1 材料与方法
1.1 试验时间和地点
1.2 试验设计和试验动物
1.3 样品采集及指标测定
1.3.1 生长性能
ADG(g/d)=[末重(kg)-初重(kg)]×1 000/饲喂天数;
RWG(%)=100×(末重-初重)/初重;
掉膘率(%)=100×冷季减重/暖季末重;
实际增重率(%)=100×全年实际增重/初重。
1.3.2 血浆生化指标
1.4 数据统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 放牧牦牛全年体重变化
2.1.1 年龄对放牧牦牛全年体重的影响
表1 年龄对放牧牦牛全年体重的影响Table 1 Effects of ages on body weight of grazing yaks in whole year (n=20) |
| 项目 Items | 年龄Ages/岁 | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |||
| 初重Initial body weight/kg | 80.9d | 115.4c | 144.6b | 175.1a | 3.24 | <0.001 |
| 暖季末重Final body weight in warm season/kg | 156.3d | 193.9c | 234.2b | 275.6a | 4.70 | <0.001 |
| 冷季末重Final body weight in cold season/kg | 111.2d | 147.1c | 178.9b | 215.7a | 4.12 | <0.001 |
| 暖季增重Weight gain in warm season/kg | 79.0c | 84.6bc | 89.6b | 103.7a | 3.67 | 0.001 |
| 冷季减重Weight loss in cold season/kg | 47.9b | 49.0b | 55.3ab | 63.0a | 3.19 | 0.011 |
| 实际增重Actual weight gain/kg | 27.7 | 33.3 | 34.4 | 40.6 | 4.26 | 0.264 |
| 冷季减重/暖季增重 Weight loss in cold season/weight gain in warm season/% | 64.9 | 60.5 | 62.0 | 61.0 | 3.70 | 0.842 |
| 掉膘率Body weight loss ratio/% | 30.1a | 25.4b | 23.6b | 22.9b | 1.47 | 0.005 |
| 实际增重率Actual weight gain ratio/% | 34.6 | 33.7 | 24.0 | 23.7 | 3.91 | 0.095 |
2.1.2 月份对放牧牦牛全年体重的影响
表2 月份对放牧牦牛全年体重的影响Table 2 Effects of months on body weight of grazing yaks in whole year (n=20) kg |
| 年龄 Ages/岁 | 月份Months | 均值 标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5月 May. | 6月 Jun. | 7月 Jul. | 8月 Aug. | 9月 Sep. | 10月 Oct. | 11月 Nov. | 12月 Dec. | 次年1月 Jan. in following year | 次年2月 Feb. in following year | 次年3月 Mar. in following year | 次年4月 Apr. in following year | 次年5月 May. in following year | |||
| 2 | 80.9f | 96.8f | 112.6e | 134.2c | 147.1b | 158.4a | 156.9a | 144.4b | 138.2c | 135.6c | 129.0cd | 115.4e | 109.9e | 2.79 | <0.001 |
| 3 | 115.4f | 130.1f | 151.5e | 173.7c | 182.8b | 195.9a | 194.1a | 184.4b | 181.5bc | 178.9bc | 170.9cd | 151.1e | 148.7e | 4.73 | <0.001 |
| 4 | 144.6h | 157.2g | 181.5ef | 210.0d | 224.6b | 234.2a | 232.0a | 226.0b | 227.0b | 216.0c | 207.5d | 185.4e | 178.9f | 3.17 | <0.001 |
| 5 | 175.1e | 193.0d | 222.1c | 253.2b | 271.2a | 279.7a | 278.6a | 271.1a | 271.9a | 261.2b | 252.6b | 223.6c | 220.4c | 5.15 | <0.001 |
2.2 放牧牦牛全年ADG变化
2.2.1 年龄对放牧牦牛全年ADG的影响
表3 年龄对放牧牦牛全年ADG的影响Table 3 Effects of ages on ADG of grazing yaks in whole year (n=20) g/d |
| 项目 Items | 年龄Ages/岁 | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |||
| 暖季平均日增重ADG in warm season | 519.7c | 556.6bc | 589.7b | 674.6a | 24.14 | 0.001 |
| 冷季平均日增重ADG in cold season | -218.6a | -223.9a | -252.4ab | -272.3b | 13.50 | 0.037 |
| 全年平均日增重ADG in whole year | 74.6 | 89.7 | 92.6 | 109.6 | 11.47 | 0.264 |
2.2.2 月份对放牧牦牛全年ADG的影响
表4 月份对放牧牦牛全年ADG的影响Table 4 Effects of months on ADG of grazing yaks in whole year (n=20) g/d |
| 年龄 Ages/岁 | 月份Months | 均值 标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6月 Jun. | 7月 Jul. | 8月 Aug. | 9月 Sep. | 10月 Oct. | 11月 Nov. | 12月 Dec. | 次年1月 Jan. in following year | 次年2月 Feb. in following year | 次年3月 Mar. in following year | 次年4月 Apr. in following year | 次年5月 May. in following year | ||||||
| 2 | 537.3b | 561.2b | 696.1a | 388.2c | 322.1c | -64.1d | -331.6ef | -108.4de | -110.2de | -221.6de | -414.5f | -157.9de | 45.69 | <0.001 | |||
| 3 | 595.5a | 732.7a | 771.9a | 357.3b | 339.6b | -72.0c | -312.7f | -114.5cd | -125.8cde | -276.2def | -575.4g | -189.3cdef | 61.26 | <0.001 | |||
| 4 | 451.4b | 879.2a | 919.7a | 472.6b | 330.0b | -67.5c | -220.3d | -116.2cd | -198.0cd | -267.8d | -714.5e | -208.2cd | 52.53 | <0.001 | |||
| 5 | 484.9b | 968.0a | 1 074.3a | 533.5b | 329.7c | -18.2d | -247.0efg | -111.9de | -389.1g | -248.7efg | -953.7h | -227.8ef | 53.17 | <0.001 | |||
2.3 放牧牦牛全年RWG变化
2.3.1 年龄对放牧牦牛全年RWG的影响
表5 年龄对放牧牦牛全年RWG的影响Table 5 Effects of ages on RWG of grazing yaks in whole year (n=20) % |
| 项目 Items | 年龄Ages/岁 | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |||
| 暖季相对增重RWG in warm season | 91.9a | 76.8b | 62.3c | 59.2c | 3.49 | <0.001 |
| 冷季相对增重RWG in cold season | -30.1b | -25.4a | -23.6a | -22.9a | 1.47 | 0.005 |
| 全年相对增重RWG in whole year | 34.6 | 33.7 | 24.0 | 24.4 | 4.00 | 0.122 |
2.3.2 月份对放牧牦牛全年RWG的影响
表6 月份对放牧牦牛全年RWG的影响Table 6 Effects of months on RWG of grazing yaks in whole year (n=20) % |
| 年龄 Ages/岁 | 月份Months | 均值 标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6月 Jun. | 7月 Jul. | 8月 Aug. | 9月 Sep. | 10月 Oct. | 11月 Nov. | 12月 Dec. | 次年1月 Jan. in following year | 次年2月 Feb. in following year | 次年3月 Mar. in following year | 次年4月 Apr. in following year | 次年5月 May. in following year | ||||||
| 2 | 23.2a | 17.3b | 19.2b | 9.7c | 5.7d | -1.7e | -6.9f | -1.8e | -2.5e | -4.7ef | -10.8g | -6.8f | 1.08 | <0.001 | |||
| 3 | 16.3a | 17.6a | 17.2a | 6.8b | 4.5b | -1.7d | -5.4e | -1.7d | -2.2de | -4.5de | -10.4f | -4.2de | 1.30 | <0.001 | |||
| 4 | 9.8b | 15.1a | 16.4a | 7.0c | 4.3d | -0.9e | -2.9ef | -1.3e | -2.7ef | -3.9f | -10.7g | -3.9f | 0.85 | <0.001 | |||
| 5 | 9.7b | 15.1a | 15.5a | 6.4c | 3.6d | -0.2e | -2.6fg | -0.8ef | -4.5g | -3.1g | -12.8h | -4.5g | 0.73 | <0.001 | |||
2.4 放牧牦牛血浆生化指标变化
表7 不同年龄放牧牦牛不同月份血浆生化指标的变化Table 7 Changes of plasma biochemical indices in different months of grazing yaks at different ages (n=20) |
| 项目 Items | 总蛋白 TP/ (g/L) | 白蛋白 ALB/ (g/L) | 尿素 Urea/ (mmol/L) | 葡萄糖 Glu/ (mmol/L) | 总胆固醇 TC/ (mmol/L) | 甘油三酯 TG/ (mmol/L) | 非酯化 脂肪酸 NEFA/ (mmol/L) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 年龄Ages/岁 | 月份Months | |||||||
2 | 5月May. | 75.42 | 36.20 | 8.88 | 5.07 | 3.15 | 0.31 | 1.17 |
| 7月Jul. | 72.52 | 35.39 | 7.54 | 4.80 | 2.43 | 0.33 | 1.00 | |
| 10月Oct. | 76.24 | 38.09 | 4.85 | 5.63 | 2.68 | 0.31 | 0.90 | |
3 | 5月May. | 75.06 | 32.17 | 9.14 | 4.16 | 2.55 | 0.23 | 1.11 |
| 7月Jul. | 79.39 | 36.77 | 8.14 | 4.54 | 2.49 | 0.29 | 1.01 | |
| 10月Oct. | 81.02 | 38.17 | 4.77 | 6.12 | 2.59 | 0.29 | 0.90 | |
4 | 5月May. | 80.45 | 33.73 | 9.34 | 3.84 | 2.52 | 0.24 | 1.19 |
| 7月Jul. | 85.40 | 34.52 | 9.23 | 4.13 | 2.56 | 0.33 | 0.86 | |
| 10月Oct. | 80.27 | 39.32 | 7.03 | 5.28 | 2.63 | 0.31 | 0.93 | |
5 | 5月May. | 83.21 | 36.88 | 9.76 | 4.16 | 2.81 | 0.19 | 1.10 |
| 7月Jul. | 83.07 | 37.92 | 9.12 | 4.38 | 2.55 | 0.35 | 0.99 | |
| 10月Oct. | 83.96 | 41.22 | 6.50 | 5.94 | 2.69 | 0.28 | 0.97 | |
| 均值标准误SEM | 2.709 | 1.078 | 0.401 | 0.364 | 0.153 | 0.025 | 0.062 | |
年龄 Ages/岁 | 2 | 74.73b | 36.56ab | 7.09b | 5.17 | 2.75 | 0.32 | 1.02 |
| 3 | 78.49ab | 35.70b | 7.35b | 4.94 | 2.54 | 0.27 | 1.01 | |
| 4 | 82.04a | 35.86b | 8.53a | 4.42 | 2.57 | 0.30 | 0.99 | |
| 5 | 83.42a | 38.67a | 8.46a | 4.83 | 2.68 | 0.27 | 1.02 | |
| 均值标准误SEM | 1.835 | 0.578 | 0.217 | 0.220 | 0.091 | 0.015 | 0.037 | |
月份 Months | 5月May. | 78.54 | 34.74b | 9.28a | 4.31b | 2.76 | 0.25b | 1.14a |
| 7月Jul. | 80.09 | 36.15a | 8.51a | 4.46b | 2.51 | 0.33a | 0.96ab | |
| 10月Oct. | 80.37 | 39.20a | 5.79b | 5.74a | 2.65 | 0.30a | 0.93b | |
| 均值标准误SEM | 1.355 | 0.541 | 0.201 | 0.182 | 0.076 | 0.013 | 0.031 | |
| P值P-value | ||||||||
| 年龄Age | 0.010 | 0.002 | <0.001 | 0.136 | 0.562 | 0.101 | 0.939 | |
| 月份Month | 0.728 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.152 | 0.001 | 0.003 | |
| 年龄×月份Age×month | 0.309 | 0.386 | 0.481 | 0.865 | 0.871 | 0.263 | 0.666 | |
同列数据肩标不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。 | |
In the same column, values with different letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same letter no letter superscripts mean no significant differences (P>0.05). |
