1 材料与方法
1.1 伦理声明
1.2 试验原料及饲粮
表1 饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of diets (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 基础饲粮 Basal diet | 试验饲粮Experimental diets | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | ||
| 原料Ingredients | |||||||
| 玉米Corn | 54.43 | 42.93 | 42.93 | 42.93 | 42.93 | 42.93 | 42.93 |
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 30.15 | 23.79 | 23.79 | 23.79 | 23.79 | 23.79 | 23.79 |
| 待测棉籽粕Test cottonseed meal | 20.00 | 20.00 | 20.00 | 20.00 | 20.00 | 20.00 | |
| 玉米蛋白粉Corn gluten meal | 6.11 | 4.82 | 4.82 | 4.82 | 4.82 | 4.82 | 4.82 |
| 大豆油Soybean oil | 4.05 | 3.20 | 3.20 | 3.20 | 3.20 | 3.20 | 3.20 |
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 1.76 | 1.76 | 1.76 | 1.76 | 1.76 | 1.76 | 1.76 |
| 石粉Limestone | 1.40 | 1.40 | 1.40 | 1.40 | 1.40 | 1.40 | 1.40 |
| 氯化钠NaCl | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.35 |
| 氯化胆碱Choline chloride (50%) | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 |
| DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.33 |
| L-赖氨酸盐酸盐L-Lys·HCl | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 |
| L-苏氨酸L-Thr | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
| 植酸酶Phytase | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
| 预混料Premix1) | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 |
| 二氧化钛TiO2 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 |
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |||||||
| 干物质DM | 90.20 | 88.15 | 88.21 | 87.93 | 88.16 | 87.84 | 87.98 |
| 总能GE/(MJ/kg) | 17.68 | 17.39 | 17.62 | 17.81 | 17.66 | 17.64 | 17.33 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 23.53 | 25.58 | 25.92 | 26.17 | 26.58 | 27.66 | 29.53 |
| 粗脂肪EE | 2.30 | 2.36 | 2.34 | 2.27 | 2.32 | 2.26 | 2.31 |
| 钙Ca | 0.97 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 1.03 | 1.00 | 1.02 | 0.99 |
| 总磷TP | 0.64 | 0.75 | 0.77 | 0.77 | 0.78 | 0.80 | 0.85 |
| 蛋氨酸Met | 0.60 | 0.64 | 0.65 | 0.66 | 0.67 | 0.69 | 0.73 |
| 赖氨酸Lys | 1.14 | 1.28 | 1.30 | 1.32 | 1.35 | 1.42 | 1.55 |
| 蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸Met+Cys | 0.90 | 1.02 | 1.04 | 1.04 | 1.05 | 1.08 | 1.13 |
| 苏氨酸Thr | 0.80 | 0.90 | 0.90 | 0.91 | 0.92 | 0.95 | 1.00 |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 12 500 U,VB1 0.01 mg,VB2 8.00 mg,VB6 4.5 mg,VB12 0.02 mg,VD3 3 500 IU,VE 20 IU,VK3 3 mg,生物素 biotin 0.2 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.5 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 12 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 34 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 8 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 80 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 80 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 80 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 0.70 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.3 mg。2)氨基酸为计算值,其余均为实测值。Amino acids were calculated values, while the others were measured values. |
1.3 试验设计及饲养管理
1.4 样品采集
1.5 指标测定及方法
1.6 计算公式
1.7 数据统计与分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 棉籽粕原料的营养成分
表2 棉籽粕原料营养成分(风干基础)Table 2 Nutrients of cottonseed meal raw material (air-dry basis) |
| 项目 Items | 棉籽粕编号Cottonseed meal number | 平均值 Mean | 变异系数 CV | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |||
| 总能GE/(MJ/kg) | 17.39 | 17.56 | 17.90 | 17.75 | 17.57 | 17.16 | 17.56 | 1.49 |
| 干物质DM/% | 92.68 | 92.97 | 91.57 | 92.72 | 91.32 | 91.84 | 92.18 | 0.75 |
| 粗蛋白质CP/% | 40.30 | 41.98 | 43.24 | 45.31 | 50.72 | 60.04 | 46.93 | 15.68 |
| 粗脂肪EE/% | 2.32 | 0.73 | 0.83 | 1.43 | 0.56 | 1.35 | 1.20 | 53.82 |
| 粗灰分Ash/% | 7.88 | 7.54 | 7.63 | 7.47 | 8.05 | 7.14 | 7.62 | 4.20 |
| 粗纤维CF/% | 8.73 | 11.24 | 19.13 | 10.53 | 8.04 | 16.41 | 12.35 | 35.98 |
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF/% | 12.00 | 24.30 | 29.63 | 23.42 | 25.38 | 22.18 | 22.82 | 25.78 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF/% | 3.96 | 17.83 | 18.60 | 15.97 | 12.27 | 12.71 | 13.56 | 39.58 |
| 植酸Phytic acid/(g/kg) | 23.22 | 22.37 | 21.67 | 24.32 | 24.08 | 23.21 | 23.15 | 4.34 |
| 游离棉酚Free gossypol/(mg/kg) | 383.04 | 783.41 | 831.18 | 452.34 | 1 106.71 | 926.68 | 747.23 | 37.35 |
| 无氮浸出物NFE/% | 20.66 | 20.36 | 23.47 | 19.88 | 22.76 | 10.01 | 19.52 | 24.95 |
2.2 不同饲粮对白羽肉鸡生长性能、氮平衡及能量代谢的影响
表3 不同饲粮对白羽肉鸡生长性能及氮平衡的影响Table 3 Effects of different diets on growth performance and nitrogen balance of white-feathered broilers |
| 项目 Items | 基础饲粮 Basal diet | 试验饲粮Experimental diets | SEM | P值 P-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | ||||
| 生长性能Growth performance | |||||||||
| 初始体重IBW/g | 369.76 | 370.63 | 371.28 | 371.23 | 371.22 | 371.48 | 370.34 | 0.980 | 0.762 |
| 终末体重FBW/g | 414.44 | 412.92 | 411.99 | 413.21 | 413.84 | 411.91 | 413.57 | 1.036 | 0.859 |
| 采食量FI/(g/d) | 52.28a | 51.67b | 49.99d | 49.77d | 51.60b | 49.97d | 51.20c | 0.191 | <0.001 |
| 体增重BW gain/(g/d) | 44.68a | 42.29c | 40.71d | 41.98c | 42.62bc | 40.43d | 43.23b | 0.328 | <0.001 |
| 料重比F/G | 1.20bc | 1.22ab | 1.23a | 1.19c | 1.21abc | 1.24a | 1.18c | 0.010 | 0.001 |
| 呼吸量Respiratory capacity | |||||||||
| 氧气消耗量 O2 consumption/ [L/(kg BW0.70·d)] | 36.49d | 39.32c | 40.15b | 40.51ab | 40.37ab | 40.02b | 40.94a | 0.305 | <0.001 |
| 二氧化碳产生量 CO2 production/ [L/(kg BW0.70·d)] | 35.93e | 37.63d | 38.67c | 39.78b | 38.59c | 38.62c | 40.56a | 0.321 | <0.001 |
| 呼吸熵RQ | 0.985ab | 0.957de | 0.963cd | 0.982b | 0.956e | 0.965c | 0.991a | 0.003 0 | <0.001 |
| 氮平衡Nitrogen balance/(g/d) | |||||||||
| 氮摄入量Nitrogen intake | 1.97f | 2.11d | 2.07e | 2.08e | 2.19c | 2.21b | 2.42a | 0.008 | <0.001 |
| 氮排出量Nitrogen excreta | 0.65d | 0.89b | 1.11a | 1.15a | 0.82c | 1.15a | 1.12a | 0.019 | <0.001 |
| 氮沉积量Nitrogen retained | 1.31b | 1.23c | 0.96e | 0.94e | 1.37a | 1.07d | 1.30b | 0.021 | <0.001 |
同行数据肩标无字母或相同小写字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with no letter or the same small letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. |
表4 不同饲粮对白羽肉鸡能量代谢的影响Table 4 Effects of different diets on energy metabolism of white-feathered broilers |
| 项目 Items | 基础饲粮 Basal diet | 试验饲粮Experimental diets | SEM | P值 P-value | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |||||||||||||||
| 能量平衡Energy balance/[kJ/(BW0.70·d)] | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 总产热量THP | 770.67d | 825.03c | 834.41bc | 844.80b | 846.77b | 841.20b | 861.41a | 6.354 | <0.001 | |||||||||||
| 热增耗HI | 320.67d | 375.03c | 388.60b | 399.52b | 396.77b | 391.20b | 413.49a | 6.339 | <0.001 | |||||||||||
| 沉积能RE | 523.29a | 389.90b | 342.71cd | 327.06d | 364.14bc | 321.59d | 343.91cd | 13.234 | <0.001 | |||||||||||
| 蛋白质沉积能RE as protein | 376.80b | 352.12c | 278.31e | 272.30e | 393.31a | 305.94d | 374.96b | 6.163 | <0.001 | |||||||||||
| 脂肪沉积能RE as fat | 146.48a | 37.78cd | 64.40b | 54.76bc | -29.18e | 15.65d | -31.06e | 11.508 | <0.001 | |||||||||||
| 总能摄入量GEI | 1 779.72a | 1 731.42c | 1 716.22c | 1 726.73c | 1 753.42b | 1 698.68d | 1 717.78c | 7.956 | <0.001 | |||||||||||
| 表观代谢能摄入量AMEI | 1 293.95a | 1 214.94b | 1 186.23bc | 1 179.03c | 1 210.91b | 1 162.79c | 1 209.69b | 13.189 | <0.001 | |||||||||||
| 净能摄入量NEI | 973.28a | 839.90b | 797.63cd | 782.46d | 814.14bc | 771.59d | 796.21cd | 13.498 | <0.001 | |||||||||||
| 有效能值Effective energy values/(MJ/kg DM) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 表观代谢能AME | 12.85a | 12.20b | 12.17b | 12.16b | 12.19b | 12.07b | 12.20b | 0.106 | <0.001 | |||||||||||
| 氮校正表观代谢能AMEn | 12.81a | 12.16b | 12.15b | 12.13b | 12.15b | 12.04b | 12.76a | 0.163 | <0.001 | |||||||||||
| 净能NE | 9.67a | 8.43b | 8.19bc | 8.07c | 8.20bc | 8.01c | 8.03c | 0.124 | <0.001 | |||||||||||
| 能量转化效率Energy conversion efficiency/% | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 表观代谢能/总能AME/GE | 72.70a | 70.16bc | 69.11cd | 68.27d | 69.06cd | 68.45d | 70.42b | 0.606 | <0.001 | |||||||||||
| 净能/表观代谢能NE/AME | 75.22a | 69.11b | 67.23c | 66.35cd | 67.23c | 66.35cd | 65.81d | 0.578 | <0.001 | |||||||||||
2.3 白羽肉鸡对棉籽粕的有效能值和能量转化效率
表5 白羽肉鸡对棉籽粕的有效能值和能量转化效率(干物质基础)Table 5 Effective energy values and energy conversion efficiency of cottonseed meal in white-feathered broilers (DM basis) |
| 项目 Items | 棉籽粕编号Cottonseed meal number | SEM | P值 P-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |||
| 有效能值Effective energy values/(MJ/kg DM) | ||||||||
| 表观代谢能AME | 12.97 | 12.86 | 12.76 | 12.94 | 12.33 | 12.98 | 0.547 | 0.841 |
| 净能NE | 6.04a | 4.88ab | 4.22b | 4.87ab | 3.93b | 4.03b | 0.660 | 0.032 |
| 氮校正表观代谢能AMEn | 12.90 | 12.70 | 12.60 | 12.85 | 12.15 | 12.76 | 0.594 | 0.831 |
| 能量转化效率Energy conversion efficiency/% | ||||||||
| 表观代谢能/总能AME/GE | 72.48 | 73.23 | 73.38 | 72.92 | 70.20 | 75.63 | 3.090 | 0.673 |
| 净能/表观代谢能NE/AME | 46.09a | 37.22b | 32.49b | 37.29b | 31.70b | 30.95b | 3.842 | 0.004 |
2.4 棉籽粕原料营养成分含量与净能值相关性分析
图1 棉籽粕原料营养成分含量与有效能值相关性分析GE:总能 gross energy;DM:干物质 dry matter;CP:粗蛋白质 crude protein;AME:表观代谢能 apparent metabolizable energy;EE:粗脂肪 ether extract;Ash:粗灰分;CF:粗纤维 crude fiber;NDF:中性洗涤纤维 neutral detergent fiber;ADF:酸性洗涤纤维 acid detergent fiber;PAC:植酸 phytic acid;FG:游离棉酚 free gossypol;NFE:无氮浸出物 nitrogen-free extract;NE:净能 net energy;AMEn:氮校正表观代谢能 nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy。*和* *分别表示相关性显著(P<0.05)和极显著(P<0.01)。* and * * indicated significant correlation (P<0.05) and extremely significant correlation (P<0.01), respectively. Fig.1 Correlation analysis between nutrient content and effective energy value of cottonseed meal raw material |
2.5 基于棉籽粕常规营养成分构建净能预测方程
表6 棉籽粕净能预测逐步回归方程(干物质基础)Table 6 Net energy prediction stepwise regression equation for cottonseed meal (DM basis) |
| 编号 No. | 预测方程 Prediction equation | 决定系数 R2 | 均方根误差 RMSE | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 净能=6.514-0.002×游离棉酚 | 0.777 | 0.344 | <0.001 |
| 2 | 净能=7.269-0.002×游离棉酚-0.059×中性洗涤纤维 | 0.893 | 0.239 | <0.001 |
| 3 | 净能=9.019-0.001×游离棉酚-0.043×粗蛋白质-0.076×中性洗涤纤维 | 0.994 | 0.055 | <0.001 |
表7 棉籽粕净能预测值与实测值比较(干物质基础)Table 7 Comparison of predicted and measured values of net energy of cottonseed meal (DM basis) |
| 项目 Items | 棉籽粕编号Cottonseed meal number | 平均值 Mean | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | ||
| 实测值Measured values/(MJ/kg DM) | 6.04 | 4.81 | 4.22 | 4.87 | 3.93 | 4.03 | 4.65 |
| 预测值Predicted values/(MJ/kg DM) | 5.99 | 4.58 | 4.08 | 4.84 | 3.80 | 3.82 | 4.52 |
| 差值Difference/(MJ/kg DM) | 0.05 | 0.23 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.21 | 0.13 |
| 相对标准偏差RSD/% | 0.58 | 3.41 | 2.44 | 0.46 | 2.33 | 3.69 | 2.15 |
表8 棉籽粕净能预测方程适应性验证(干物质基础)Table 8 Adaptability verification of cottonseed meal NE prediction equation (DM basis) |
| 项目 Item | 营养成分Nutrients | 净能NE/(MJ/kg DM) | 相对标 准偏差 RSD/% | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 粗蛋白质 CP/% | 游离棉酚 Free gossypol/ (mg/kg) | 中性洗 涤纤维 NDF/% | 预测值 Predicted value | 实测值 Measured value | 差值 Difference | |||
| 验证棉籽粕 Verification of cottonseed meal | 47.30 | 432.10 | 22.36 | 4.85 | 5.13 | 0.28 | 3.97 | |
