REVIEW

Research Progress on Properties and Functions of Dietary Fiber and Its Application in Poultry Production

  • FAN Hailu ,
  • ZHANG Bo ,
  • ZHANG Hao , *
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  • College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
*professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2025-03-13

  Online published: 2025-10-15

Abstract

Dietary fiber possesses physicochemical properties such as strong water-holding capacity and high solubility, which can be obtained through plant extraction or artificial synthesis. It exhibits various physiological functions including promoting metabolism, improving gut microbiota structure, regulating blood glucose, and softening feces. These rich biological characteristics have made it widely applied in the field of feed additives. While dietary fiber can enhance gastrointestinal development, strengthen immune responses, regulate lipid metabolism, and mitigate environmental pollution in poultry production, its effects are influenced by poultry species, growth stages, fiber sources, and physicochemical properties. Excessive supplementation may inhibit poultry growth. This review summarizes the physicochemical properties, physiological functions, and research progress in the application of dietary fiber in poultry feed, aiming to provide scientific references for poultry production practices.

Cite this article

FAN Hailu , ZHANG Bo , ZHANG Hao . Research Progress on Properties and Functions of Dietary Fiber and Its Application in Poultry Production[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2025 , 37(10) : 6501 -6509 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2025.527

饲粮纤维(dDF)是一种聚合度≥3的可食用碳水化合物聚合物,其难以被小肠消化吸收,但能在大肠中被完全或部分发酵[1]。饲粮纤维的黏度、溶解度、持水性等理化性质随其来源、产地、提取过程而呈现较大差异[2],其主要来源于植物,可通过物理、化学、酶解的方法从植物中提取或人工合成[3]。短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)是肠道微生物发酵饲粮纤维的最终产物,在维持肠道和全身稳态、影响葡萄糖代谢、炎症和免疫功能等方面具有重要作用[4]。饲粮纤维不同的理化性质构成了其丰富的生理功能,能够软化粪便稠度、增加粪便重量、提高排便频率、降低胆固醇、调节心血管疾病、预防肠道疾病并减少患病风险[5-7]。在家禽饲粮中添加适量纤维,有助于改善新陈代谢、维持肠道健康、调节脂质代谢等[8-9],从而提高家禽生长性能,产出健康优质的肉蛋制品。目前,在动物饲粮中添加纤维已被视为维持消化道健康、促进营养物质吸收的重要举措,2024年该市场的全球规模预计达到51亿~70亿美元[10],而全球家禽市场规模达到4 323.1亿美元[11],占据动物饲粮纤维市场的主要份额。然而,家禽的生长发育与饲粮纤维的相互作用受到纤维来源、添加比例、饲料配方以及家禽品种的影响[12]。本文对饲粮纤维的理化性质和生理功能及其在家禽生产中的应用进行综述,为饲粮纤维在家禽生产中的合理利用提供参考。

1 饲粮纤维的分类

饲粮纤维是一种可食用的植物性成分,包括纤维素、半纤维素、木质素、果胶、亲水胶体物质,以及不被人和动物消化酶所分解的物质,如角质、抗性淀粉、抗性低聚糖、改性纤维素、寡糖以及少量相关成分等,可根据溶解度、来源、肠道发酵程度将其进行分类,见表1。通常分为可溶性纤维(SDF)及不溶性纤维(IDF),且SDF含量低于IDF含量[13]。饲粮纤维可通过物理、化学、生物等多种方法进行改性,而不同的改性方法会使其组分和结构特征发生变化[14]。物理萃取可有效提高SDF占总纤维的比例;采用酸碱溶解杂质提取纤维的化学方法,虽过程简易且经济成本较低,但残留的化学试剂会导致原料中纤维的流失[15];而酶解法比化学酸碱法提取的SDF有更强的体外抗氧化能力,且持油力较好[16]
表1 饲粮纤维的分类

Table 1 Classification of dietary fiber

分类标准
Classification criteria
类别
Category
常见种类
Common types
参考文献
References

溶解性
Solubility
可溶性纤维 果胶、菊粉、瓜尔胶、β-葡聚糖等 [17]
不可溶性纤维 纤维素、半纤维素、木质素等 [18]


来源
Source
植物类纤维 纤维素、半纤维素、木质素、阿拉伯树胶等 [19]
动物类纤维 软骨类、胶原、壳聚糖、甲壳素等 [20]
微生物类纤维 黄原胶、真菌多糖等 [21]
人工合成类纤维 甲基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素及其钠盐 [22]

肠道内发酵程度
Colonic fermentation extent
部分发酵类纤维 纤维素、半纤维素、木质素、角质、植物蜡等 [20]
完全发酵类纤维 果胶、海藻胶、菊粉、阿拉伯胶、β-葡聚糖等 [20]

2 饲粮纤维的理化性质

2.1 水合特性

饲粮纤维的水合特性主要表现为持水力、吸水膨胀力和水溶性,这与其结合水分子的能力、分子结构中亲水基团的丰富程度、微观结构的比表面积大小以及孔隙的密集程度密切相关,这些因素越优越,纤维的水合特性就越好[23-24]。另外,水溶性与SDF含量呈正相关,是SDF含量的一项重要参考指标。高水合特性SDF在体外渗透压的驱动下,会干扰葡萄糖沿渗透压梯度的扩散,减少自由水并降低水的流动性,从而降低葡萄糖的扩散[25]。SDF还可形成膨胀的水合网络增加胃肠道黏度,进而延迟胃排空,增加消化物在胃肠道内的运输时间,影响饱腹感[23]

2.2 黏度特性

黏度是饲粮纤维作为黏合剂或增稠剂的一个重要因素,当多糖具有剪切稀化特性(黏度随着剪切速率的增加而降低)时,能够优化食物口感[26]。黏度与纤维分子量、构象、粒径、微观结构、比表面积、单糖组成等内在因素有关。饲粮纤维黏度的作用主要体现在肠道,黏度较高时饲粮纤维接近于凝胶状态,可为粪便提供润滑,影响胃肠道的排空。在调节肠道微生物群发酵时,饲粮纤维会产生如乙酸、丙酸和丁酸等挥发性脂肪酸,通过影响宿主糖基转移酶的表达来调节结肠黏蛋白O-糖基化,使黏蛋白的糖基化模式改变,影响肠道微生物与黏液层的相互作用,有助于维持肠道微生物群落的平衡[7]

2.3 持油特性

持油特性可用于衡量饲粮纤维吸附油脂的能力,取决于其亲水胶体的表面特性、微观结构、粒径、总电荷密度和疏水性(亲脂基团数量)等[27]。当SDF具有多孔且比表面积较高的特性时,有效作用面积会增大,从而增强纤维对油脂的吸附力。在6~9 kGy(辐射剂量)的γ-辐照强度下,脐橙皮SDF的持油力逐渐增加并趋于稳定,最高达到1.53 g/g,这可能是辐照引发的多糖解离和降解,改变了其在油/水体系中的空间结构,产生更多与油结合的疏水区域,进而提升持油力[28]。当饲粮纤维持油力较大时,还可吸附多余的脂质。

2.4 发酵特性

饲粮纤维发酵依赖于肠道菌群分泌的碳水化合物活性酶(CAZy),包括糖苷水解酶、多糖裂解酶和碳水化合物酯酶等。纤维的糖苷键在结肠中会被消化酶破坏,降解为多糖片段和单糖单位,菌群可利用单糖合成SCFAs,包括乙酸盐、丙酸盐和丁酸盐,为畜禽提供潜在的健康价值[29]。SDF(如果胶、菊粉、可溶性阿拉伯木聚糖、β-葡聚糖、瓜尔胶)和IDF(如抗性淀粉、不溶性阿拉伯木聚糖)是肠道微生物群的重要供给成分,但两者作用有所差异。SDF易被肠道菌群发酵,可丰富肠道菌落的多样性且有助于消化,还可促进产SCFAs的细菌菌株生长,为结肠细胞提供能量[30];IDF不易被肠道菌群发酵,但能增加粪便体积,促进正常排便,从而维持肠道健康[31]

3 饲粮纤维的生理功能

3.1 促进肠道健康

饲粮纤维可通过促进肠道菌群成熟,保护肠道黏膜免疫系统和屏障功能并诱导抗炎免疫反应[32]。研究表明,用SDF治疗化脓小鼠,可抑制炎性因子的分泌从而显著降低黏液厚度、炎症反应和肠道损伤程度,提高化脓小鼠存活率[33]。Zhu等[34]设置低(0.5 g/kg LSDF)、中(1.5 g/kg MSDF)、高(2.5 g/kg HSDF)3组不同含量的甘薯渣可溶性饲粮纤维,探究其对小鼠肠道菌群的依赖性调控效应,发现MSDF可显著降低有害菌的相对丰度,同时提升乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)和粪杆菌属(Faecalibaculum)等有益菌丰度,而LSDF和HSDF组的趋势相反,表明饲喂适量的SDF能够形成健康的肠道环境,从而适宜有益菌生长,发挥抗炎作用并维持肠道菌群稳态。刘心仪等[35]通过体外发酵发现,藜麦IDF可明显改善肠道菌群结构并提高SCFAs含量,有助于调节肠道功能。Yin等[36]通过“去除/回补”试验发现,赤豆种皮IDF(AIDF)及其结合多酚(BPs)能够显著改善葡聚糖硫酸钠诱导的小鼠结肠炎,通过抑制Toll样受体4/核因子-κB(TLR4/NF-κB)炎症信号通路,降低血清促炎细胞因子[肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)]水平及炎症酶[诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)、环氧化酶-2(COX-2)]活性,同时上调紧密连接蛋白[闭合蛋白-1(Occludin-1)、紧密连接蛋白-1(Claudin-1)、闭合小环蛋白-1(ZO-1)]的表达以恢复肠道屏障完整性,而AIDF中的BPs还可调节肠道菌群组成,进一步缓解肠道炎症和菌群紊乱。这个结果与Tian等[37-38]的研究结果一致。在肉兔饲粮中添加不同来源的纤维,会提高肠道菌群的多样性和丰富度并改变肠道微生物群,从而影响肉品质,改善肉兔生长性能[39]

3.2 调节慢性疾病

高纤维的摄入可有效降低Ⅱ型糖尿病(T2DM)、心血管疾病(CVD)等慢性病的发病率,有助于机体健康。研究发现,纤维的黏度和网络结构使其能够吸附葡萄糖、阻碍葡萄糖扩散、抑制α-淀粉酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶的活性并刺激胰岛素分泌[40-42],同时,纤维的摄入会使肠道微生物增殖,促进G蛋白偶联受体(GPCRs)与SCFAs相结合,刺激促胰岛素激素-1(GLP-1)和控制食欲的肠道激素(PYY)的分泌,抑制胰高血糖素分泌,改善胰岛素敏感性,从而维持血糖稳态[30]。纤维黏度还能抑制胆固醇和胆汁酸在胃肠道的扩散吸收,纤维结合BPs后有助于提高结肠的抗氧化能力[43],Zhao等[44]研究发现,补充纤维可降低小鼠死亡率、维持心脏功能并减轻不良心室重塑,其抑制了巨噬细胞在缺血心肌中的浸润,同时促进巨噬细胞由促炎型转向修复型,起到预防心血管疾病、治疗心肌梗死的作用。

3.3 调节脂质代谢

肝脏是造成肥胖的关键器官,而饲粮纤维可促进大鼠肝脏中脂质的分解利用并增加脂肪的能量消耗,在不影响食欲的情况下减轻体重并控制肥胖[45]。增加蘑菇的摄入量可减缓肥胖小鼠因高脂饮食饲喂过量造成的增重过快,因蘑菇所含的饲粮纤维被单链脂肪酸产生菌所食用,增加的肠道微生物可产生SCFAs等代谢产物,提高肥胖小鼠代谢功能,促进消化[46]。Zheng等[47]通过多组学分析,研究高原大麦总纤维(HDF)、大麦IDF(HIDF)和大麦SDF(HSDF)调节脂质代谢的机制,发现HDF和HIDF主要调控甘油三酯(TG)和脂肪酸(FA)的代谢,还可通过PPAR信号通路下调Abcc3和上调Dapk1等基因表达,加速肝脏中的胆固醇代谢;而HSDF主要调节膜脂质、神经酰胺及磷脂代谢,与Pck1基因及昼夜节律信号通路相关;三者均可改变肠道菌群组成并促进SCFAs合成,间接调节脂质代谢。
除此之外,饲粮纤维还可促进福建黄兔盲肠的营养物质消化,且饲喂SDF组的体外真消化率极显著高于饲喂IDF组[48]。Habibi等[49]在Dekalb White蛋鸡(DW)和Bovans Black蛋鸡(BB)的饲粮中添加150 g/kg富含IDF的燕麦壳,结果显示,BB的食糜在胃和回肠滞留时间较长,其肌胃、盲肠和结肠的相对重量分别比DW高3.9%、14.3%、9.1%,且氮和干物质(DM)的表观回肠消化率显著高于DW,但非淀粉多糖的总消化道消化率较低,这表明家禽品种的遗传背景会显著影响蛋鸡的生理过程,高纤维饲粮配方需综合考虑品种特异性。饲粮纤维还具有抗氧化、缓解便秘、提高免疫力、促进钙吸收、加快胃肠道蠕动等的生理作用。

4 饲粮纤维在家禽生产中的应用

4.1 维持肠道健康

益生木质纤维素是一种新型的饲粮纤维,在蛋鸡饲粮中添加1%益生木质纤维素,可显著增加面包乳杆菌和颤螺菌属的数量,有助于优化肠道微生物群,维持肠道生态平衡,同时显著提高SCFAs的产量,为肠道上皮细胞提供能量,促进其生长、修复和分化,对肠道发育有积极影响[50]。在饲粮中添加木薯浆改性纤维(M-DFCP)可使21和42日龄的肉鸡盲肠乳酸菌和乳酸浓度显著增多,其中,21日龄肉鸡的盲肠双歧杆菌和SCFAs随M-DFCP水平的升高呈线性增加,有效改善肉鸡的肠道健康[51-52]。Qiu等[8]在肉鸡饲粮中添加5%纤维时,可显著增加肉鸡体重,丰富盲肠菌群多样性并检测出13种微生物群;当饲粮纤维为9%时,肠道微生物群可达16种,表明肉鸡肠道微生物群的多样性受饲粮纤维水平的影响。在肉鸡饲粮中分别添加玉米麸(IDF)25和50 g/kg,均可改善肠道形态,增加空肠和回肠的绒毛高度,利于营养物质的吸收;添加50和75 g/kg玉米麸时,会显著增加肉鸡肌胃、回肠和盲肠的相对重量,刺激肌胃进行研磨,在一定程度上影响胃肠道发育[53]。季湛卿等[54]用玉米皮作为纤维的主要来源,配制含15.25%纤维的饲粮,并在饲粮中添加6%用以饲喂肉鸭,结果表明,纤维能有效降低回肠、盲肠的隐窝深度,提高空肠、盲肠的绒毛宽度和高度以及肠道的绒隐比,可加快肠道对营养物质的吸收,促进鸭肠道健康发育。在对鹌鹑的研究中发现,3.98%饲粮纤维水平会显著提高鹌鹑的饲料转化率(FCR),增加饮水量,加深蛋黄颜色,改善十二指肠和盲肠的形态特征[55]

4.2 促进生长发育

家禽生产中,需根据不同的生长阶段和发育情况,科学调整饲粮中蛋白质、脂肪、纤维等营养物质的最适含量,从而促进家禽生长发育。通过分析平均日采食量(ADFI)、平均日增重(ADG)、料重比(F/G)的差异显著性,发现饲粮中含7%~8%纤维可提高肉鸡生长性能,其中8%饲粮纤维可显著增加血浆免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)的含量,提高免疫功能;9.03%饲粮纤维是降低血糖浓度、维持胰岛素浓度、增加生长激素分泌、改善新陈代谢的最佳水平,有效促进肉鸡饲喂后期的生长发育[56]。当21日龄罗斯308肉鸡的饲粮纤维含量为5%时生长性能最优,ADG为46 g/d,活重可达678 g,7%饲粮纤维时生长性能最差,ADG为39 g/d,活重为600 g;而21日龄Venda鸡饲粮纤维含量为4%时生长性能最优,ADG为29 g/d,活重为517 g,7%饲粮纤维时生长性能最差,ADG为25 g/d,活重仅为374 g;这表明饲粮纤维对鸡生长性能的影响与纤维含量和鸡的品种有关,纤维含量过高会抑制鸡的生长发育[57]。在肉鸡饲粮中添加3%燕麦壳和大豆皮作为纤维源,可增加腺胃和肌胃的大小,提高饲料利用效率,进而提升肉鸡的FCR;在含4%细颗粒的大豆皮处理组中,肉仔鸡体重显著增加[58]。Hao等[59]在雄性北京鸭的饲粮中设置了3组纤维含量:低(12.4%)、中(14.7%)、高(16.2%),其中,添加16.2%饲粮纤维时北京鸭的体重和ADG最高,且体重和ADG随饲粮纤维含量由低到高而呈上升趋势。饲粮纤维还能强化凝胶网络结构,形成有序的片状凝胶网络,使凝胶分形维数增加[60]。在肉鸭饲粮中添加燕麦IDF可有效提升鸭肉肌原纤维蛋白(MP)的凝胶强度,试验表明,添加1.5% 200 μm粒径的IDF时,MP凝胶强度达到352.49 g·mm,较对照组(265.47 g·mm)显著提升32.8%,且黏弹性为各组最高;同时,持水力从对照组的69.76%提高至74.00%,表明IDF可通过增强凝胶网络结构和水分束缚能力,显著改善MP的凝胶特性,为开发优质鸭肉产品提供了新途径[60]

4.3 调节脂质代谢

在脂质代谢紊乱时,来自脂肪组织的过量循环游离FA可储存在肝脏中,从而导致脂质稳态失衡[61],而饲粮纤维会调节家禽肝脏的脂质沉积[62-63]。Hu等[64]在蛋鸡饲粮中添加桑枝纤维(MF),试验发现,5% MF会显著降低蛋鸡的肝脏脂肪含量及FA合成酶[脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)、乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACC)]活性,增强脂质分解酶[脂蛋白脂肪酶(LPL)、肝脂酶(HTGL)、脂质转移蛋白(LIP)]活性,减少肝脏脂肪堆积;同时,MF可促进肠道微生物中FA的降解和SCFAs合成基因的表达,SCFAs通过肠-肝轴调节肝脏脂代谢酶的活性。研究发现,鸭饲粮中适当添加3.8%纤维会促使溶酶体、血清过氧化氢酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性增加,在显著提高鸭免疫功能的同时能诱导FASLPL基因的高度表达,调节鸭的脂质代谢[9]。Qin等[65]试验发现,FA合成酶mRNA[FASACC、固醇调节元件结合蛋白-1(SREBP-1)]的相对丰度随着纤维浓度的增加而逐渐降低,添加4.15% DF时降低肉鸭肝脏脂质沉积的效果最优。鹅能消化高纤维食物,Li等[66]采用高黏度纤维的饲粮进行饲喂,发现纤维可激活腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶α(AMPKα),同时下调FA合成基因[SREBP-1c、碳水化合物反应元件结合蛋白(ChREBP)、FASACC1]的表达,从而抑制肝脏的脂质沉淀,起到降脂作用。

4.4 提高消化率

不溶性饲粮纤维通过增强肌胃研磨,增加肌胃相对重量,促进食糜从肌胃向腺胃反流,使饲粮与胃酸、胃蛋白酶原充分混合,从而提升消化率。当肉鸡饲粮中IDF添加量达到50 g/kg DM时,能提高多种营养素的消化率,其中,DM和粗蛋白质(CP)的消化率可提高10%~12%[67]。Donadelli等[68]研究发现,与无饲粮纤维组相比,饲喂含30 g/kg纤维(纤维素、甜菜浆或芒草)的肉鸡表观总消化率更高。Faryadi等[69]通过整合45项研究数据,系统分析了饲粮纤维对肉鸡营养物质消化率的影响,结果发现,IDF添加量≤50 g/kg DM时,会刺激肌胃蠕动,显著提高DM、CP、脂肪和淀粉的消化率,最高增幅达10%~12%,但过量会使效果相反;而SDF添加量超过20 g/kg DM时,因其增加食糜黏度并结合胆汁盐,会显著降低脂肪消化率,降幅达40%~50%。

4.5 改善环境污染

氨气(NH3)排放是家禽生产的重要环境问题,调查显示,美国家禽养殖业产生的NH3占畜牧业NH3总排放量的26.7%[70]。这不仅会损害家禽健康、降低生产性能,还会造成环境污染,而饲粮纤维可调节家禽生产中的NH3排放问题。在蛋鸡饲粮中添加纤维,能在不影响产蛋量、体重和FCR的基础上,调节氮的肠肝循环和氨基酸损失,增加氮利用率,进而减少NH3排放,是缓解家禽产业环境污染的可行方式[70]

5 小结与展望

纤维曾被视为抗营养因子,但因其具备多种生理功能,如今在家禽生产中得到广泛应用。SDF通过肠道菌群发酵生成SCFAs,能够显著改善肠道菌群结构并增强肠道屏障;IDF通过增加粪便体积和刺激肌胃发育,提升消化效率与营养物质吸收。家禽饲粮中适量添加纤维能够优化生长性能、调节脂质代谢并改善环境污染,但过量添加可能会抑制生长发育,这表明饲粮纤维的最好效果受家禽品种、生长阶段及纤维来源、理化特性的影响。因此,未来研究需聚焦3个方面:一是结合多组学技术探究纤维调控肠道菌群与代谢的分子机制,明确关键通路和肠道菌群的互作关系;二是构建基于家禽品种、生长阶段及饲养环境的多维度饲用评价体系,实现纤维添加的精准调控;三是量化纤维市场对养殖环境的调控效应,推动家禽产业向绿色低碳模式转型。
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