Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2025 , Vol. 37 >Issue 10: 6812 - 6825

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2025.555

RESEARCH PAPER

Nutritional Value and Rumen Degradation Characteristics of Leaf-Eating Grass at Different Growth Stages in Dairy Cows

  • XU Jiashuai , 1, 2 ,
  • LI Qin 2 ,
  • YANG Chunxu 2 ,
  • ZHANG Yanmei 2 ,
  • MA Tao 2 ,
  • CHEN Dong 3 ,
  • CHEN Bo 4 ,
  • ZHOU Wei 4 ,
  • ZHANG Naifeng 2 ,
  • TU Yan 2 ,
  • DIAO Qiyu 2 ,
  • ZHANG Jianxin , 1, * ,
  • BI Yanliang , 2, *
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  • 1 College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
  • 2 Beijing Key Laboratory of Dairy Cow Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
  • 3 College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
  • 4 Beijing Maosheng Protein Grass Science and Technology Industry Development Co., Ltd., Beijing 101318, China
*ZHANG Jianxin, professor, E-mail: ;
BI Yanliang, professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2025-02-14

  Online published: 2025-10-15

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Abstract

This experiment aimed to study the nutritional value of leaf-eating grass at different growth stages and its degradation characteristics in rumen of dairy cows, providing a basis for the application of leaf-eating grass in the diet of ruminants. The experiment used leaf-eating grass at the growing stage (25, 45 and 60 days), squaring stage (70 days), full-bloom stage (85 days) and seed-setting stage (100 days) as the experimental materials to determine the common nutrients. Meanwhile, by using the nylon bag method, three lactating Holstein dairy cows with permanent rumen fistulas were selected as experimental animals to determine the rumen degradation rates and degradation parameters of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) in leaf-eating grass at different growth stages. The results showed as follows: 1) the initial moisture content in leaf-eating grass from 25 days of the growing stage to the squaring stage was ≥83.74%, among which the initial moisture content at 25 days of the growing stage was the highest (92.34%); the moisture content at the full-bloom stage was 78.39%; and the moisture content at the seed-setting stage was the lowest, which was 55.62%. From 25 days of the growing stage to the squaring stage, the rumen degradation rate of DM in leaf-eating grass at 72 hours was ≥71.79%, which was significantly higher than that at the full-bloom stage and the seed-setting stage (P<0.05); the effective degradation rate of DM in leaf-eating grass was the highest (60.62%) at 25 days of the growing stage, and the lowest (40.51%) at the seed-setting stage. 2) The CP content in leaf-eating grass was decreased with the extension of the growth stage, and the CP content exceeded 26% from 25 days of the growing stage to the squaring stage, among which the CP content was the highest (31.02%) at 25 days of the growing stage; the CP content dropped to 19.50% at the full-bloom stage; and the CP content was the lowest at the seed-setting stage, which was 10.27%. From 25 days of the growing stage to the full-bloom stage, the rumen degradation rate of CP in leaf-eating grass at 72 hours was ≥77.78%, and the effective degradation rate of CP was decreased from 66.10% at 25 days of the growing stage to 51.67% at the seed-setting stage (P<0.05). 3) The NDF content in leaf-eating grass showed a continuous increasing trend with the extension of the growth stage, rising from 40.39% at 25 days of the growing stage to 68.26% at the seed-setting stage. At 72 hours, the rumen degradation rate and effective degradation rate of NDF were the highest at 25 days of the growing stage, which were 65.58% and 47.54%, respectively, and there were significantly higher than those at the other growth stages (P<0.05) (except for the rumen degradation rate of NDF at 45 days of the growing stage). There was no significant difference in the ADF content in leaf-eating grass among different growth stages (P>0.05), with an average value of about 17%. At 72 hours, the rumen degradation rate and effective degradation rate of ADF were from 46.42% to 62.59% and 30.89% to 44.12%, respectively. 4) The rumen degradation rates and effective degradation rates of DM, CP, NDF and ADF in leaf-eating grass all showed a downward trend with the extension of the growth stage, in the following order: 25 days of the growing stage>45 days of the growing stage>60 days of the growing stage>the squaring stage>the full-bloom stage>the seed-setting stage. In summary, the nutrients and rumen degradation rates of leaf-eating grass vary significantly at different growth stages. From 25 days of the growing stage to the full-bloom stage, the CP content in leaf-eating grass is relatively high, while the NDF and ADF contents are relatively low. The effective degradation rates of the main nutrients in rumen were relatively high, and the leaf-eating grass can be used as a high-quality forage source in ruminant production.

Key words： leaf-eating grass; growth stage; dairy cows; nutritional value; rumen degradation rate

Cite this article

XU Jiashuai , LI Qin , YANG Chunxu , ZHANG Yanmei , MA Tao , CHEN Dong , CHEN Bo , ZHOU Wei , ZHANG Naifeng , TU Yan , DIAO Qiyu , ZHANG Jianxin , BI Yanliang . Nutritional Value and Rumen Degradation Characteristics of Leaf-Eating Grass at Different Growth Stages in Dairy Cows[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2025 , 37(10) : 6812 -6825 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2025.555

近年来,随着我国畜牧业的迅速发展,饲料粮的需求量不断增加,饲料资源不足无法有效满足畜牧生产需求,尤其是蛋白质饲料[1]。目前,我国饲用蛋白质资源仍高度依赖进口,这严重制约了我国畜牧业的绿色可持续发展和国家粮食安全[2]。通过提高现有蛋白质饲料资源的利用率,积极寻找新型蛋白质饲料资源等方法,是缓解我国蛋白质资源紧张的有效途径。
食叶草又名蛋白草,是我国自主培育的蓼科酸模属杂交品种[3],其粗蛋白质(CP)含量可达30%以上,且富含多种氨基酸[4],有较强的生态适应性,在全国范围内均有种植[5],在我国北方地区种植每15~25 d可收割1次,年产鲜草20~40 t/亩(1亩≈666.67 m2);南方地区四季均可采收,产量更高[6]。柏绿山等[7]报道,食叶草饲料在畜牧养殖中“以草代粮”,可替代30%~50%的精饲料,能够提高饲料转化率,增加畜产品产量。雷丽莉等[8]研究发现,不同CP水平的全混合食叶草发酵饲粮能显著提高育肥猪的生长性能。马瑞聪[6]在育肥羊饲粮中用33%和66%的食叶草干草代替苜蓿干草,育肥羊的生长性能没有显著差异,证明了食叶草优良的饲用价值。此外,食叶草的CP含量高于传统饲料苜蓿[9],在缓解我国蛋白质饲料资源供应不足、大量依赖进口等方面潜力巨大。
不过,随着昆虫蛋白[10]、微生物蛋白[11]和植物蛋白[12]等新型饲料原料的不断挖掘,食叶草作为一种高蛋白质含量的饲料原料仍处于探索阶段,关于不同生长阶段食叶草营养价值及在瘤胃中降解特性的研究较少。因此,本试验旨在探究不同生长阶段食叶草的营养价值及在奶牛瘤胃中的降解特性,为其科学开发和利用提供依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

采集生长期(25、45和60 d)、现蕾期(70 d)、盛花期(85 d)和结籽期(100 d)食叶草样品,切碎至4~5 cm长度,置于65 ℃烘箱48 h后,取出放于室内回潮24 h,粉碎过10目筛后装进自封袋于阴凉处保存,用于常规营养成分检测和尼龙袋试验。

1.2 常规营养成分含量测定

饲粮或饲料样品中干物质(DM)和有机物(OM)含量参照GB/T 40835—2021[13]采用烘箱干燥法测定,淀粉含量参照GB/T 20194—2018中方法测定,CP含量参照GB/T 24318—2009[14]采用杜马斯燃烧法测定,中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量参照Van Soest等[15]的方法测定,粗脂肪(EE)含量采用全自动脂肪仪(XT15i,ANKOM,美国)测定,粗灰分(Ash)含量参照GB/T 6438—2007[16]中方法测定,钙和磷含量分别参照GB/T 6436—2018[17]和GB/T 6437—2018[18]中方法测定。

1.3 试验动物和饲养管理

本试验于2024年8月在辽宁越秀辉山乳业登仕堡牧场进行,试验的动物护理和研究方案经中国农业科学院饲料研究所动物实验伦理委员会批准(批准号:IFR-CAAS-20220518)。试验选用3头健康的装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的泌乳期荷斯坦奶牛为试验动物,体重为(650.0±22.3) kg,每日于07:00和17:00进行饲喂,试验期间自由采食和饮水。基础饲粮参照NRC(2021)奶牛营养需要进行配制,其组成及营养水平见表1。预试期7 d,正试期7 d。
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (DM basis) %

项目Items 含量Content
原料Ingredients
全株玉米青贮Whole-plant corn silage 26.63
苜蓿干草Alfalfa hay 12.77
压片玉米Ground corn grain 27.92
全棉籽Whole cotton seed 4.42
糖蜜Molasses 0.72
玉米蛋白粉Corn gluten meal 0.84
豆粕Soybean meal 13.62
菜籽粕Rapeseed meal 3.63
葡萄糖Glucose 1.88
脂肪酸钙Calcium fatty acid 2.79
碳酸钙CaCO3 0.65
碳酸氢钠NaHCO3 0.52
氯化钠NaCl 0.49
预混料Premix1) 3.12
合计Total 100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels2)
泌乳净能NEL/(MJ/kg) 1.69
有机物OM 91.12
粗蛋白质CP 17.73
粗脂肪EE 4.67
淀粉Starch 27.74
中性洗涤纤维NDF 28.59
酸性洗涤纤维ADF 18.64
粗灰分Ash 6.25
钙Ca 0.63
磷p 0.56

1)每千克预混料含有 One kilogram of the premix contained the following:VA 250 000 IU,VD3 50 000 IU,VE 1 100 IU,Cu 250 mg,Mn 500 mg,Zn 1 000 mg,Se 20 mg,I 40 mg,Co 24 mg。2)泌乳净能依据NRC(2021)计算,计算公式为:泌乳净能(MJ/kg)=[0.024 5×饲粮可消化总养分(%)-0.12]×4.184;其余为实测值。NEL was calculated according to NRC (2021), and the calculation formula was NEL (MJ/kg)=[0.024 5×TDN(%)-0.12]×4.184; while the others were measured values.

1.4 尼龙袋试验

精确称量5.000 g不同生长阶段食叶草样品,装入孔径为50 μm、长×宽为12 cm×8 cm的尼龙袋中,同时记录空尼龙袋重量。将装有样品的尼龙袋用尼龙绳绑定封口,每6个尼龙袋用橡皮筋固定在一个橡胶管上,确保不出现渗漏,另一端穿上长度约50 cm的尼龙绳,固定并栓系在铁环上。每个待测时间点同一头奶牛设2个平行样品,采用不同时投放、同时取出的方法。设定培养时间分别为0(空白)、2、4、8、12、16、24、36、48和72 h,尼龙袋完全浸入瘤胃食糜中。72 h后将所有尼龙袋取出浸泡冷水中,停止瘤胃微生物降解,用自来水反复冲洗,直到从尼龙袋中流出的水变清澈。将洗净的尼龙袋样品放在托盘上置于65 ℃烘箱48 h,室内回潮24 h后称重,制成风干样品。将同一根管上一个样品的2个平行尼龙袋中的残渣混匀粉碎,过40目饲料分析筛装入自封袋中。

1.5 瘤胃降解特性

1.5.1 饲料样品量的校正

相关计算公式如下:

样品逃逸率(%)=100×(空白样重-空白残渣重)/空白样重;

校正饲料样品重(g)=实际饲料样品重×(1-样品逃逸率)。

1.5.2 营养成分降解量和瘤胃降解率的计算

相关计算公式如下:

营养成分某时间点的降解量(g)=(校正饲料样品重×空白残渣中营养成分含量)-(该时间点残渣重×该时间点残渣中营养成分含量);

某营养成分瘤胃降解率(%)=100×该营养成分某时间点的降解量/(校正饲料样品重×空白残渣中营养成分含量)。

1.5.3 瘤胃降解参数和有效降解率的计算

根据Ørskov等[19]提出的瘤胃降解参数模型计算瘤胃动态降解参数和有效降解率,某营养物质及其在瘤胃中滞留时间符合指数曲线公式,计算公式如下:
P=a+b(1-e-ct)。
式中:P为某营养成分在t时间点的降解率(%);a为快速降解部分(%);b为慢速降解部分(%);a+b为潜在可降解部分(%);c为b的降解速率(%/h);t为瘤胃降解时间(h)。
有效降解率计算公式如下:
ED=a+b×c/(c+K)。
式中:ED为有效降解率(%);a为快速降解部分(%);b为慢速降解部分(%);a+b为潜在可降解部分(%);c为b的降解速率(%/h);K为试验待测粗饲料的瘤胃外流速率,参考刘艳芳等[20],本试验K值取0.031%/h。

1.6 数据处理与统计分析

试验数据先采用Excel 2019进行初步整理,然后采用SAS 9.4软件NLIN过程计算瘤胃降解参数(a、b和c);结果数据采用SAS 9.4软件进行单因素方差分析,并采用Duncan氏法进行多重比较分析差异显著性。结果以平均值和均值标准误(SEM)表示,P<0.05为差异显著。

2 结果与分析

2.1 不同生长阶段食叶草常规营养成分

本试验中,生长期(25~60 d)新鲜食叶草DM含量较低,分别为7.66%、8.77%和11.58%;现蕾期和盛花期DM含量分别为16.26%和21.61%;结籽期DM含量最高,为44.38%。由表2可知,不同生长阶段食叶草有机物OM含量为93.33%~97.69%,其中现蕾期OM含量最高(97.69%),生长期25 d OM含量最低(93.33%)。随着生长阶段的延长,食叶草CP含量逐渐降低,生长期25、45和60 d以及现蕾期CP含量均超过26%,盛花期CP含量为19.50%,结籽期CP含量最低(10.27%)。生长期45 d食叶草EE含量达到峰值(5.30%),显著高于其他生长阶段(P<0.05)。随着生长阶段的延长,食叶草NDF含量逐渐升高,生长期25 d食叶草NDF含量最低(40.39%);结籽期NDF含量最高(68.26%),并显著高于其他生长阶段(P<0.05)。各生长阶段食叶草ADF含量均较低,平均值在17%左右,且各生长阶段间无显著差异(P>0.05)。生长期25 d食叶草Ash含量最高(6.67%),显著高于其他生长阶段(P<0.05)。在食叶草不同生长阶段中,现蕾期钙和磷含量最低,分别为0.06%和0.01%,与盛花期和结籽期差异不显著(P>0.05),显著低于生长期25、45和60 d(P<0.05)。
表2 不同生长阶段食叶草常规营养成分(干物质基础)

Table 2 Common nutrients in leaf-eating grass at different growth stages (DM basis) %

项目
Items		 生长期Growing stage 现蕾期
Squaring
stage (70 d)		 盛花期
Full-bloom
stage (85 d)		 结籽期
Seed-setting
stage (100 d)		 均值
标准误
SEM		 P值
P-value
25 d 45 d 60 d
有机物OM 93.33e 93.69d 94.47c 97.69a 96.11b 95.91b 0.459 <0.001
粗蛋白质CP 31.02a 29.38a 27.57b 26.15b 19.50c 10.27d 2.152 <0.001
粗脂肪EE 4.71b 5.30a 4.94b 4.06c 3.99c 1.44d 0.383 <0.001
中性洗涤纤维NDF 40.39d 41.38cd 45.32cd 48.56bc 52.72b 68.26a 2.903 <0.001
酸性洗涤纤维ADF 16.76 19.05 14.93 17.94 16.99 17.77 0.439 0.060
粗灰分Ash 6.67a 6.31b 5.53c 2.31e 3.89d 4.09d 0.459 <0.001
钙Ca 1.36a 1.17b 0.92c 0.06d 0.10d 0.07d 0.167 <0.001
磷P 0.26a 0.20b 0.22ab 0.01c 0.01c 0.01c 0.033 <0.001

同行数据肩标不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with different letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below.

2.2 不同生长阶段食叶草DM瘤胃降解特性

不同生长阶段食叶草DM瘤胃降解率及降解参数见表3,DM瘤胃降解趋势见图1。不同生长阶段食叶草DM瘤胃降解率均随着饲料在瘤胃中降解时间的延长而提高,DM瘤胃降解率在8 h内缓慢上升,8~36 h迅速上升,之后趋于稳定。2 h时,生长期25 d、45 d和60 d食叶草DM瘤胃降解率超过20%,现蕾期、盛花期和结籽期DM瘤胃降解率分别为18.12%、17.67%和15.71%。4和8 h时,结籽期DM瘤胃降解率分别为16.62%和19.88%,显著低于其他生长阶段(P<0.05)。8~36 h时,生长期25 d DM瘤胃降解率均最高,36 h时为79.72%;结籽期最低(53.32%)。36~72 h时,DM瘤胃降解率趋于平缓,现蕾期之前各生长阶段72 h时DM瘤胃降解率均达71.79%以上;盛花期和结籽期72 h时DM瘤胃降解率相对较低,分别为65.22%和58.61%。
表3 不同生长阶段食叶草DM瘤胃降解率及降解参数

Table 3 Rumen degradation rate and degradation parameters of DM in leaf-eating grass at different growth stages

项目
Items		 生长期Growing stage 现蕾期
Squaring
stage (70 d)		 盛花期
Full-bloom
stage (85 d)		 结籽期
Seed-setting
stage (100 d)		 均值
标准误
SEM		 P值
P-value
25 d 45 d 60 d
DM瘤胃降解率Rumen degradation rate of DM/%
2 h 24.75a 22.72b 20.05c 18.12d 17.67d 15.71e 0.763 <0.001
4 h 25.70a 24.97a 22.19b 19.06c 18.49c 16.62d 0.843 <0.001
8 h 31.18a 29.09b 28.33b 28.31b 23.26c 19.88d 0.945 <0.001
12 h 49.87a 47.69b 44.70c 40.71d 36.44e 29.58f 1.678 <0.001
16 h 58.52a 56.68b 53.94c 49.13d 43.61e 36.60f 1.863 <0.001
24 h 73.83a 69.47b 68.43c 62.93d 55.67e 48.65f 2.097 <0.001
36 h 79.72a 77.48a 74.76b 68.25c 60.60d 53.32e 2.310 <0.001
48 h 81.10a 79.46b 76.46c 69.91d 63.09e 56.44f 2.169 <0.001
72 h 82.25a 80.52b 78.81c 71.79d 65.22e 58.61f 2.094 <0.001
DM瘤胃降解参数Rumen degradation parameters of DM
a/% 10.68a 9.87a 7.29b 6.19b 7.57b 7.26b 0.415 <0.001
b/% 75.12a 74.24a 74.45a 68.10b 59.79c 54.57d 1.933 <0.001
c/(%/h) 0.06a 0.06a 0.06a 0.06a 0.06a 0.05b <0.001 <0.001
a+b/% 85.79a 84.11b 81.74c 74.29d 67.36e 61.83f 2.156 <0.001
ED/% 60.62a 58.52b 56.24c 51.47d 46.41e 40.51f 1.710 <0.001

a:快速降解部分;b:慢速降解部分;c:慢速降解部分的降解速率;a+b:潜在可降解部分;ED:有效降解率。下表同。

a: fast degradation part; b: slow degradation part; c: degradation rate of slow degradation part; a+b: potential degradation part; ED: effective degradation rate. The same as below.

图1 不同生长阶段食叶草DM瘤胃降解趋势

Fig.1 Rumen degradation trend of DM in leaf-eating grass at different growth stages

不同生长阶段间食叶草DM快速降解部分(a)、慢速降解部分(b)、慢速降解部分的降解速率(c)、潜在可降解部分(a+b)和有效降解率均存在差异显著(P<0.05)。生长期25和45 d食叶草DM的a值分别为10.68%和9.87%,显著高于其他生长阶段(P<0.05);现蕾期DM的a值最低,为6.19%。生长期25、45和60 d食叶草DM的b值分别为75.12%、74.24%和74.45%,显著高于现蕾期、盛花期和结籽期(P<0.05),其中结籽期DM的b值最低(54.57%)。随着生长阶段的延长,食叶草DM的a+b值和有效降解率依次显著降低(P<0.05),生长期25 d DM的a+b值和有效降解率最高(分别为85.79%和60.62%),结籽期最低(分别为61.83%和40.51%);不同生长阶段食叶草DM有效降解率由高到低依次为:生长期25 d>生长期45 d>生长期60 d>现蕾期>盛花期>结籽期。

2.3 不同生长阶段食叶草CP瘤胃降解特性

不同生长阶段食叶草CP瘤胃降解率及降解参数见表4,CP瘤胃降解趋势见图2。食叶草CP瘤胃降解率及降解参数的总体变化趋势与DM相似。各生长阶段食叶草CP瘤胃降解率在4~36 h迅速升高,之后趋于稳定。2 h时,生长期25 d至盛花期食叶草CP瘤胃降解率超过25%,分别为31.56%、30.99%、29.57%、28.33%和26.52%;结籽期CP瘤胃降解率为23.59%。4~36 h时,生长期25 d至盛花期36 h时CP瘤胃降解率均≥75.42%;生长期25 d CP瘤胃降解率在各个时间点均最高,36 h时为81.57%;结籽期36 h时CP瘤胃降解率最低,为65.64%,显著低于其他生长阶段(P<0.05)。36~72 h时,食叶草CP瘤胃降解率基本稳定,生长期25 d至盛花期各生长阶段食叶草72 h时CP瘤胃降解率均高于77.78%,结籽期CP瘤胃降解率最低(72.44%)。
表4 不同生长阶段食叶草CP瘤胃降解率及降解参数

Table 4 Rumen degradation rate and degradation parameters of CP in leaf-eating grass at different growth stages

项目
Items		 生长期Growing stage 现蕾期
Squaring
stage (70 d)		 盛花期
Full-bloom
stage (85 d)		 结籽期
Seed-setting
stage (100 d)		 均值
标准误
SEM		 P值
P-value
25 d 45 d 60 d
CP瘤胃降解率Rumen degradation rate of CP/%
2 h 31.56a 30.99a 29.57b 28.33c 26.52d 23.59e 0.676 <0.001
4 h 33.94a 32.62ab 31.53b 29.92c 28.45c 24.57d 0.764 <0.001
8 h 45.85a 43.63b 40.34c 39.63c 36.29d 30.37e 1.223 <0.001
12 h 55.93a 53.64b 48.52c 46.53d 44.19e 36.54f 1.539 <0.001
16 h 67.23a 65.53b 62.73c 59.74d 55.53e 49.49f 1.472 <0.001
24 h 76.21a 74.75b 73.51c 71.73d 68.69e 61.65f 1.176 <0.001
36 h 81.57a 80.37a 79.54a 75.64b 75.42b 65.64c 1.311 <0.001
48 h 83.45a 82.68a 81.71b 77.30c 75.56d 68.31e 1.259 <0.001
72 h 85.65a 84.84a 82.56b 79.15c 77.78d 72.44e 1.107 <0.001
CP瘤胃降解参数Rumen degradation parameters of CP
a/% 19.89a 19.40a 18.16b 17.25b 15.94c 14.16d 0.495 <0.001
b/% 66.86a 66.73a 67.46a 64.22b 64.95b 60.94c 0.548 <0.001
c/(%/h) 0.07a 0.07b 0.06c 0.06c 0.06d 0.05e 0.002 <0.001
a+b/% 86.76a 86.13b 85.62c 81.49d 80.88e 75.09f 0.988 <0.001
ED/% 66.10a 64.71b 62.76c 60.11d 58.05e 51.67f 1.166 <0.001
图2 不同生长阶段食叶草CP瘤胃降解趋势

Fig.2 Rumen degradation trend of CP in leaf-eating grass at different growth stages

各生长阶段间食叶草CP瘤胃降解参数存在显著差异(P<0.05)。盛花期和结籽期食叶草CP的a值较低,分别为15.94%和14.16%,显著低于其他生长阶段(P<0.05)。生长期25、45和60 d食叶草CP的b值分别为66.86%、66.73%和67.46%,显著高于现蕾期、盛花期和结籽期(P<0.05);生长期25 d CP的b值最高(66.86%),结籽期最低(60.94%)。食叶草CP的a+b值随生长阶段的延长逐渐显著降低(P<0.05),由生长期25 d的86.76%逐渐降至结籽期的75.09%。食叶草CP有效降解率同样随生长阶段的延长显著降低(P<0.05),分别为66.10%、64.71%、62.76%、60.11%、58.05%和51.67%;不同生长阶段食叶草CP有效降解率由高到低的顺序与DM一致。

2.4 不同生长阶段食叶草NDF瘤胃降解特性

不同生长阶段食叶草NDF瘤胃降解率及降解参数见表5,NDF瘤胃降解趋势见图3。不同生长阶段食叶草NDF瘤胃降解率均随降解时间延长呈现逐渐升高的变化趋势。2和4 h时,各生长阶段食叶草NDF瘤胃降解率较低;4 h时NDF瘤胃降解率从25.42%递减至15.69%。8~48 h时,食叶草NDF瘤胃降解趋势迅速升高,生长期25 d至现蕾期各生长阶段食叶草48 h时NDF瘤胃降解率均≥57.07%,盛花期和结籽期48 h时NDF瘤胃降解率分别为51.09%和48.54%。48~72 h时,食叶草NDF瘤胃降解率基本稳定,各生长阶段72 h时NDF瘤胃降解率分别为65.58%、64.66%、62.78%、58.42%、52.41%和49.89%。
表5 不同生长阶段食叶草NDF瘤胃降解率及降解参数

Table 5 Rumen degradation rate and degradation parameters of NDF in leaf-eating grass at different growth stages

项目
Items		 生长期Growing stage 现蕾期
Squaring
stage (70 d)		 盛花期
Full-bloom
stage (85 d)		 结籽期
Seed-setting
stage (100 d)		 均值
标准误
SEM		 P值
P-value
25 d 45 d 60 d
NDF瘤胃降解率Rumen degradation rate of NDF/%
2 h 23.96a 22.72a 19.63b 17.82b 15.51c 14.71c 1.054 <0.001
4 h 25.42a 23.49ab 20.67bc 18.64cd 16.55d 15.69d 1.100 0.002
8 h 30.59a 28.53b 26.39c 25.53c 22.36d 18.73e 1.189 <0.001
12 h 37.56a 35.46b 31.62c 30.63d 27.32e 25.93f 1.241 <0.001
16 h 42.61a 41.89a 39.46b 36.66c 34.22d 30.48e 1.293 <0.001
24 h 49.46a 48.53b 46.66c 42.29d 39.52e 36.29f 1.456 <0.001
36 h 58.76a 56.53ab 53.01bc 51.23c 46.44d 42.59d 1.715 <0.001
48 h 64.75a 63.62a 60.39b 57.07c 51.09d 48.54e 1.829 <0.001
72 h 65.58a 64.66ab 62.78b 58.42c 52.41d 49.89d 1.826 <0.001
NDF瘤胃降解参数Rumen degradation parameters of NDF
a/% 18.36a 16.59b 13.85c 12.38d 10.06e 9.73e 0.965 <0.001
b/% 52.80ab 52.98ab 53.63a 50.34b 45.35c 44.20c 1.160 <0.001
c/(%/h) 0.04ab 0.04ab 0.04b 0.04ab 0.04a 0.04b <0.001 <0.001
a+b/% 71.16a 69.58ab 67.48b 62.72c 55.40d 53.93d 2.035 <0.001
ED/% 47.54a 46.01b 43.29c 40.63d 36.66e 34.09f 1.453 <0.001
图3 不同生长阶段食叶草NDF瘤胃降解趋势

Fig.3 Rumen degradation trend of NDF in leaf-eating grass at different growth stages

不同生长阶段间食叶草NDF瘤胃降解参数均存在差异显著(P<0.05)。盛花期和结籽期食叶草NDF的a值分别为10.06%和9.73%,b值分别为45.35%和44.20%,均显著低于生长期25、45和60 d以及现蕾期(P<0.05);其中生长期25 d食叶草NDF的a值最高(18.36%),生长期60 d食叶草NDF的b值最高(53.63%)。生长期25 d至现蕾期各生长阶段食叶草NDF的a+b值达到62.72%以上,显著高于盛花期和结籽期(P<0.05);其中生长期25 d食叶草NDF的a+b值最高(71.16%),结籽期最低(53.93%)。随着生长阶段的延长,食叶草NDF有效降解率显著降低(P<0.05),由高到低排序与DM和CP一致,依次为生长期25 d>生长期45 d>生长期60 d>现蕾期>盛花期>结籽期。

2.5 不同生长阶段食叶草ADF瘤胃降解特性

不同生长阶段食叶草ADF瘤胃降解率及降解参数见表6,ADF瘤胃降解趋势见图4。各生长阶段食叶草ADF瘤胃降解率在2~12 h平缓上升,12~48 h迅速上升,48 h后基本稳定。2~12 h时,各生长阶段食叶草ADF瘤胃降解率较低,2 h时ADF瘤胃降解率由生长期25 d的21.97%逐渐降至结籽期的11.31%,12 h时各生长阶段食叶草ADF瘤胃降解率基本超过20%。12~48 h时,食叶草ADF瘤胃降解率迅速升高,生长期25 d至现蕾期各生长阶段食叶草48 h时ADF瘤胃降解率均≥55.35%,盛花期和结籽期48 h时ADF瘤胃降解率分别为48.61%和43.60%。48~72 h时,食叶草ADF瘤胃降解率基本稳定,各生长阶段食叶草72 h时ADF瘤胃降解率分别为62.59%、61.25%、58.52%、56.48%、50.39%和46.42%。
表6 不同生长阶段食叶草ADF瘤胃降解率及降解参数

Table 6 Rumen degradation rate and degradation parameters of ADF in leaf-eating grass at different growth stages

项目
Items		 生长期Growing stage 现蕾期
Squaring
stage (70 d)		 盛花期
Full-bloom
stage (85 d)		 结籽期
Seed-setting
stage (100 d)		 均值
标准误
SEM		 P值
P-value
25 d 45 d 60 d
ADF瘤胃降解率Rumen degradation rate of ADF/%
2 h 21.97a 19.65b 17.55c 16.62c 13.39d 11.31e 1.089 <0.001
4 h 23.31a 21.57b 18.35c 17.40c 14.51d 13.68d 1.053 <0.001
8 h 26.49a 23.74b 21.56c 19.78d 18.80d 16.44e 0.998 <0.001
12 h 29.64a 26.54b 25.75c 23.69d 20.84e 19.94f 1.008 <0.001
16 h 40.29a 38.49b 35.54c 34.59c 30.43d 28.45e 1.256 <0.001
24 h 48.60a 47.28b 43.79c 41.45d 39.38e 35.58f 1.355 <0.001
36 h 52.54a 52.58a 46.98b 46.88b 42.59c 39.44c 1.488 <0.001
48 h 61.17a 60.65a 57.66b 55.35c 48.61d 43.60e 1.936 <0.001
72 h 62.59a 61.25a 58.52b 56.48c 50.39d 46.42e 1.749 <0.001
ADF瘤胃降解参数Rumen degradation parameters of ADF
a/% 15.62a 13.16b 11.04c 10.33c 7.66d 6.54e 0.933 <0.001
b/% 52.67a 54.57a 54.15a 52.66a 46.79b 42.82c 1.319 <0.001
c/(%/h) 0.04bc 0.04bc 0.03c 0.03c 0.04ab 0.04a 0.001 0.020
a+b/% 68.29a 67.73ab 65.19bc 62.99c 54.46d 49.36e 2.136 <0.001
ED/% 44.12a 42.37b 39.33c 37.86d 33.81e 30.89f 1.384 <0.001
图4 不同生长阶段食叶草ADF瘤胃降解趋势

Fig.4 Rumen degradation trend of ADF in leaf-eating grass at different growth stages

不同生长阶段间食叶草ADF瘤胃降解参数均存在差异显著(P<0.05)。各生长阶段食叶草ADF的a值差异较大,且随生长阶段的延长逐渐降低,生长期25 d食叶草ADF的a值最高(15.62%),结籽期最低(6.54%)。盛花期和结籽期食叶草ADF的b值分别为46.79%和42.82%,显著低于其他生长阶段(P<0.05)。生长期25 d至现蕾期各生长阶段食叶草ADF的a+b值达到62.99%以上,显著高于盛花期和结籽期(P<0.05);其中,生长期25 d食叶草ADF的a+b值最高(68.29%),结籽期最低(49.36%)。随着生长阶段的延长,食叶草ADF有效降解率显著降低(P<0.05),由高到低顺序与NDF一致。

3 讨论

3.1 不同生长阶段食叶草常规营养成分变化

饲料中的营养成分含量是评价原料饲喂价值的重要指标[21]。牧草的质量受品种、环境、土壤中营养物质的可利用性以及生长阶段等影响[22]。本试验中,不同生长阶段新鲜食叶草DM含量较低,其中生长期25 d食叶草DM含量最低(7.66%),结籽期DM含量最高(44.38%)。生长期25 d到现蕾期各生长阶段食叶草CP含量均超过26%,盛花期CP含量为19.50%,结籽期CP含量为10.27%,这也是食叶草被称为蛋白草的主要原因。食叶草NDF含量随生长阶段的延长而逐渐升高,结籽期最高(52.72%),生长期25 d最低(40.39%);同时,食叶草ADF含量平均值在17%左右。雷丽莉等[8]在全混合食叶草发酵饲粮饲喂育肥猪研究中,测得食叶草CP、NDF和ADF含量分别为22.48%、27.97%和17.19%,其中CP含量高于本试验盛花期和结籽期的结果。杨春旭等[9]在食叶草肉羊瘤胃降解特性研究中,测得CP、NDF和ADF含量分别为31.43%、31.75%和25.45%,其中CP含量与本试验生长期25、45和60 d结果相似,高于现蕾期、盛花期和结籽期。雷丽莉等[8]和杨春旭等[9]所测得的食叶草NDF含量均低于本试验各生长阶段结果,而ADF含量均高于本试验各生长阶段结果。不同研究所测的食叶草营养成分含量不一致,可能与研究者所用食叶草的品种和生长条件及收采阶段不同有关。
将食叶草与反刍动物饲粮中常见的蛋白质饲料苜蓿进行对比。王吉东等[23]测得苜蓿干草CP、NDF和ADF含量分别为17.33%、44.12%和30.06%。郝建辉[24]在不同牧草肉羊瘤胃降解特性研究中,测得苜蓿CP、NDF和ADF含量分别为19.36%、43.15%和27.68%。本试验所测得的食叶草生长期25 d至盛花期CP含量以及生长期60 d至结籽期NDF含量均高于王吉东等[23]和郝建辉[24]的结果;食叶草各生长阶段ADF含量均低于王吉东等[23]和郝建辉[24]的结果。何云等[25]测定199份苜蓿干草CP含量为12.00%~28.07%,大部分低于本试验所测得的生长期25 d至盛花期食叶草的CP含量。不同生长阶段食叶草营养成分差异较大,生长期25 d至盛花期CP和NDF含量高于苜蓿,且ADF含量较低,在畜牧养殖中用食叶草替代苜蓿有很大应用潜力。

3.2 不同生长阶段食叶草DM瘤胃降解特性

Lunsin等[26]研究表明,瘤胃中DM的降解率是影响反刍动物干物质采食量的重要因素,受粗饲料中纤维含量和木质化程度的影响。随着干物质采食量的升高,反刍动物营养物质摄入量也会增加,从而提升产奶量[27]。本试验所测得的食叶草DM瘤胃降解率随瘤胃降解时间的延长而升高且降解速率较快,36 h后趋于稳定;生长期25 d至现蕾期各生长阶段食叶草72 h时DM瘤胃降解率均≥71.79%,盛花期和结籽期相对较低。不同生长阶段食叶草DM有效降解率差异较大,随生长阶段延长而逐渐降低。这可能是由于牧草成熟度升高,纤维含量和木质化程度升高,导致DM降解率下降;生长期25 d至现蕾期食叶草DM瘤胃降解率和有效降解率较高,说明这些时期的食叶草易于奶牛的消化,可能对其生产性能产生有利影响。杨春旭等[9]测得食叶草DM有效降解率为56.13%,略低于本试验所测得的生长期25 d至60 d食叶草的结果,可能与试验动物和基础饲粮不同有关。马健[28]测得苜蓿在奶牛瘤胃中72 h时的DM降解率和有效降解率分别为72.04%和56.93%,高于本试验中现蕾期至结籽期食叶草的结果,与食叶草生长期60 d的结果相似。以上结果说明,食叶草在DM上的可利用性与苜蓿相当。

3.3 不同生长阶段食叶草CP瘤胃降解特性

粗饲料中CP是维持反刍动物健康与生产性能的基础,其降解率主要与牧草本身CP含量和纤维化程度有关。据报道,粗饲料中CP含量越高,在瘤胃中降解程度越高[29],本研究结果也发现类似现象。本试验表明,食叶草在奶牛瘤胃中降解36 h后CP降解率趋于稳定,生长期25 d至盛花期食叶草72 h时CP瘤胃降解率均≥77.78%,但食叶草CP有效降解率随生长阶段延长下降较快。田雨佳等[30]对不同生长阶段苜蓿在奶牛瘤胃降解特性研究中,测得玉门地区苜蓿现蕾期至盛花期CP瘤胃降解率为57.64%~73.38%,略低于本试验各生长阶段食叶草的结果。赵连生等[31]测得苜蓿干草CP在奶牛瘤胃中72 h时的降解率和有效降解率分别为68.41%和56.06%,略低于本试验所测得的生长期25 d至盛花期食叶草的结果。刘祥圣等[32]所测得的苜蓿干草CP瘤胃降解率和有效降解率分别为84.88%和67.59%,高于本试验食叶草各生长阶段的结果。在不同研究中苜蓿CP的降解率各有不同,这可能是苜蓿品种或者苜蓿采收时期不同所导致的。Thornton等[33]认为,牧草不同生长期CP降解率差异较大,本试验食叶草各生长阶段CP瘤胃降解率与其研究相似。李敏等[34]研究发现,紫花苜蓿CP瘤胃降解率和有效降解率均随生长阶段的延长而显著降低,与本试验结果一致。这可能是由于牧草随着生长阶段的延长,植物纤维含量增加并与一部分CP结合,阻碍了在瘤胃中的降解[35]。

3.4 不同生长阶段食叶草NDF瘤胃降解特性

NDF的瘤胃降解率是评价粗饲料营养价值的一个重要指标。Palmonari等[36]发现,成熟度会影响苜蓿干草的纤维成分和降解率,NDF降解率与其NDF含量成反比,与本试验结果相似。本试验中,食叶草NDF瘤胃降解率48 h后趋于稳定,生长期25 d至现蕾期食叶草72 h时NDF瘤胃降解率均≥58.42%,盛花期和结籽期分别为52.41%和49.89%。食叶草NDF有效降解率随生长阶段的延长逐渐降低。杨颖等[37]对苜蓿在黑山羊瘤胃中的降解特性进行研究,测得苜蓿干草72 h时的NDF瘤胃降解率和有效降解率分别为46.44%和28.23%,略低于本试验各生长阶段食叶草的结果。彭丽娟等[38]测得苜蓿在奶水牛瘤胃中NDF的降解率和有效降解率分别为51.77%和33.24%,略低于本试验食叶草生长期25 d至现蕾期的结果,与盛花期和结籽期相似。刘太宇等[39]发现,随着生长阶段的延长,白三叶草NDF在绵羊瘤胃中的降解率显著下降,与本试验结果相似,可能是由于牧草前期粗纤维含量较低且结构疏松,随着生长阶段的延长木质化程度提高[40],导致NDF降解率降低。

3.5 不同生长阶段食叶草ADF瘤胃降解特性

ADF主要包括纤维素和木质素等,其降解特性影响瘤胃微生物的活性和挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)的产生,是优化饲粮结构及保护瘤胃健康的重要环节[41]。本试验中,各生长阶段食叶草ADF瘤胃降解率在48 h后基本稳定,生长期25 d至盛花期72 h时ADF瘤胃降解率均≥50.39%,食叶草ADF有效降解率随生长阶段的延长逐渐降低。随着植物逐渐成熟,木质素的增加阻碍了瘤胃微生物对纤维素和半纤维素的接触[42],导致ADF降解率降低。郭太情等[43]测得苜蓿在奶水牛瘤胃中ADF的降解率和有效降解率分别为45.01%和30.45%;刘艳芳等[44]测得苜蓿在奶牛瘤胃中ADF的降解率和有效降解率分别为45.55%和30.09%,均低于本试验生长期25 d至盛花期食叶草的结果,与结籽期相似。通过与苜蓿对比可以得出,食叶草在瘤胃中ADF的降解特性较优于苜蓿,可根据不同生长阶段的差异在饲粮中部分替代苜蓿。

4 结论

① 食叶草在其生长周期中,特别是生长期25 d至现蕾期,CP含量较高(超过26%,生长期25 d最高,为31.02%),盛花期也高达19.50%,结籽期最低(10.27%);NDF含量随生长阶段延长而提高,ADF含量在不同生长阶段相对稳定,平均值为17%左右。
② 食叶草在生长期25 d至盛花期各生长阶段72 h时CP瘤胃降解率均≥77.78%,结籽期也高达72.44%;各生长阶段CP有效降解率均超过50%。食叶草生长期25 d至盛花期具有较优于苜蓿的DM、CP、NDF和ADF瘤胃降解率和有效降解率,结籽期与部分苜蓿相似。
③ 生长期25 d至盛花期食叶草CP含量较高,NDF和ADF含量较低,主要营养成分在瘤胃中的有效降解率较高,可作为优质饲草资源,部分替代苜蓿等蛋白质饲料,在畜牧生产中具有推广应用价值。

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