REVIEW

Mechanism of Regulatory Role of Tryptophan-Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Signaling Axis in Mastitis Injury of Dairy Cows

  • ZHANG Jing , 1, 2 ,
  • WANG Dezhi 3 ,
  • WEN Peng 2 ,
  • MA Yanfen , 1, *
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  • 1 College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
  • 2 Ningxia Nongken Dairy Co., Ltd., Yinchuan 753200, China
  • 3 Ningxia Ruminant Breeding Research Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Yinchuan 750001, China
*professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2025-03-05

  Online published: 2025-10-15

Abstract

Mastitis, as a highly prevalent inflammatory disease in dairy farming, is a serious threat to animal health and causes significant economic losses, and its development is closely related to the regulation of nutritional metabolism. As a functional essential amino acid, tryptophan, in addition to participate in protein synthesis, its metabolites play an important role in immune regulation. In the mammary system of dairy cows, tryptophan is converted to 5-hydroxytryptophan, melatonin and other biologically active substances through kynurenine, 5-hydroxytryptophan and indole metabolism pathways, of which indole metabolites can be used as the endogenous ligands of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), which can inhibit the inflammatory response and maintain the inflammatory response of mammary tissues and the immunity of the mammary gland. The endogenous ligand of AhR regulates the expression of downstream target genes by activating the AhR signaling pathway, thereby suppressing inflammatory responses in breast tissues and maintaining breast barrier function. In this paper, we systematically review the molecular mechanisms by which key regulatory nodes of the tryptophan metabolic network and its metabolites influence the development of mastitis through the AhR signaling axis, with a focus on the role of the AhR-mediated immune-regulatory pathway in the mastitis response. This review provides a theoretical basis for an in-depth understanding of the role of tryptophan metabolism-immunoregulation axis in mammary health, as well as provides innovative research direction for the development of prevention and control strategies of mastitis and milk quality improvement technology based on nutritional intervention.

Cite this article

ZHANG Jing , WANG Dezhi , WEN Peng , MA Yanfen . Mechanism of Regulatory Role of Tryptophan-Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Signaling Axis in Mastitis Injury of Dairy Cows[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2025 , 37(10) : 6520 -6528 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2025.529

奶牛乳腺炎是制约全球奶业可持续发展的重大疾病之一,其病原微生物感染引发的持续性炎性反应不仅导致奶牛泌乳功能受损,更通过多重代谢途径威胁奶牛福利及公共卫生安全[1]。流行病学调查显示,该病每年造成单头泌乳奶牛平均经济损失达200美元以上,且约70%的临床型病例存在致病菌耐药性特征[2]。值得注意的是,乳腺组织特有的免疫防御体系中,奶牛乳腺上皮细胞(bovine mammary epithelial cells,bMECs)作为物理屏障和免疫应答的关键效应细胞,其功能状态直接影响病原清除效率[3]。当前临床治疗仍以抗生素为主要干预手段,但世界卫生组织最新监测数据显示,奶牛源大肠杆菌对β-内酰胺类抗生素耐药率已达58.3%,金黄色葡萄球菌耐甲氧西林菌株检出率超过34%[4]。这种耐药性危机与乳制品抗生素残留问题相互交织,不仅增加人畜共患病原传播风险,更威胁食品供应链安全。
近年研究发现,营养代谢与先天免疫的交互作用为乳腺炎性反应防控提供了新视角。其中,必需氨基酸色氨酸(tryptophan,Trp)通过犬尿氨酸(kynurenine,Kyn)代谢途径激活芳香烃受体(aryl hydrocarbon receptor,AhR)信号通路,在调节炎性反应、维持黏膜屏障完整性和调控微生物稳态等方面展现出多重生物学效应[5-6]。研究表明,AhR介导的白细胞介素-22(interleukin-22,IL-22)分泌可增强bMECs中抗菌肽表达,而Trp代谢产物犬尿喹啉酸(kynurenic acid,KynA)能显著抑制核因子-κB(nuclear factor-kappa B,NF-κB)信号传导,降低促炎因子肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)和白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)的释放水平[7-8]。这些发现提示,通过营养调控手段优化Trp代谢可能成为改善乳腺免疫微环境的重要策略。本文系统综述Trp在奶牛乳腺炎性损伤中的免疫调节机制,重点解析其通过AhR信号通路调控炎症反应、增强上皮屏障功能及维持微生物平衡的作用网络,阐明营养-免疫互作在乳腺炎发生发展中的关键作用,揭示AhR信号通路在乳腺局部免疫应答中的调控节点,旨在为开发基于营养代谢调控的乳腺炎性损伤防控新方案提供理论依据。

1 Trp的生物学功能及其代谢调控网络

Trp作为动物体内唯一含有吲哚环的必需氨基酸,其代谢网络在免疫稳态调控中占据核心地位。由于动物无法自主合成Trp,其供给完全依赖饲粮摄取,这使得Trp代谢成为连接营养与免疫的关键枢纽[9]。Trp在宿主体内通过Kyn代谢途径、5-羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine,5-HT)代谢途径及微生物代谢途径进行分解,生成包括Kyn、5-HT、褪黑素(melatonin,MT)以及吲哚类衍生物在内的多种活性代谢产物[10]。值得注意的是,这些代谢产物不仅直接参与能量代谢和神经信号传递,更通过与AhR的配体-受体互作,形成Trp-AhR信号轴,在炎性反应调控中发挥重要作用。

1.1 Kyn代谢途径在Trp代谢网络中对炎性反应的调控机制

Trp代谢主要经由Kyn代谢途径进行,该代谢过程主要发生于肝脏、中枢神经系统等组织,生成具有重要生理调节功能的多种生物活性物质。在代谢起始阶段,Trp在色氨酸-2,3-双加氧酶(tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase,TDO)及吲哚胺-2,3-双加氧酶(indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase,IDO)的催化作用下转化为Kyn[11];随后Kyn经犬尿氨酸单加氧酶(monooxygenase,KMO)和3-羟基邻氨基苯甲酸3,4双氧化酶(3-hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase,3HAO)的催化作用下生成喹啉酸(quinolinic acid,QA)等中间产物,最终形成烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide,NADH)参与能量代谢[12];同时部分Kyn通过犬尿氨酸氨基转移酶(kynurenine aminotransferase,KAT)转化为具有神经调节功能的KynA[13]。从功能角度分析,该代谢途径产生的Kyn、KynA、黄尿酸(xanthurenic acid,XA)等代谢产物可作为AhR的有效配体,尤其在肠道免疫微环境中,IDO1介导生成的Kyn及其代谢产物通过调节T细胞增殖、免疫细胞死亡等过程对机体免疫功能产生显著影响[14]。奶牛乳腺炎性反应过程中产生的大量细胞因子会激活局部和/或全身IDO,进而导致沿Kyn代谢途径的Trp代谢延长,最终显著降低Trp及其代谢产物Kyn水平,IDO活性的增加和Kyn水平的降低可能是预测炎症发生的标志物[15]。检测由凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(coagulase negative Staphylococci,MSCNS)引起的隐性乳腺炎的奶牛牛奶样品,发现MSCNS感染奶牛乳汁中关键代谢产物Trp、Kyn和KynA水平分别下降38.3%、33.3%和27.5%,且IDO活性与体细胞计数(somatic cell count,SCC)呈显著正相关(r=0.76,P<0.01)[16]。这些代谢产物不仅可作为早期诊断标志物,更为重要的是,KAT活性下降导致的KynA合成减少会解除其对NF-κB信号通路的抑制作用,急剧上调乳腺上皮细胞IL-6分泌量,最终加剧奶牛乳腺炎性损伤[17]。这些发现证实Kyn代谢途径代谢重编程在奶牛乳腺炎性损伤发生发展中起着枢纽性调控作用,为开发基于Trp代谢干预乳腺炎性反应的新型防治策略提供了理论依据。

1.2 微生物代谢途径在Trp代谢网络中对炎性反应的调控机制

吲哚代谢途径在奶牛乳腺炎性损伤调控中通过“菌群-代谢产物-免疫”轴形成多层次、动态平衡的调控网络,其核心机制依赖于肠道微生物对Trp的特异性代谢通路介导的生物学转化。乳杆菌、产孢梭菌、假单胞菌等共生菌群通过差异表达色氨酸脱羧酶(tryptophan decarboxylase,TDC)、色氨酸醛缩酶等关键酶系,将Trp转化为具有生物活性的吲哚衍生物,其中乳杆菌主导的吲哚-3-甲醛(indole-3-carboxaldehyde,I3A)在奶牛乳腺组织内通过激活AhR驱动信号转导和转录激活因子3(signal transducer and activator of transcription 3,STAT3)信号通路提升上皮细胞增殖速率,同时降低Toll样受体4(Toll-like receptor 4,TLR4)、IL-6和TNF-α的表达,有效缓解大肠杆菌型奶牛乳腺炎[18]。产孢梭菌介导的色胺代谢抑制乳腺巨噬细胞TLR4/NF-κB通路,降低髓样分化因子88(MyD88)磷酸化水平、TNF-α分泌量,从而有效减弱乳腺炎性反应[19]。假单胞菌属通过色氨酸羟化酶(tryptophan hydroxylase,TPH)将Trp分流至酪氨酸代谢途径,通过负反馈抑制IDO1活性,减少Kyn生成,同时促进AhR配体Kyn向乳腺组织转运效率,降低炎症标志物白细胞介素-17(interleukin-17,IL-17)分泌[20]。此外,吲哚及其衍生物还具有促进胃肠道功能、抗炎、抗氧化及调节免疫系统等作用[21]。综上所述,吲哚代谢途径通过菌群特异性代谢构建了乳腺免疫稳态的动态调节网络,其机制解析为开发靶向微生物代谢的精准防治策略提供了参考。

1.3 5-HT代谢途径在Trp代谢网络中对炎性反应的调控机制

在奶牛体内,Trp在色氨酸羟化酶(tryptophan hydroxylase,TPH)作用下转化为5-羟色氨酸(5-hydroxytryptophan,5-HTP),然后通过芳香族L-氨基酸脱羧酶(aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase,AADC)脱羧生成5-HT。5-HT代谢途径在奶牛乳腺炎性损伤调控中形成多维度、动态平衡的调控网络。在奶牛乳腺组织中,5-HT通过激活5-羟色胺1A受体(5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptor,5-HT1A)抑制NF-κB信号通路,减少乳腺巨噬细胞TNF-α和IL-6分泌,同时上调紧密连接蛋白闭合蛋白-1(claudin-1)表达,维持乳腺上皮屏障完整性[22]。与此同时,提高5-HT水平可通过5-HT3受体激活迷走神经背核(dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve,DVC),抑制下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺(hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis,HPA轴)活动,形成神经-免疫调节环路[23]。此外,激活5-HT4受体可通过环磷酸腺苷(cyclic adenosine monophosphate,cAMP)响应元件结合蛋白(cAMP response element,CRE)上调乳铁蛋白(lactoferrin,LF)基因表达,增强乳腺固有免疫力[24]。研究还发现,5-HT通过激活5-HT7受体-蛋白激酶A(protein kinase A,PKA)信号通路促进调节性T细胞(regulatory T cells,Treg)分化,抑制辅助性T细胞17(T helper cell 17,Th17)型炎性反应[25]。以上研究现表明,5-HT代谢途径通过菌群特异性代谢、受体亚型选择性激活及神经-内分泌-免疫网络交互作用,构建了乳腺炎性损伤发生发展的动态调控体系,同时也提示监测乳汁5-HT代谢谱可作为乳腺炎性损伤早期预警的新型生物标志物。

1.4 Trp代谢途径的对比分析

Trp作为功能性必需氨基酸,其不同的代谢途径在炎症反应中的作用机制和主要调控目标上存在显著差异(表1)。Kyn代谢途径主要通过抑制促炎信号通路起作用[26],微生物代谢途径更多地通过增强上皮屏障功能和调节免疫细胞功能发挥作用[27],而5-HT代谢途径则通过神经-免疫调节环路实现其抗炎和免疫增强效果[28]。这种多样化的代谢调控网络为开发基于Trp代谢的乳腺炎性损伤防控策略提供了理论依据。
表1 Trp代谢途径的对比分析

Table 1 Comparative analysis of Trp metabolic pathways

项目
Items
关键酶
Key enzyme
代谢产物
Metabolites
主要作用机制
Main mechanism of action
调控目标
Regulatory objective
Kyn代谢途径
Kyn metabolic pathway
TDO、IDO Kyn、KynA 通过AhR信号通路抑制NF-κB
通路,降低促炎因子释放
抑制炎症
微生物代谢途径
Microbial metabolic pathway
TDC、TPH I3A、色胺 通过AhR信号通路调节免疫细胞
功能,增强上皮屏障完整性
增强免疫
5-HT代谢途径
5-HT metabolic pathway
TPH、AADC 5-HT 通过激活5-HT受体形成神经-免疫
调节环路,抑制促炎因子释放,增强
乳腺固有免疫力
抑制炎症

TDO:色氨酸-2,3-双加氧酶 tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase;IDO:吲哚胺-2,3-双加氧酶 indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase;Kyn:犬尿氨酸 kynurenine;KynA:犬尿喹啉酸 kynurenic acid;AhR:芳香烃受体 aryl hydrocarbon receptor;NF-κB:核因子-κB nuclear factor kappa B;TDC:色氨酸脱羧酶 tryptophan decarboxylase;TPH:色氨酸羟化酶 tryptophan hydroxylase;I3A:吲哚-3-甲醛 indole-3-carboxaldehyde;AADC:芳香族L-氨基酸脱羧酶 aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase;5-HT:5-羟色胺 5-hydroxytryptamine。

2 AhR的免疫学概述

AhR在奶牛体内的生物学功能广泛且复杂,其作为配体依赖性转录因子,通过感知内源性或外源性的化学信号,参与调控免疫应答、代谢解毒、肠道屏障维护、微生物互作以及与生产性能相关的生理过程,是奶牛健康和疾病调控的关键分子枢纽之一[29]

2.1 AhR在动物体内的生物学功能

AhR属于基本螺旋-环-螺旋(basic helix-loop-helix,bHLH)蛋白家族,在哺乳动物中具有高度保守性,其激活依赖于与配体的结合,这些配体包括膳食中的植物次生代谢产物(如吲哚类化合物)、肠道微生物代谢产物(如Trp衍生物)、环境污染物(如多环芳烃、黄曲霉毒素)以及内源性信号分子(如血红素代谢产物)[30]。AhR的激活依赖芳香烃受体-核转运(aryl hydrocarbon receptor-nuclear translocator,ARNT)信号通路或NF-κB信号通路调控下游靶基因的表达,进而影响多种细胞功能。在AhR-ARNT信号通路中,AhR与伴侣蛋白热休克蛋白(heat shock proteins,HSPs)、X相关蛋白2(X-associated protein 2,XAP2)及p23调控肿瘤蛋白(p23 translationally controlled tumor protein,p23)形成复合体,在结合配体后转位至核内,与ARNT形成异源二聚体,结合基因组中的异源反应元件(xenobiotic responsive element,XRE)启动靶基因转录,如细胞色素P450(cytochrome P450,P450)、UDP-葡萄糖醛酸转移酶1A1(UDP-glucuronosyl transferase 1A1,UGT1A1)、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(glutathione S-transferase,GST),这些酶参与外源物代谢和类固醇激素等内源性物质的稳态调节[31]。在NF-κB信号通路中,AhR与NF-κB、STAT3和低氧诱导因子-1α(hypoxia-inducible factors-1α,HIF-1α)等转录因子存在相互作用,AhR通过抑制NF-κB活性,减少促炎因子IL-6和TNF-α释放,从而降低炎性反应[32]。这些发现不仅为理解AhR在免疫中的作用提供了重要线索,具有开发新型免疫调节剂的潜力。

2.2 AhR在奶牛免疫健康中的作用

奶牛肠道屏障的完整性是其维持高效营养吸收与疾病防御的核心生理基础,其中AhR的生物学功能尤为关键。AhR激活可通过直接上调紧密连接蛋白闭锁小带蛋白-1(zonula occludens-1,ZO-1)的基因表达和claudin-1家族蛋白的极性分布双重机制强化肠道屏障功能,有效降低肠上皮通透性,这不仅能减少脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)等内毒素的跨膜易位,还可通过“肠-乳腺轴”系统性地降低乳腺炎性损伤发生风险[33]。在能量代谢层面,AhR通过调节AMP活化蛋白激酶(AMP-activated protein kinase pathway,AMPK)信号通路,精准调控高产奶牛围产期的葡萄糖稳态,这对缓解能量负平衡引发的代谢紊乱具有重要临床价值[34]。值得注意的是,AhR在应激适应中展现出多维度保护作用,在热应激或氧化应激条件下,其与核因子E2相关因子2(nuclear factor E2-related factor 2,Nrf2)信号通路的交叉对话机制可显著诱导超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)等抗氧化酶的合成,有效清除过量自由基,这种抗氧化防御体系的强化不仅保护了肠道上皮细胞的结构完整性,更通过阻断氧化应激-炎症反应的级联效应,为预防奶牛乳腺炎性损伤提供了分子层面的创新干预靶点[35]

2.3 AhR作用机制的对比分析

AhR作为配体依赖性转录因子,在调控代谢和免疫过程中发挥重要作用。AhR作用机制的对比分析见表2。AhR-ARNT信号通路主要参与代谢调控,AhR与ARNT形成异源二聚体,结合XRE启动靶基因转录,调控外源物代谢和类固醇激素稳态,从而维持机体代谢平衡[36]。NF-κB信号通路主要参与免疫调控,AhR通过抑制NF-κB活性,减少促炎因子(如IL-6、TNF-α)释放,从而降低炎性反应,保护组织免受过度炎症损伤[37]。这种双重作用机制使AhR在代谢与免疫调控中具有重要的枢纽地位,为开发基于AhR信号通路的新型免疫调节剂和代谢调控策略提供了理论依据。
表2 AhR作用机制的对比分析

Table 2 Comparative analysis of AhR mechanism of action

项目
Items
关键分子
Key molecule
作用机制
Mechanism of action
调控目标
Regulatory objective
AhR-ARNT信号通路
AhR-ARNT signaling pathway
AhR、ARNT AhR与ARNT形成异源二聚体,结合
XRE启动靶基因转录,调控外源物
代谢和类固醇激素稳态
代谢调控
NF-κB信号通路
NF-κB signaling pathway
AhR、NF-κB AhR通过抑制NF-κB活性,减少促炎
因子(如IL-6、TNF-α)释放,
降低炎性反应
免疫调控

AhR:芳香烃受体 aryl hydrocarbon receptor;ARNT:芳香烃受体-核转运 aryl hydrocarbon receptor-nuclear translocator;XRE:异源反应元件 xenobiotic responsive element;NF-κB:核因子-κB nuclear factor-kappa B;IL-6:白细胞介素-6 interleukin-6;TNF-α:肿瘤坏死因子-α tumor necrosis factor-α。

3 Trp代谢产物作为AhR配体的多代谢途径调控机制

Trp代谢产物在AhR信号通路的激活中具有重要作用,通过多维度调控AhR信号通路,形成复杂的宿主-微生物互作网络。在代谢层面,宿主细胞生成的Kyn和5-HT等经典AhR配体,与微生物代谢途径产生的吲哚衍生物共同构成AhR激活的分子基础[38]。值得注意的是,Kyn代谢产物是高活性AhR激动剂,通过激活AhR来调节炎症相关信号通路,重要的是Trp-Kyn-AhR轴调节癌症和炎症的作用在人源化小鼠中均得到了证实,为后续研究奶牛乳腺炎中的Trp-Kyn-AhR轴提供潜在策略[39-40]。血清素和色胺代谢途径也是产生AhR激动剂的L-色氨酸(L-tryptophan,L-Trp)降解代谢途径。在Trp代谢产生的5-HT信号通路中,会产生一种AhR激动剂,即5-HTP,其在治疗炎症性疾病中具有一定的作用,可以促进角质形成细胞增殖和抑制炎性介质来缓解炎性反应[41]。色胺由Trp通过微生物代谢途径合成的吲哚衍生物。在哺乳动物中,色胺是一种内源性神经递质,是AhR激动剂和细胞色素P450家族1亚家族A成员1(cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily a member 1,CYP1A1)底物;此外,色胺是下游AhR激动剂的前体,包括吲哚-3-乙醛(indole-3-acetaldehyde,IAAld)和吲哚-3-乙酸(3-indoleacetic acid,IAA),IAAld对结肠炎具有良好的治疗作用,IAA已被测试为一种新型光动力疗法的活性剂,用于治疗寻常痤疮、脂溢性皮炎和多发性光化性角化病,然而色胺或其代谢产物在奶牛乳腺炎性反应中的作用还有待探索[42-43]。生理状态下,AhR信号通过激活抗炎反应和免疫抑制机制维持内环境稳态,但慢性炎症环境会促使Trp代谢产物及细胞因子异常释放,进而引发多器官病变。这种动态平衡的维持高度依赖饲粮成分对宿主和肠道菌群代谢的协同调控。

4 Trp-AhR轴通过NF-κB信号通路调控奶牛乳腺炎性反应的免疫机制

在奶牛乳腺发病机制中,肠道微生物-Trp代谢轴与AhR的相互作用至关重要。肠道菌群失调通过改变迷走神经信号传导显著影响Trp代谢,表现为5-羟吲哚乙酸(5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid,5-HIAA)水平降低,而补充5-HIAA可通过激活AhR抑制NF-κB信号通路,有效缓解乳腺炎性反应[44]。AhR的活化不仅维持宿主免疫稳态、调控炎性反应,还能改善乳腺上皮屏障功能。在乳腺组织中,AhR蛋白表达的降低与乳腺炎性进展密切相关,AhR信号通路异常激活会引发NF-κB信号通路失调[45-46]。研究表明,在健康奶牛的肠道微生态环境里,存在着能够产生AhR配体的乳杆菌属和双歧杆菌属菌群。这些菌群通过TPH和IDO代谢途径将饲粮Trp转化为5-HT及下游代谢产物5-HIAA,其水平维持在一定高度时能够有效激活AhR信号通路[47]。AhR的活化触发经典的胞质-核转位机制,AhR-ARNT复合物转位至细胞核后,通过顺式元件调控CYP1A1、IL-22等靶基因表达,同时通过非经典代谢途径与NF-κB的p65亚基竞争结合抑制核因子-κB抑制因子α(inhibitor of NF-κB alpha,IκBα)磷酸化,使TNF-α诱导的NF-κB转录活性降低[48-49]。这种调控在乳腺炎性病理进程中具有关键作用,临床数据显示乳腺炎患牛乳汁中AhR的mRNA表达量低于健康奶牛,而NF-κB磷酸化水平升高,伴随IL-6和白细胞介素-8(interleukin-8,IL-8)等促炎因子水平异常升高,而通过Trp-AhR轴激活AhR可能会导致炎性因子水平异常升高[50-51]

5 小结与展望

Trp代谢通过AhR受体介导的免疫调节网络在乳腺炎性损伤发生发展中发挥重要调控作用,Trp经不同代谢途径通过激活AhR信号通路抑制NF-κB等促炎因子释放,增强上皮屏障功能,从而减轻乳腺组织炎症损伤,同时参与机体代谢、免疫调节和稳态维持等生理过程。然而,Trp代谢产物与AhR信号通路的时空特异性互作机制、微生物-宿主代谢界面对AhR活性的动态调节以及AhR异构体在奶牛乳腺组织中的功能异质性等关键科学问题仍需深入解析。因此,在未来研究中,探究Trp-AhR信号轴在特定的奶牛乳腺炎性损伤模型和炎性细胞群中的作用机制对开发新的防控乳腺炎性疾病具有重要意义。
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