REVIEW

Research Progress on Effects of Arginine on Placental Barrier Transport Function in Gestating Sows

  • FENG Ziyan ,
  • CHE Dongsheng , * ,
  • REN Na ,
  • ZHANG Tianrui
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  • Jilin Provincial Pig Industry Technology Innovation Center, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
*professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2025-03-18

  Online published: 2025-10-15

Abstract

Placental trophoblast cells serve as the main functional part of the placental barrier. The transport proteins and tight junction proteins within them play a crucial role in maintaining the homeostasis of the placental internal environment and the transport of nutrients during pregnancy. Arginine, as a conditionally essential amino acid with multiple metabolic regulatory functions, not only participates in protein synthesis but also can specifically regulate the expression of nutrient transport proteins in placental trophoblast cells and the integrity of the placental barrier structure by activating key pathways of body metabolism, thereby improving the transport efficiency of placental nutrients. This article systematically elaborates on the main regulatory proteins in the transport function of the placental barrier and their significance during the pregnancy stage of sows. It focuses on analyzing the molecular regulatory pathways of the placental barrier and transport function mediated by arginine metabolism, aiming to provide a reference for the application of functional amino acids in the reproductive nutrition of sows.

Cite this article

FENG Ziyan , CHE Dongsheng , REN Na , ZHANG Tianrui . Research Progress on Effects of Arginine on Placental Barrier Transport Function in Gestating Sows[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2025 , 37(10) : 6489 -6500 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2025.526

随着现代遗传育种技术的快速发展,高繁殖性能母猪对营养物质需求更为严苛。母猪在妊娠期间常出现营养物质供给与胎儿需求不匹配的现象,易引发胎儿生长受限、弱仔率升高等问题[1-2]。同时,集约化养殖中的热应激[3]和饲养密度不当[4]等,可能会通过影响营养物质的摄入,进而抑制胎盘中与营养物质运输和代谢相关的蛋白表达。由于妊娠母猪胎盘的营养物质转运能力依赖于胎盘细胞中的紧密连接蛋白和营养物质转运载体蛋白的正常表达,因此,当胎盘细胞中的紧密连接蛋白和营养物质转运载体蛋白表达异常时,胎盘功能将会受损[5-6],胎盘将无法高效完成母体与胎儿间的物质交换,进而影响胎儿正常发育,甚至增加死胎风险。近年来的研究显示,在妊娠饲粮中合理补充功能性氨基酸(functional amino acids,FAAs)(如蛋氨酸和亮氨酸等)能够通过激活妊娠母猪胎盘中的相关信号通路,改善胎盘血管的生成,并提高胎盘中相关营养物质转运载体蛋白的表达[7-8]L-精氨酸(L-arginine,L-Arg)是目前研究较多的FAAs,这方面研究也包括其对胎盘屏障相关转运通道蛋白的影响,以及相关的分子调控机制。本文综述了L-Arg调控妊娠母猪胎盘屏障营养物质转运功能的分子调控机制,为母猪妊娠期FAAs的应用提供参考。

1 母猪胎盘屏障与营养物质转运概述

1.1 母猪胎盘的形成过程

胎盘作为母体与胎儿进行物质交换的关键器官,其结构与功能的精密调控对胎儿营养供给具有重要影响[9]。母猪胎盘属于非蜕膜弥散型上皮绒毛膜胎盘[10],其绒毛膜与子宫壁的松散黏附特性不仅利于分娩剥离,更为营养物质交换提供动态调节空间。母猪胎盘的形成开始于胚胎定植阶段,胚泡在妊娠第12天于子宫角内形成规则的间隔,通过雌激素、孕酮及多个生长因子和细胞因子的协同作用,激活子宫内膜上皮细胞增殖及分泌功能,促使滋养层细胞与子宫内膜建立稳定黏附[11]。胚胎着床后,滋养层细胞迅速进入增殖活跃期并分化为2层,外层为合体滋养层,内层为细胞滋养层。合体滋养层细胞具有很强的侵蚀能力,会逐渐侵入母猪的子宫内膜,与母体的血管建立联系。胎盘生长发育主要为滋养层细胞增殖、分化、浸润和融合过程,滋养层细胞具有增殖能力,能够不断分裂补充合体滋养层细胞[12]。随着滋养层细胞的进一步发育,合体滋养层和细胞滋养层构成绒毛结构,这些绒毛状结构不断分支和生长,最终形成绒毛膜。绒毛膜是胎盘的重要组成部分,它与母体子宫内膜紧密相连,为胎盘屏障的形成提供了基础结构。当绒毛膜与母体子宫内膜紧密结合后,胎盘屏障开始逐渐形成。营养物质在母猪胎盘中的传递需要经过6层组织的胎盘屏障,依次为母体子宫内膜上皮、结缔组织、血管内皮,以及胎儿绒毛膜上皮、结缔组织、血管内皮[13-14],其中位于胎儿绒毛膜上皮的胎盘滋养层细胞在胎盘屏障结构的形成以及胎盘屏障功能的正常运行中发挥着重要的作用。

1.2 母猪胎盘屏障的转运功能

胎盘是母体与胎儿之间进行物质交换的重要器官,可以介导水、气体以及小分子营养物质的转运。胎盘屏障结构中的合体滋养层细胞与胎儿的毛细血管在调控胎盘的营养物质运输过程中起关键作用[15],因此胎盘屏障的正常运行是维持胎盘内环境稳态以及胎盘发挥正常生理功能的必要前提。营养物质需要通过扩散、主动运输和胞饮等方式通过胎盘屏障[16]。水是细胞和组织的主要成分,胎儿身体70%~90%的成分是水,其液体平衡依赖于母体。水在细胞之间可以顺着浓度梯度通过胎盘细胞膜的脂质双分子层进行简单扩散,由于母体和胎儿体内的渗透压存在差异,水会从渗透压低的一侧向渗透压高的一侧扩散。同时,胎盘滋养层细胞表面的水通道蛋白(aquaporin,AQP)能够选择性地允许水分子快速通过细胞膜,提高了水的转运效率[17]。此外,氨基酸和葡萄糖等营养物质在胎盘屏障中的转运依赖于胎盘滋养层细胞的营养物质转运载体[如氨基酸转运载体和葡萄糖转运载体(glucose transporter,GLUT)][18-19]等特异性转运载体,通过主动运输将血液中的营养物质转运给胎儿,以满足胎儿生长发育的需求。值得注意的是,胎盘的屏障保护功能是胎盘发挥转运功能的重要基础,由闭锁小带蛋白(zonula occludens,ZO)-1、闭合蛋白(Occludin)和密封蛋白(Claudin)等紧密连接蛋白形成的紧密连接结构[20-21],是影响细胞屏障通透性的关键因素。
综上所述,胎盘滋养层细胞作为胎盘屏障的关键组成部分,通过表达特异性转运载体和受体实现对营养物质的选择性摄取和转运,利用紧密连接和免疫防御机制阻挡有害物质,同时受多种因素调节以维持胎盘屏障完整性和保障胎儿营养物质供应,在胎盘屏障发挥物质转运过程中发挥着关键作用。

2 调控胎盘屏障转运功能的关键蛋白

2.1 AQP

水在胎盘生理活动中具有多重关键作用,水既是细胞结构基础与物质交换介质,又可维持细胞间渗透压平衡并参与羊水形成,对胎儿保护及发育至关重要。AQP家族在水的跨膜转运这一关键环节中发挥着重要作用[22],该家族在哺乳动物生殖系统中至少有13种AQP表达[23]。在母猪胎盘中,AQP1、AQP5、AQP8、AQP9在水从子宫内膜血流转运至尿囊液的复杂路径中协同发挥作用[24]。由于这些不同亚型的AQP在胎盘上呈差异化分布,各自又具有独特的功能特性,所以当它们的表达水平出现变化时,将会引发胎盘局部微环境的连锁反应,进而对母猪的妊娠过程及胎儿的发育产生影响。胎盘屏障AQP家族的分布及功能特性见表1[25-36]
表1 胎盘屏障AQP家族的分布及功能特性

Table 1 Distribution and functional characteristics of AQP family in placental barrier

名称
Names
分类
Classification
转运底物
Transport
substrate
分布位置
Distribution
location
功能特性
Functional
characteristics
参考文献
References
水通道蛋白1
AQP1
经典水通
道蛋白
水、一氧化氮
(NO)
血管内皮细胞 促进NO进入血管平滑肌细胞,
激活鸟苷酸环化酶,可能在胎盘
血管生成过程中发挥关键作用
[25-27]
水通道蛋白3
AQP3
水甘油通
道蛋白
水、甘油、
尿素
滋养层细胞、
间质细胞
与滋养层细胞的增殖、分化以及
组织结构形成的精确调控有关
[28-30]
水通道蛋白5、
水通道蛋白8
AQP5, AQP8
经典水通
道蛋白
水、
小分子溶质
滋养层细胞、
血管内皮细胞
促进过氧化氢(H2O2)的跨膜运输,
诱导紧密连接蛋白上调
[31-33]
水通道蛋白9
AQP9
水甘油通
道蛋白
水、甘油、
尿素、乳酸
滋养层细胞、
内皮细胞
主要负责能量底物的跨膜传递,
还可能与滋养层细胞凋亡和迁移有关
[34-36]

2.2 营养物质转运载体

在整个妊娠过程中,发育中的胎儿依赖于从母体到胎儿循环的营养物质经胎盘供应。胎儿胎盘生长所需的主要营养物质包括葡萄糖、氨基酸和脂肪酸[37],它们的运输依赖于胎盘滋养层细胞中丰富的转运载体[14]。在怀孕母猪所需的营养物质中,氨基酸在胎盘生长中起着最重要的作用,因为它们既参与合成足够的蛋白质来支持滋养层细胞的增殖,又是合成含氮物质的前体[38]。但是,在实际生产过程中,为防止母猪白色脂肪过度沉积,通常采用限制饲喂,以避免母猪过多的能量摄入,这会导致母猪及其胚胎氨基酸供应不足[39]。另外,由于母猪胎盘无法从头合成多种氨基酸,也不能将谷氨酸和脯氨酸等转化为L-Arg,因此,胎盘所需的氨基酸主要从母体血液中摄取[38]。但是,氨基酸在胎盘上的转运是一个复杂的过程,需要通过合体滋养层的微绒毛质膜和基底质膜,这个过程由多种氨基酸转运载体蛋白介导[40-41]。目前,关于胎盘中氨基酸转运载体的大量研究聚焦于溶质载体(solute carrier,SLC)家族,根据运输特性可以将其划分为系统A、系统L、系统y+L和系统ASC等[42-43],其中系统A和系统L的活性被证实与宫内生长受限(IUGR)有关[44]。母猪胎盘主要氨基酸转运载体及分类见表2
表2 母猪胎盘主要氨基酸转运载体及分类

Table 2 Main amino acid transporters and classification in sow placenta

系统名称
System names
SLC蛋白
SLC protein
转运方式
Transport pattern
转运底物
Transport substrate
X-AG SLC1A3 钠离子(Na+)依赖性主动运输 酸性氨基酸(谷氨酸、天冬氨酸)
ASC SLC1A5 Na+依赖性易化扩散 丙氨酸、谷氨酰胺、丝氨酸
b0+ SLC3A1 异源二聚体重链
胱氨酸、精氨酸、赖氨酸
SLC7A9 Na+非依赖性交换运输
y+ SLC7A1
Na+非依赖性易化扩散

阳离子氨基酸(精氨酸、赖氨酸)
SLC7A2
y+L SLC7A7 Na+依赖性交换运输 阳离子氨基酸与中性氨基酸交换
L SLC7A8
Na+非依赖性易化扩散
亮氨酸、丙氨酸、丝氨酸
SLC16A10 芳香族氨基酸
PAT SLC36A1
Na+依赖性主动运输

脯氨酸、甘氨酸
SLC36A4
A SLC38A1 Na+依赖性主动运输 丙氨酸、谷氨酰胺
葡萄糖是胎儿和胎盘的主要能量来源,由于胎儿体内只能合成少量的葡萄糖,因此胎儿依赖于母体的葡萄糖供应[45]。为了满足胎儿的需求,葡萄糖的母胎转运过程是通过胎盘滋养层细胞中的GLUT介导的钠离子非依赖性扩散来实现的,根据序列相似性,GLUT的14个成员[GLUT1~GLUT12、GLUT14和氢离子/肌醇转运载体(H+/myo-inositol transporter,HMIT)]又可以进一步分为3类[19]。其中,GLUT1是大多数细胞摄取葡萄糖的转运蛋白;而GLUT3是对葡萄糖具有高亲和力和高容量的转运蛋白[46];GLUT8不仅对葡萄糖具有高亲和力,还可以转运果糖[47]。研究证明,GLUT3和GLUT8在母猪的滋养外胚层中大量表达,将葡萄糖运输到胎盘中,葡萄糖通过糖酵解代谢,从而支持母猪胎盘和胎儿的发育[48]
此外,由于母猪胎盘对脂肪酸的运输能力较弱[49],且目前在滋养层细胞中所发现的SLC基因里,只有SLC27A4和SLC27A6以长链脂肪酸的形式运输脂质[50-51],且这2种基因在滋养层细胞中均不高度表达,因此本部分主要对氨基酸和葡萄糖的转运载体进行综述。

2.3 紧密连接蛋白

机械屏障由完整的黏膜上皮细胞和一系列细胞间连接组成,包括紧密连接、黏附连接、间隙连接和桥粒,其中紧密连接是核心结构[52]。ZO-1、Occludin和Claudin共同组成的紧密连接结构在维持胎盘结构稳定以及选择性物质转运功能的正常运行中发挥着重要作用[53-54]。ZO属于膜相关鸟苷酸激酶蛋白家族,目前已鉴定出3种亚型,ZO-1、ZO-2和ZO-3,其中ZO-1是第1个被发现的紧密连接蛋白,在ZO家族中起着最主要的作用[55],具有多个专门与其他紧密连接蛋白相互作用的结构域,能够与Occludin、Claudin和ZO-2等结合形成紧密连接屏障,被认为是紧密连接结构的支架蛋白[56]。此外,研究发现,ZO-1主要位于胎盘的细胞滋养层细胞中,以及细胞滋养层细胞和合体滋养层细胞之间的细胞间边界[57],敲除ZO-1基因会造成小鼠胎盘发育受损[58],这表明ZO-1参与到胎盘发育、维持胎盘正常功能以及胎盘滋养层细胞的分化中。Occludin是一种跨膜蛋白,结构上包含4个跨膜结构域、2个细胞外环以及1个羧基末端,羧基末端通过卷曲螺旋结构与ZO-1和ZO-2等结合,锚定在细胞骨架上[59]。Occludin与细胞的通透性有关,可以根据细胞的需求,有选择性地允许营养物质通过,而对于大分子有害物质,则起到有效的阻挡作用[60]。另外,研究发现,在小鼠不同发育阶段的胚胎中用Occludin抗体处理,结果表明,Occludin通过调控紧密连接的组装与功能,在小鼠植入前胚胎的囊胚腔形成、细胞旁通透性屏障建立及滋养外胚层分化中起核心作用[61]。Claudin是位于上皮细胞中细胞紧密连接的黏附因子,主要参与了紧密连接结构的离子选择性和屏障功能,不同亚型的Claudin在胎盘中的表达具有特异性[62-63]。此外,Claudin还可能参与到胚胎着床、蜕膜化、囊胚的形成以及胚胎发育的生理活动中[64]。例如,研究发现,Claudin-3敲除的小鼠蜕膜化受损,滋养层细胞侵入深度呈减少趋势,影响早期胚胎发育,并降低胚胎体重;结果提示,Claudin-3可能通过调控紧密连接功能影响子宫微环境,进而抑制滋养层细胞侵入和蜕膜基因表达,在蜕膜化和胚胎发育中发挥关键作用[65]

3 精氨酸对胎盘屏障转运功能的调控作用

L-Arg作为母猪妊娠期间的一种FAAs,可以通过代谢生成一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)、鸟氨酸、瓜氨酸和多胺等物质,促进胎盘血管的发育并调节血管通透性[66]。目前,关于母猪妊娠期间饲粮添加L-Arg对母猪繁殖性能影响的机制研究中发现,L-Arg通过促进胎盘血管发育和胎盘滋养层细胞中相关转运通道的基因表达水平,提高胎盘对营养物质的传递效率及含量,使胎儿获得充足的营养物质用于自身的生长发育[67-70]。因此,L-Arg对胎盘屏障主要转运通道蛋白具有调控作用。

3.1 精氨酸对AQP的调控作用

Herring等[69]和Zhu等[70]研究发现,在妊娠母猪早期饲粮中补充L-Arg,提升了胎盘对水和氨基酸的转运,并且提高了胎盘中部分AQP的基因表达水平。研究发现,这并非L-Arg的直接作用结果,而是有一系列复杂的分子机制参与到AQP的调控中。一方面,L-Arg作为NO合成的前体物质,在内皮型一氧化氮合酶(endothelial nitric oxide synthase,eNOS)的催化作用下发生代谢反应,生成NO[71]。NO作为一种重要的细胞间信号分子通过激活可溶性鸟苷酸环化酶(sGC),能够促使细胞内环磷酸鸟苷(cyclic guanosine monophosphate,cGMP)含量的升高,间接影响环磷酸腺苷(cyclic adenosine monophosphate,cAMP)的代谢,进而分别激活相应的蛋白激酶A(protein kinase A,PKA)和蛋白激酶G(protein kinase G,PKG)[72],这也与Herring等[69]的试验中饲粮补充L-Arg会提高母猪胎盘中cAMP和cGMP含量的研究结果相符。一些AQP不仅参与水的运输,还作为cGMP的门控跨膜通道[73-74]。cAMP依赖的PKA通过对部分AQP(如AQP1、AQP2和AQP5)上的特定丝氨酸位点进行磷酸化修饰,以调节相关AQP在细胞质膜上的丰度及定位[75]L-Arg可以通过cAMP-PKA通路调控母猪胎盘滋养外胚层细胞AQP3的表达[76]。此外,加入cGMP的膜渗透类似物或腺苷酸环化酶的高效激活剂,可以促进视网膜色素上皮[73]和猪胎盘滋养外胚层细胞[76]的水转运效率。以上研究证明,L-Arg可以通过NO-cGMP和cAMP依赖性途径,促进母猪胎盘的水转运效率以及调控AQP的表达水平。另一方面,L-Arg水平的升高可以激活猪胎盘滋养外胚层细胞的哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)信号通路和蛋白质的合成[77]。mTOR信号通路在调控胎盘细胞的增殖、分化及物质转运过程中发挥着关键作用。在胎盘发育早期,mTOR信号通路的激活能够促进滋养层细胞的增殖,为胎盘结构的形成奠定基础。随着胎盘的进一步发育,mTOR信号通路通过激活2个关键下游靶点核糖体蛋白S6激酶(S6K)和真核翻译起始因子4E结合蛋白1(4EBP1)调控滋养层细胞的增殖、分化与凋亡[78]。在对AQP的调控方面,目前虽然没有直接证据表明L-Arg通过mTOR信号通路调控AQP的表达。但是,研究发现,胰岛素和瘦素可以通过mTOR信号通路调控AQP3和AQP9的表达,当抑制mTOR后,这种调控作用也会受到抑制[79],提示mTOR信号通路可能在AQP的调控中发挥着作用。另外,研究发现,mTOR通路可以调节AQP2的表达,当mTOR和S6K蛋白的磷酸化水平下降后,AQP2的表达受到抑制[80]。此外,当mTOR信号通路受到抑制后,也会阻止AQP1在细胞质膜上的易位[81]。根据上述研究推测,L-Arg可能通过激活mTOR信号通路,进而调节下游靶点蛋白的磷酸化水平,影响AQP的表达及定位,但关于L-Arg通过mTOR信号通路对AQP调控的分子机制仍需进一步验证。
综上所述,L-Arg可能通过mTOR信号通路和NO途径调控母猪胎盘组织中AQP的表达水平,在母猪妊娠饲粮中补充适宜水平的L-Arg,会上调AQP的表达。由于AQP通过调控水的跨膜运输,在胎盘、羊膜、胎儿肾脏及胃肠道等组织中特异性表达,协同参与羊水的生成、吸收与循环,确保羊水量的动态平衡。因此,AQP的功能协同对维持羊水稳态至关重要,其表达或定位异常可能会引发羊水代谢紊乱,严重时会导致相关妊娠疾病。

3.2 精氨酸对营养物质转运载体的调控作用

在精氨酸酶和鸟氨酸脱羧酶的催化作用下,L-Arg可以代谢生成多胺,包括腐胺、亚精胺和精胺[66,82],饲粮补充L-Arg和多胺能够调节营养物质转运载体的基因表达水平。Duan等[83]研究发现,在妊娠母猪饲粮中补充亚精胺可以显著提高胎盘组织中氨基酸转运载体SLC7A7和GLUT SLC2A2的基因表达水平。类似的,饲粮中补充精胺可以显著提高仔猪肠道SLC7A7、SLC1A1和SLC1A5等氨基酸转运载体的基因表达水平[84]。另外,初产母马饲粮补充L-Arg使GLUT1的基因表达水平具有升高的趋势[85]。上述研究提示,L-Arg及其代谢产物多胺可能对胎盘的营养物质转运载体存在调控作用,其具体的分子机制可能是L-Arg的补充可以激活mTOR信号通路,而mTOR信号通路在营养物质转运载体的调控中发挥着重要作用。在氨基酸转运载体调控方面,研究发现,mTOR信号通路可以调控胎盘关键氨基酸转运载体的活性和氨基酸转运载体的基因表达水平,当抑制mTOR信号通路后,氨基酸转运载体的活性也会降低[86]。在低蛋白质饮食的大鼠母体模型中,胎盘氨基酸转运载体的表达水平下调与mTOR信号通路被抑制有关[87]。另外,在人IUGR的胎盘中,系统A转运载体活性的降低与相关亚型的泛素化水平提高以及在合体滋养层微绒毛质膜中的蛋白表达降低有关,其根本原因是哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白复合物1(mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1,mTORC1)受到抑制[88]。氨基酸在胎盘中的转运受损是IUGR的常见特征,在人IUGR中以及由膳食蛋白质限制诱导的IUGR动物模型中都报道了胎盘氨基酸转运载体活性或表达的降低[87-89]。mTORC1在胎盘营养感应中发挥重要作用,由IUGR导致的氨基酸转运受损,会抑制胎盘中mTORC1的表达[90]。此外,研究发现,在IUGR小鼠饲粮中补充L-Arg可以通过增强胎盘氨基酸转运载体的表达水平,促进胎盘对氨基酸的转运[91]。结合L-Arg可激活mTORC1通过促使S6K磷酸化水平升高从而提高蛋白质的合成速率[92],可以推测L-Arg可以通过激活mTORC1,增强胎盘中氨基酸转运载体的活性以及表达水平,提高胎盘对氨基酸的转运效率;当mTORC1受到抑制时,氨基酸转运载体的泛素化水平提高以及在质膜的蛋白表达降低,从而抑制了氨基酸转运载体的活性,导致胎盘对氨基酸的转运受损。在GLUT调控方面,mTOR信号通路可以促进GLUT1在细胞膜上的正确定位,抑制该通路则会导致GLUT1在细胞内部聚集,这种对营养物质转运载体在细胞膜上定位的调控,确保了GLUT1能够准确地在细胞膜上发挥作用[93]。在棕色脂肪细胞中发现,哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白复合物2(mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2,mTORC2)可以参与介导GLUT1易位到质膜[94]。mTORC2激活后可以通过调控下游靶点蛋白的磷酸化水平,调节小鼠肌肉组织对葡萄糖的摄取[95]。以上研究结果表明,mTORC2可以通过调控GLUT1在细胞膜上的定位,促进细胞对葡萄糖的转运。使用雷帕霉素抑制mTOR信号通路,会降低细胞中GLUT1的表达水平以及对葡萄糖的摄取[96],这也进一步验证了mTOR信号通路对GLUT1的调控作用。此外,研究发现,抑制mTORC1和mTORC2的信号传导后,会不同程度地影响GLUT1、GLUT3和GLUT4的转录和翻译水平[97]。根据上述研究推测,L-Arg可能通过激活mTOR信号通路,调控GLUT在细胞膜上的精确定位及表达水平,进而影响胎盘细胞对葡萄糖的转运。
综上所述,L-Arg可能通过mTOR信号通路调控母猪胎盘细胞中营养物质转运载体的活性、表达水平以及在细胞中的易位,通过使营养物质在质膜上的精确定位,避免其在胞内聚集,提高胎盘对营养物质的转运效率。除了影响转录水平外,广泛的调节因子、mRNA和蛋白稳定、膜易位、转录速率以及翻译后修饰也会影响营养物质转运载体的水平和功能。

3.3 精氨酸对紧密连接蛋白的调控作用

L-Arg可能通过多条代谢通路调节紧密连接蛋白的表达,调控细胞或组织的屏障功能。例如,L-Arg可能通过激活mTOR信号通路,调控紧密连接蛋白的表达水平。研究发现,采用L-Arg处理绵羊肠道上皮细胞后,可以通过激活mTOR信号通路,降低细胞炎症因子的表达,并通过提高紧密连接蛋白的基因表达水平,调节细胞的屏障功能[98]。在诱导的肠道损伤和结肠炎的小鼠模型中,菊粉和丁酸梭菌等激活mTOR信号通路后,可以显著提高紧密连接蛋白的表达水平[99-100]。另外,研究发现,使用L-Arg进行卵内注射后,可以提高mTOR的磷酸化蛋白丰度,并上调出雏后肉鸡肠道紧密连接蛋白的表达[101]。以上研究提示,紧密连接蛋白表达的变化可能与mTOR的激活有关。目前,缺乏直接证据表明L-Arg可以通过mTOR信号通路的激活,调控紧密连接蛋白表达的具体分子机制。但是,根据现有研究结果推测,L-Arg可以通过激活mTOR信号通路,刺激猪滋养层细胞的增殖和分化[102],而细胞增殖在维持屏障功能方面起着重要作用。当肉鸡空肠mTOR信号通路受到抑制后,细胞增殖也会受到影响,从而损害细胞的完整性和屏障功能[103]。紧密连接相关蛋白,包括ZO-1、Occludin和Claudin-1,在维持细胞间连接和细胞屏障方面起重要作用[104-105]。因此,L-Arg可能通过激活mTOR信号通路,促进细胞增殖和调控紧密连接蛋白的表达水平,以维持细胞的紧密连接以及屏障功能。另外,研究发现,当mTOR信号通路受到抑制时,会下调紧密连接蛋白的表达,重新激活mTOR信号通路后,会缓解mTOR抑制造成的负面影响[106],这也进一步证明了mTOR信号通路对紧密连接蛋白表达的调控作用。L-Arg还可以通过激活腺苷单磷酸活化蛋白激酶(adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase,AMPK)信号通路,调控紧密连接蛋白的表达与生成[107]。当AMPK信号通路被抑制后,会导致紧密连接蛋白表达的下调,添加二甲双胍能显著阻止这种减少并且恢复紧密连接蛋白的组装,这种作用依赖于AMPK信号通路的激活[108]。此外,AMPK信号通路的激活还可以促进ZO-1在细胞中的定位发生相应改变[109]
综上可知,L-Arg可以通过mTOR信号通路影响细胞增殖和调控紧密连接蛋白的表达水平,以维持细胞紧密连接结构的稳定以及屏障功能;L-Arg也可以激活AMPK信号通路通过调控紧密连接蛋白组装及定位,调节细胞中紧密连接蛋白的表达水平;L-Arg还可以通过降低细胞炎症因子的表达,减轻炎症对细胞紧密连接结构的损伤。此外,3种紧密连接蛋白的功能耦合形成多层次调控网络:ZO-1与多种细胞骨架蛋白结合,并在紧密连接结构中起支持作用;Occludin控制物质运输的物理屏障;Claudin定制离子通道特性,共同实现营养高效转运与选择性屏障。因此,由ZO-1、Occludin和Claudin组成的紧密连接结构对胎盘整体功能的发挥存在着至关重要的作用。

4 小结与展望

综上所述,在母猪妊娠期饲粮中补充L-Arg可以通过mTOR信号通路、NO途径和AMPK信号通路等多条代谢途径,调控胎盘屏障的转运功能,进而影响母猪的繁殖性能。本文综述了L-Arg调控胎盘屏障转运功能的分子机制,旨在通过对L-Arg调控机制的深入探讨,完善其影响母猪繁殖性能的理论体系。尽管本综述提及L-Arg通过多条信号通路调控胎盘屏障转运功能相关蛋白的表达,但具体分子机制尚未完全明确,各通路之间的协同与制衡关系尚不清晰,在母猪胎盘这一特定环境下的精细调控机制有待深入挖掘。此外,L-Arg与转运蛋白和紧密连接蛋白之间的直接相互作用方式和位点也缺乏详细研究,限制了对其调控机制的深入理解。随着多组学等技术的发展,未来有望通过整合多组学数据,全面分析L-Arg处理后母猪胎盘在基因表达、蛋白丰度和代谢物水平的变化,构建完整的分子调控网络。此外,未来研究可利用基因编辑技术,精准探究L-Arg与转运蛋白、紧密连接蛋白之间的直接相互作用方式和位点,深入挖掘精氨酸调控胎盘屏障转运功能的分子机制。
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