Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2025 , Vol. 37 >Issue 10: 6699 - 6707

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2025.545

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Dietary Iron Supplementation with Different Doses and Forms on Growth Performance and Ileal Microbiota Diversity of Broiler Chickens

  • WANG Ning ,
  • Fangfang ,
  • ZHANG Yong , * ,
  • ZHANG Ruiyang ,
  • YIN Dafei ,
  • GUO Jiahao
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  • College of Animal Science and Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
**professor, E-mail:

*Contributed equally

Received date: 2025-02-11

  Online published: 2025-10-15

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Abstract

The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of adding different doses of ferrous sulfate (FS) and coated ferrous sulfate (CFS) into diets on the growth performance and ileal microbiota diversity of broiler chickens. Four hundred and eighty 1-day-old Ross 308 male broiler chickens were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups, with 6 replicates per group and 20 chickens per replicate. The experiment adopted a 2×2 factorial design, with two factors: the additive form and additive dose of iron. Broiler chickens in the four groups were fed basal diet+42 mg/kg iron (in the form of FS, LFS group), basal diet+42 mg/kg iron (in the form of CFS, LCFS group), basal diet+63 mg/kg iron (in the form of FS, HFS group), and basal diet+63 mg/kg iron (in the form of CFS, HCFS group). The pretrial period was 7 days (1 to 8 days of age), and the formal period was 42 days (8 to 49 days of age). The results showed as follows: 1) at the age of 29 to 49 days, the average daily gain of the CFS group was significantly higher than that of the FS group (P<0.05), and the feed to gain ratio was significantly lower than that of the FS group (P<0.05); at the age of 8 to 49 days, the average daily feed intake and feed to gain ratio of the ferrous sulfate coated CFS group were significantly lower than those of the FS group (P<0.01). The feed to gain ratio of broiler chickens aged 8 to 49 days in the LCFS group was significantly lower than that in the HFS group (P<0.05), and extremely significantly lower than that in the LFS group (P<0.01); the feed to gain ratio of broiler chickens aged 8 to 49 days in the HCFS group was significantly lower than that in the LFS group (P<0.05). 2) The additive dose of iron had a significant effect on the Simpson index of ileal microbiota of broiler chickens (P<0.05). Specifically, the group supplemented with 42 mg/kg iron showed a significantly higher Simpson index compared with the group supplemented with 63 mg/kg iron (P< 0.05). The additive form of iron had a significant effect on the relative abundance of Lactobacillus and unclassified bacterial genera in the ileal microbiota (P<0.05). Among them, the relative abundance of Lactobacillus in the FS group was significantly higher than that in the CFS group (P<0.05), and the relative abundance of unclassified bacterial genera in the CFS group was significantly higher than that in the ferrous sulfate FS group (P<0.05). In conclusion, CFS can improve the growth performance of broiler chickens compared with FS, and supplementation with 42 mg/kg iron can enhance the Alpha diversity of the ileal microbiota of broiler chickens compared with 63 mg/kg iron. Based on comprehensive evaluation of various indicators, it is recommended that the dose of iron added into the diet for broiler chickens be 42 mg/kg in the form of CFS.

Key words： ferrous sulfate; coated ferrous sulfate; broiler chickens; growth performance; ileal microbiota

Cite this article

WANG Ning , Fangfang , ZHANG Yong , ZHANG Ruiyang , YIN Dafei , GUO Jiahao . Effects of Dietary Iron Supplementation with Different Doses and Forms on Growth Performance and Ileal Microbiota Diversity of Broiler Chickens[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2025 , 37(10) : 6699 -6707 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2025.545

铁是维持动物生产力和肠道健康的必要微量元素,不仅在生产中发挥着重要作用,还对维持肠道微生物多样性有重要意义[1]。随着现代化养殖逐渐向集约化方向发展,为了满足肉鸡生长的需要,饲粮中必须补充足够的铁元素。Sun等[2]研究表明,在饲粮中添加160 mg/kg硫酸亚铁时,能促进肉仔鸡的生长。有害菌是需铁微生物,肠道中铁过量会导致有害菌大量繁殖,且体内铁缺乏和铁过量都会影响微生物的多样性、分类和功能,导致菌群毒力发生变化[3-4]。研究表明,铁的摄取量与大肠杆菌毒力关系密切[5]。另外,缺铁会降低肠道微生物多样性和优势菌丰富度,减少丁酸盐及产生丁酸盐的菌株数量[6]。Ding等[7]研究发现,添加3 000 mg/kg铁可显著提高断奶仔猪盲肠微生物群落Shannon和Chao指数,表明添加3 000 mg/kg铁提高了盲肠微生物的多样性和丰富度。以上研究表明,合理利用铁会改善动物肠道微生物群落结构。将硫酸亚铁进行包被,可减少其在胃中盐酸作用下的解离,避免抗营养因子对铁离子的结合,增加肠道对铁的吸收和利用[8]。然而,目前关于包被硫酸亚铁对肉鸡生长性能及肠道微生物影响的研究报道较少。本试验通过在饲粮中添加不同剂量的硫酸亚铁和包被硫酸亚铁,探究不同形式与剂量的铁对肉鸡生长性能及肠道微生物的影响,为肉鸡生产中包被硫酸亚铁的使用提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

试验所用硫酸亚铁为一水硫酸亚铁(FeSO4·H2O),铁含量为30%;包被硫酸亚铁是采用液固相融合分散的物理包被技术,以玉米醇溶蛋白、小麦醇溶蛋白等多种植物性醇溶蛋白为包被材料,在FeSO4·H2O中喷入醇溶蛋白和乙醇混合溶液,回收乙醇,再加入石粉、玉米淀粉等分散剂,喷入核心料总质量10%~20%的水,使分散剂均匀地分布在微量元素表面,增强包被层的抗磨损能力,再经过制型、干燥、冷却、制粒并筛分后制得,其铁含量为15%。

1.2 试验设计与试验饲粮

本研究中使用的所有动物试验方案均符合中国动物福利指南,并经沈阳农业大学福利伦理委员会批准,动物试验伦理批准编号为SNLL25022602。
试验采用2×2析因设计,2个因素分别为铁的添加形式和添加剂量。铁的添加形式分别为硫酸亚铁和包被硫酸亚铁;根据预试验结果设置2个铁添加剂量,分别为42和63 mg/kg。选取480只体重相近且体况良好的1日龄罗斯308雄性肉仔鸡,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复20只鸡。4个组分别饲喂基础饲粮+42 mg/kg铁(形式为硫酸亚铁,LFS组)、基础饲粮+42 mg/kg铁(形式为包被硫酸亚铁,LCFS组)、基础饲粮+63 mg/kg铁(形式为硫酸亚铁,HFS组)、基础饲粮+63 mg/kg铁(形式为包被硫酸亚铁,HCFS组)。试验期为49 d,其中预试期7 d,7 d后称重分组,正式试验于肉仔鸡8日龄开始,49日龄结束,分为前期(8~28日龄)和后期(29~49日龄)2个阶段。基础饲粮组成及营养水平参见卢红美等[9]的研究。按照试验设计的添加剂量和添加形式将硫酸亚铁或包被硫酸亚铁提前添加到各组肉仔鸡的基础饲粮中,LFS组、LCFS组、HFS组、HCFS组8~28日龄饲粮中铁元素实测值分别为271.00、292.80、282.76、300.42 mg/kg,29~49日龄饲粮中铁元素实测值分别为267.37、289.17、279.13、296.79 mg/kg,铁元素含量的测定参考GB/T 13885—2003。

1.3 饲养管理

试验期间肉鸡自由采食和饮水,日常饲养管理根据常规免疫和消毒的流程进行。

1.4 测定指标及方法

1.4.1 生长性能

试验期间,记录鸡只死亡和采食情况,在8、28和49日龄早晨空腹称重,计算平均日增重(ADG)、平均日采食量(ADFI)、料重比(F/G)和死亡率(MR)。

1.4.2 回肠微生物组成及多样性

饲养试验结束后,每个重复取1只肉仔鸡屠宰,无菌取回肠食糜到冻存管,放入液氮中保存,待测微生物组成及多样性。微生物组成和多样性测定方法参照黄金贵等[10]发表的文献。

1.5 数据处理与统计分析

试验数据应用Excel 2010进行初步整理,使用SPSS 25.0软件对数据进行2×2析因分析;互作效应显著时,使用SPSS 25.0软件进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),当差异显著时,采用Duncan氏法进行多重比较。所有结果均使用“平均值±标准差”表示,P<0.05表示差异显著,P<0.01表示差异极显著。

2 结果与分析

2.1 饲粮中添加不同形式与剂量的铁对肉仔鸡生长性能的影响

由表1可知,在29~49日龄阶段,包被硫酸亚铁组的ADG显著高于硫酸亚铁组(P<0.05),F/G显著低于硫酸亚铁组(P<0.05);在8~49日龄阶段,包被硫酸亚铁组的ADFI和F/G极显著低于硫酸亚铁组(P<0.01);铁的添加剂量对各生长阶段肉仔鸡的ADG、ADFI、F/G均无显著影响(P>0.05);铁的添加形式和添加剂量对8~28日龄肉仔鸡的ADFI以及8~49日龄肉仔鸡的F/G有显著交互作用(P<0.05),其中,LCFS组8~49日龄肉仔鸡的F/G显著低于HFS组(P<0.05),极显著低于LFS组(P<0.01),HCFS组8~49日龄肉仔鸡的F/G显著低于LFS组(P<0.05)。
表1 饲粮中添加不同形式与剂量的铁对肉仔鸡生长性能的影响

Table 1 Effects of dietary iron supplementation with different doses and forms on growth performance of broiler chickens

项目
Items		 8~28日龄8 to 28 days of age 29~49日龄29 to 49 days of age 8~49日龄8 to 49 days of age
初始
体重
IBW/g		 终末
体重
FBW/g		 平均
日增重
ADG/g		 平均日
采食量
ADFI/g		 料重比
F/G		 终末
体重
FBW/g		 平均
日增重
ADG/g		 平均日
采食量
ADFI/g		 料重比
F/G		 平均
日增重
ADG/g		 平均日
采食量
ADFI/g		 料重比
F/G		 死亡率
MR/%








组别
Groups		 LFS 179.9
±0.2		 1 293.8
±65.4		 52.4
±2.7		 79.8
±0.0		 1.51
±0.09		 2 367.1
±253.4		 68.4
±6.9		 144.9
±5.6		 2.18
±0.23		 59.1
±6.9		 113.5
±2.7		 1.90
±0.12a		 15.83
±13.93
LCFS 180.0
±0.0		 1 307.9
±62.5		 53.6
±2.4		 78.5
±1.0		 1.48
±0.01		 2 481.8
±184.0		 78.5
±5.8		 142.2
±9.7		 1.87
±0.05		 64.5
±3.5		 105.6
±5.4		 1.71
±0.07c		 10.83
±4.92
HFS 180.0
±0.0		 1 291.3
±71.3		 51.4
±2.1		 79.1
±1.6		 1.52
±0.07		 2 480.8
±230.5		 71.6
±9.0		 147.3
±7.3		 2.02
±0.23		 62.2
±6.2		 113.0
±4.0		 1.81
±0.62ab		 10.83
±12.12
HCFS 180.0
±0.0		 1 320.0
±48.5		 54.0
±2.7		 79.8
±0.0		 1.44
±0.03		 2 484.3
±124.5		 74.9
±2.8		 140.9
±9.2		 1.91
±0.02		 63.4
±1.7		 107.6
±4.8		 1.76
±0.05bc		 11.50
±3.92


形式
Forms		 硫酸亚铁
FS		 180.0
±0.1		 1 292.5
±65.2		 51.9
±2.4		 79.4
±0.8		 1.52
±0.08		 2 423.9
±238.5		 70.0
±7.8		 146.1
±6.3		 2.10
±0.27		 60.7
±6.5		 113.3
±3.3		 1.86
±0.10		 13.33
±12.12
包被硫
酸亚铁
CFS		 180.0
±0.0		 1 313.9
±53.7		 53.8
±2.5		 79.1
±1.3		 1.46
±0.07		 2 483.0
±149.8		 76.7
±4.8		 141.5
±9.0		 1.89
±0.04		 63.9
±2.7		 106.6
±4.9		 1.73
±0.07		 11.17
±4.26


剂量
Doses/
(mg/kg)		 42 180.0
±0.1		 1 300.8
±61.5		 53.0
±2.5		 79.1
±1.3		 1.49
±0.09		 2 424.4
±219.5		 73.4
±8.1		 143.5
±7.7		 2.02
±0.23		 61.8
±5.9		 109.5
±5.8		 1.80
±0.14		 13.33
±10.30
63 180.0
±0.0		 1 305.6
±60.0		 52.7
±2.7		 79.4
±0.8		 1.48
±0.08		 2 482.6
±176.6		 73.2
±6.6		 144.1
±8.6		 1.96
±0.21		 62.8
±4.4		 110.3
±5.0		 1.79
±0.06		 11.17
±7.68




P值P-value		 形式
Form		 0.329 0.411 0.085 0.466 0.090 0.487 0.020 0.181 0.014 0.126 0.001 0.001 0.576
剂量
Dose		 0.329 0.852 0.772 0.466 0.689 0.493 0.937 0.864 0.448 0.643 0.659 0.598 0.576
交互作用
Interaction		 0.329 0.777 0.499 0.026 0.382 0.512 0.215 0.575 0.193 0.316 0.480 0.033 0.465

同列数据肩标相邻小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相隔小写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01),相同字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。

Adjacent lowercase letters on the shoulder of data in the same column indicate significant difference (P<0.05), separated lowercase letters indicate extremely significant difference (P<0.01), and the same letter or no letter indicate no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below.

2.2 饲粮中添加不同形式与剂量的铁对肉仔鸡肠道微生物的影响

2.2.1 回肠微生物有效操作分类单元(OTU)数统计

Shannon指数的稀释性曲线(图1)已经趋于平稳,这说明试验的测序量很充分,可以进行后续的数据分析工作。在韦恩图(图2)中,4组共有的微生物物种数为54种,其中LCFS组的特有微生物物种数最多,为222种,HFS组的特有微生物物种数最少,为61种;且包被硫酸亚铁组特有微生物物种数较硫酸亚铁组特有微生物物种数多,说明添加包被硫酸铁可增加回肠微生物物种数。
图1 Shannon指数的稀释性曲线

Fig.1 Dilutive curve of Shannon index

图2 回肠微生物OTU韦恩图

Fig.2 Venn diagram of ileal microbiota based on OTU

2.2.2 回肠微生物Alpha多样性

由表2可知,铁的添加形式对回肠微生物Alpha多样性指数的影响不显著(P>0.05),且铁的添加形式和添加剂量对肉仔鸡回肠微生物Alpha多样性指数无显著交互作用(P>0.05);铁的添加剂量对肉仔鸡回肠微生物Simpson指数有显著影响(P<0.05),其中,添加42 mg/kg铁组Simpson指数显著高于添加63 mg/kg铁组(P<0.05)。
表2 饲粮中添加不同形式与剂量的铁对肉仔鸡回肠微生物Alpha多样性指数的影响

Table 2 Effects of dietary iron supplementation with different doses and forms on Alpha diversity indexes of ileal microbiota of broiler chickens

项目
Items		 Chao1指数
Chao1 index		 Faith_pd指数
Faith_pd
index		 Observed_features
指数
Observed_features
index		 Shannon指数
Shannon
index		 Simpson指数
Simpson index



组别
Groups		 LFS 114.02±3.02 11.60±0.10 114.00±3.00 3.09±0.52 0.79±0.07
LCFS 153.48±90.56 16.62±5.55 153.33±90.63 3.28±0.55 0.78±0.09
HFS 75.46±17.45 9.73±2.91 75.33±17.24 2.15±0.62 0.58±0.09
HCFS 108.79±25.63 11.02±3.44 108.67±25.48 2.78±0.76 0.65±0.15

形式
Forms		 硫酸亚铁FS 94.74±23.91 10.66±2.10 94.67±23.90 2.62±0.73 0.68±0.14
包被硫酸亚铁CFS 131.13±64.36 13.82±5.14 131.00±64.37 3.03±0.65 0.72±0.13

剂量
Doses/(mg/kg)		 42 133.75±61.25 14.11±4.46 133.67±61.27 3.18±0.49 0.79±0.07
63 92.12±26.79 10.38±2.94 92.00±26.68 2.47±0.71 0.62±0.12


P值
P-value		 形式Form 0.225 0.165 0.225 0.285 0.622
剂量Dose 0.171 0.109 0.170 0.080 0.022
交互作用Interaction 0.914 0.392 0.916 0.557 0.481

2.2.3 回肠微生物Beta多样性

基于Bray-Curtis距离的非度量多维尺度(NMDS)分析结果(图3)显示,4组间的样本能够清晰分离开,置换多元方差分析(PERMANOVA)结果显示P>0.05,说明各组间差异不显著。
图3 NMDS分析

Fig.3 NMDS analysis

2.2.4 回肠微生物组成

由图4可知,各组肉仔鸡回肠微生物群落中的优势菌门均为厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes);由图5可知,各组肉仔鸡回肠微生物群落中的优势菌属为联合乳杆菌属(Ligilactobacillus)、乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、罗伊氏乳杆菌属(Limosilactobacillus)、罗姆布茨菌属_B(Romboutsia_B)、未分类菌属(Unclassified)和Dwaynesavagella。对肉仔鸡回肠微生物群落中的优势菌属的相对丰度进行分析,结果见表3。由表3可知,铁的添加剂量对肉仔鸡回肠微生物群落中各优势菌属的相对丰度的影响不显著(P>0.05),且铁的添加形式和添加剂量对肉仔鸡回肠微生物群落中各优势菌属的相对丰度无显著交互作用(P>0.05);铁的添加形式对乳杆菌属和未分类菌属的相对丰度有显著影响(P<0.05),其中硫酸亚铁组乳杆菌属相对丰度显著高于包被硫酸亚铁组(P<0.05),包被硫酸亚铁组未分类菌属相对丰度显著高于硫酸亚铁组(P<0.05)。
图4 回肠菌群门水平相对丰度柱状图

Fig.4 Relative abundance histogram of ileal microbiota at phylum level

图5 回肠菌群属水平相对丰度柱状图

Fig.5 Relative abundance histogram of ileal microbiota at genus level

表3 饲粮中添加不同形式与剂量的铁对肉鸡回肠菌群优势菌属相对丰度的影响

Table 3 Effects of dietary iron supplementation with different doses and forms on relative abundances of dominant genera in ileal microbiota of broiler chickens %

项目
Items		 联合乳杆菌属
Ligilactobacillus		 乳杆菌属
Lactobacillus		 罗伊氏乳杆菌属
Limosilacto-
bacillus		 罗姆布茨
菌属_B
Romboutsia_B		 未分类菌属
Unclassified		 Dwaynesav-
agella




组别
Groups		 LFS 8.77±8.33 70.62±7.01 14.58±6.87 0.04±0.02 0.10±0.06 5.52±5.51
LCFS 44.10±38.76 31.38±36.47 9.72±5.63 12.37±15.27 0.80±0.55 0.19±0.17
HFS 3.92±4.95 87.89±7.59 7.58±2.80 0.42±0.62 0.01±0.01 0.02±0.02
HCFS 40.94±47.43 43.50±38.43 10.16±15.10 2.91±5.02 0.60±0.60 1.10±1.59


形式
Forms		 硫酸亚铁FS 6.35±6.68 79.25±11.50 11.08±6.06 0.23±0.45 0.06±0.06 2.77±4.61
包被硫酸亚铁
CFS		 42.52±38.78 37.44±34.16 9.94±10.20 7.64±11.41 0.70±0.53 0.64±1.13

剂量
Doses/(mg/kg)		 42 26.40±31.68 51.00±31.84 12.15±6.21 6.20±11.78 0.45±0.52 2.85±4.55
63 22.43±36.34 65.69±34.71 8.87±9.82 1.67±3.48 0.31±0.50 0.56±1.16



P值
P-value		 形式Form 0.078 0.028 0.830 0.149 0.026 0.235
剂量Dose 0.829 0.373 0.540 0.357 0.562 0.203
交互作用
Interaction		 0.964 0.873 0.488 0.320 0.834 0.089

3 讨论

3.1 饲粮中添加不同形式与剂量的铁对肉仔鸡生长性能的影响

李菲等[11]在肉仔鸡的饲粮中用0.3 kg/t包被形式的微量元素替代1 kg/t的普通复合微量元素,结果显示,包被形式的微量元素提高了22~42日龄肉鸡的ADG和饲料利用率。张馨洁[12]的研究表明,在基础饲粮中额外添加200 g/t包被硫酸亚铁后,其ADFI相较于对照组有极显著提高,同时F/G则显著低于对照组。本试验发现,包被硫酸亚铁组的29~49日龄ADG显著高于硫酸亚铁组,F/G显著低于硫酸亚铁组;包被硫酸亚铁组的8~49日龄ADFI和F/G极显著低于硫酸亚铁组,与上述结果基本一致,说明包被硫酸亚铁较硫酸亚铁可改善肉鸡的生长性能。宋琼莉等[13]研究发现,饲粮中添加80 mg/kg铁对崇仁麻鸡的ADG、ADFI和F/G无显著影响。本试验结果显示,铁的添加剂量对肉仔鸡的ADG、ADFI、F/G均无显著影响,与上述结果基本一致,说明试验设定的2个添加剂量的铁对肉鸡生长性能的影响不显著。此外,本试验发现,铁的添加形式和添加剂量对8~28日龄肉仔鸡的ADFI以及8~49日龄肉仔鸡的F/G存在显著的交互作用,对于8~49日龄肉仔鸡,添加42 mg/kg包被硫酸亚铁形式铁的肉仔鸡的F/G显著低于添加63 mg/kg硫酸亚铁形式铁,极显著低于添加42 mg/kg硫酸亚铁形式铁的肉仔鸡;添加63 mg/kg包被硫酸亚铁形式铁的肉仔鸡的F/G显著低于添加42 mg/kg硫酸亚铁形式铁的肉仔鸡;考虑到环保及节约成本,更推荐饲粮中以包被硫酸亚铁形式添加42 mg/kg的铁。

3.2 饲粮中添加不同形式与剂量的铁对肉仔鸡肠道微生物的影响

3.2.1 饲粮中添加不同形式与剂量的铁对肉仔鸡回肠菌群多样性的影响

肉鸡肠道菌群的多样性往往通过Alpha多样性和Beta多样性2个角度来展现[14]。微生物在肠道中的活动对营养物质的消化和吸收有重要影响,保持肠道菌群平衡可以提高肠道的消化和吸收能力,维护机体健康[15]。本试验结果显示,铁的添加形式对肉仔鸡回肠菌群Alpha多样性指数的影响不显著,但包被硫酸亚铁组Chao1、Faith_pd、Observed_features、Shannon、Simpson指数均高于硫酸亚铁组,说明包被硫酸亚铁对回肠菌群Alpha多样性有一定改善作用。Gou等[16]在岭南肉鸡(1~21日龄)的基础饲粮(铁含量为245 mg/kg)中分别添加0(对照)、700和1 400 mg/kg的铁,并采用变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)技术对盲肠微生物组成进行分析,发现添加700和1 400 mg/kg铁组的DGGE凝胶条带数交对照组显著增加,这意味着这2个铁添加剂量提高了岭南肉鸡盲肠菌群多样性。本试验结果显示,添加42 mg/kg铁组Simpson指数显著高于添加63 mg/kg铁组,说明添加低剂量的铁会影响肉仔鸡回肠菌群多样性。Beta多样性是通过多种指标来衡量和比较不同样本之间微生物群落组成的差异。本试验对各组肉仔鸡回肠菌群进行了PERMANOVA,结果显示P>0.05,表明各组肉仔鸡回肠菌群相似度较高,饲粮中添加不同形式和剂量的铁不影响肉仔鸡回肠菌群多样性。

3.2.2 饲粮中添加不同形式与剂量的铁对肉仔鸡回肠菌群组成的影响

通过基因组测序发现,肉鸡肠道内的微生物群落在菌门水平上主要有厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门、变形菌门、放线菌门和酸杆菌门,在菌属水平上主要有乳杆菌属、肠球菌属、拟杆菌属和棒状杆菌属[17],这些微生物群落在能量产生、代谢、免疫防御等过程中起着重要作用[18-19]。张世忠等[20]的研究表明,在属水平上,饲粮中添加2 000和3 000 mg/kg铁苋菜粉显著提高了黄羽肉鸡盲肠中有益菌芽殖菌属的相对丰度,饲粮中添加3 000 mg/kg铁苋菜粉显著提高了另枝菌属的相对丰度;在门水平上,饲粮中添加2 000和3 000 mg/kg铁苋菜粉显著提高了黄羽肉鸡盲肠中拟杆菌门的相对丰度,并降低了厚壁菌门/拟杆菌门值。本试验中,在门水平上,肉仔鸡回肠微生物主要由厚壁菌门、变形菌门和拟杆菌门组成,其中相对丰度最高的是厚壁菌门,为优势菌门;在属水平上,硫酸亚铁可显著提高回肠微生物中乳杆菌属的相对丰度,包被硫酸亚铁则可显著提高未知菌属的相对丰度,说明在饲粮中添加铁可提高肉仔鸡回肠微生物中有益菌相对丰度,改善肠道健康。

4 结论

① 相较硫酸亚铁,包被硫酸亚铁能提高肉仔鸡的生长性能。
② 本试验设计的42和63 mg/kg 2个铁添加剂量对肉仔鸡的生长性能无显著差异,但添加42 mg/kg铁较添加63 mg/kg铁提高了肉仔鸡回肠微生物的Simpson指数。
③ 综合各项指标,推荐肉仔鸡饲粮中以包被硫酸亚铁形式添加42 mg/kg铁。

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