.58 | 7.35 | 0.030 2 | ||||||
| B2 | 4.10 | 1 | 4.10 | 11.67 | 0.011 2 | ||||||
| C2 | 2.55 | 1 | 2.55 | 7.27 | 0.030 8 | ||||||
| 残差Residual | 2.46 | 7 | 0.351 5 | ||||||||
| 失拟项Omission item | 1.54 | 2 | 0.767 8 | 4.15 | 0.086 6 | ||||||
| 误差Error | 0.924 7 | 5 | 0.18 49 | ||||||||
| 合计Total | 19.3 | 16 |
P<0.05表示显著,P<0.01表示极显著;决定系数(R2)=0.872 5,校正决定系数(Adj R2)=0.708 7。 | |
P<0.05 mean significant, and P<0.01 mean extremely significant, coefficient of determination (R2)=0.872 5, and adjusted coefficient of determination (Adj R2)=0.708 7. |
图8 接种量和发酵温度的交互作用图Fig.8 Interaction plot of inoculation amount and fermentation temperature |
图9 接种量和发酵时间的交互作用图Fig.9 Interaction plot of inoculation volume and fermentation time |
2.5 验证试验
2.6 配合饲料与对虾副产物发酵液混合后营养成分含量和pH变化
表8 常规营养成分含量和pH分析Table 8 Analysis of conventional nutrient contents and pH |
| 项目 Items | 配合饲料 Compound feed | 混合饲料 Mixed feed | 均值差 MD | P值 P-value | 显著性 Significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 水分Moisture/% | 14.2 | 15.8 | 1.6 | 0.186 | NS |
| 粗蛋白质CP/% DM | 16.3 | 25.4 | 9.1 | <0.001 | *** |
| 粗纤维CF/% DM | 7.9 | 6.2 | 1.7 | 0.006 | ** |
| 粗灰分Ash/% DM | 7.9 | 9.3 | 1.4 | <0.001 | *** |
| pH | 5.4 | 5.3 | 0.1 | 0.151 | NS |
表9 氨基酸含量分析(干物质基础)Table 9 Analysis of amino acid contents (DM basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 配合饲料 Compound feed | 混合饲料 Mixed feed | 均值差 MD | P值 P-value | 显著性 Significance | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 总氨基酸Total amino acids | 13.56 | 16.19 | 2.63 | 0.002 | ** | ||||||
| 苯丙氨酸Phe | 0.73 | 0.86 | 0.13 | <0.001 | *** | ||||||
| 丙氨酸Ala | 0.80 | 0.83 | 0.03 | 0.327 | NS | ||||||
| 甘氨酸Gly | 0.62 | 0.70 | 0.08 | 0.007 | ** | ||||||
| 谷氨酸Glu | 2.71 | 3.00 | 0.29 | 0.105 | NS | ||||||
| 精氨酸Arg | 0.85 | 0.97 | 0.12 | 0.075 | NS | ||||||
| 赖氨酸Lys | 0.81 | 0.98 | 0.16 | <0.001 | *** | ||||||
| 酪氨酸Tyr | 0.35 | 0.39 | 0.04 | 0.103 | NS | ||||||
| 亮氨酸Leu | 1.27 | 1.37 | 0.10 | 0.018 | * | ||||||
| 脯氨酸Pro | 0.88 | 0.99 | 0.11 | 0.085 | NS | ||||||
| 丝氨酸Ser | 0.76 | 0.83 | 0.07 | 0.347 | NS | ||||||
| 苏氨酸Thr | 0.58 | 0.63 | 0.05 | 0.227 | NS | ||||||
| 天门冬氨酸Asp | 1.43 | 1.52 | 0.08 | 0.066 | NS | ||||||
| 缬氨酸Val | 0.64 | 0.72 | 0.08 | 0.177 | NS |
