Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2025 , Vol. 37 >Issue 10: 6929 - 6940

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2025.564

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Diets with Different Protein Sources on Nutrient Apparent Digestibility, Energy and Nitrogen Metabolism and Rumen Fermentation Parameters of Fattening Sheep

  • WANG Shuzhen ,
  • NIU Mingqiang ,
  • DIAO Qiyu , ** ,
  • MA Tao , **
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  • Key Laboratory of Biology and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
**DIAO Qiyu, professor, E-mail: ;
MA Tao, associate professor, E-mail:

*Contributed equally

Received date: 2025-03-18

  Online published: 2025-10-15

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Abstract

This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of diets with different protein sources on nutrient apparent digestibility, energy and nitrogen metabolism, and rumen fermentation parameters of fattening sheep. A single-factor experimental design was adopted. One hundred and twenty Dorper×thin-tailed Han crossbred ram lambs with an initial body weight of (20.0±0.6) kg were randomly divided into 5 groups: soybean meal, cottonseed meal, rapeseed cake, sunflower seed cake, and mixed cake and meal (cottonseed meal+rapeseed cake+sunflower seed cake) groups, with 3 replicates per group and 8 lambs per replicate. The feeding trial lasted for 112 days, including a 20-day preliminary trial period and a 92-day formal trial period. On days 45 to 50 of the formal trial period, when the average body weight of the experimental lambs in each group achieved 40 kg, four lambs in good body condition were selected from each group to conduct a 10-day digestion and metabolism trial using the total feces and urine collection method, which included a 5-day preliminary period and a 5-day formal period. At the end of the feeding trial, 10 lambs from each group were slaughtered, and rumen fluid was collected to determine rumen fermentation parameters. The results showed as follows: 1) the apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) in the soybean meal group was significantly higher than that in the rapeseed cake, sunflower seed cake, and mixed cake and meal groups (P<0.05). The apparent digestibility of crude protein (CP) in the soybean meal group was significantly higher than that in the rapeseed cake and sunflower seed cake groups (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference compared with the cottonseed meal group (P>0.05). The apparent digestibility of DM and OM in the cottonseed meal group was significantly higher than that in the sunflower seed cake group (P<0.05), and the apparent digestibility of CP in the cottonseed meal group was significantly higher than that in the rapeseed cake and sunflower seed cake groups (P<0.05). 2) The apparent digestibility of gross energy and gross energy metabolizability in the soybean meal group were significantly higher than that in the rapeseed cake, sunflower seed cake, and mixed cake and meal groups (P<0.05), and those in the cottonseed meal group were significantly higher than those in the sunflower seed cake group (P<0.05). 3) The fecal nitrogen output in the rapeseed cake group was significantly higher than that in the soybean meal and cottonseed meal groups (P<0.05), and the nitrogen apparent digestibility in the soybean meal and cottonseed meal groups was significantly higher than that in the rapeseed cake and sunflower seed cake groups (P<0.05). 4) There were no significant differences in rumen fluid pH, volatile fatty acid (VFA) content or ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) content among all groups (P>0.05). In conclusion, replacing soybean meal with cottonseed meal did not negatively affect the nutrient apparent digestibility, energy and nitrogen metabolism or rumen fermentation parameters of fattening sheep. Therefore, it is feasible to use cottonseed meal as the main protein source in fattening sheep diets instead of soybean meal.

Key words： protein diet; fattening sheep; apparent digestibility; energy and nitrogen metabolism; rumen fermentation

Cite this article

WANG Shuzhen , NIU Mingqiang , DIAO Qiyu , MA Tao . Effects of Diets with Different Protein Sources on Nutrient Apparent Digestibility, Energy and Nitrogen Metabolism and Rumen Fermentation Parameters of Fattening Sheep[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2025 , 37(10) : 6929 -6940 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2025.564

畜禽养殖业的快速发展导致了对玉米、豆粕等大宗原料的需求显著增加,进而拉动了这些原料市场价格的上涨[1]。牛、羊等反刍动物具有较高的节粮潜力,其瘤胃微生物能够有效利用高纤维素饲草并降解原料中的抗营养因子[2-3]。饲料粮安全事关国家粮食安全,随着饲用豆粕减量替代行动的不断推进,传统以玉米、豆粕为主要原料的畜禽饲粮配方亟需变革。作为经济作物副产物,菜籽饼/粕、棉籽饼/粕、葵花籽仁饼/粕等资源在我国储量丰富,这为在反刍动物中开展豆粕替代研究提供了基础条件[4-5]。我国羊存栏量和羊肉产量均居世界首位[6],肉羊产业也是乡村振兴的支柱产业之一。相较于奶牛和肉牛,肉羊生产周期短,更便于开展豆粕减量替代效果的研究,其研究结果可为后续在奶牛、肉牛上的相关研究或应用提供参考。本团队前期研究表明,以菜籽饼、棉籽粕和葵花籽仁饼作为蛋白质饲料原料替代饲粮中的豆粕,不会对育肥羊生长性能和肉品质造成不利影响[7]。基于前期结果,本研究进一步探究不同蛋白质源饲粮对育肥羊营养物质表观消化率、能氮代谢和瘤胃发酵参数的影响,旨在为全面评价使用上述饼/粕饲料原料替代豆粕在肉羊生产中的可行性提供依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验时间和地点

本试验于2020年6—10月在内蒙古巴彦淖尔市农牧业科学研究院试验基地开展。动物试验程序经中国农业科学院饲料研究所实验动物伦理委员会批准(编号:AEC-IFRCAAS-20200305)。

1.2 试验设计与动物

试验采用单因素试验设计,选取120只体重为(20.0±0.6) kg的杜寒杂交公羔,随机分为5组,分别是豆粕、棉籽粕、菜籽饼、葵花籽仁饼以及混合饼粕(棉籽粕+菜籽饼+葵花籽仁饼)组,每组3个重复,每个重复8只羊,进行112 d的饲养试验,其中预试期20 d,正试期92 d。

1.3 试验饲粮与饲养管理

参照《肉羊营养需要量》(NY/T 816—2021)[8]中20 kg公羊日增重300 g/d的能量与蛋白质需求,按照等能等氮原则配制全混合颗粒饲粮,试验饲粮组成及营养水平见表1。
表1 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (DM basis) %

项目
Items		 组别Groups
豆粕
Soybean
meal		 棉籽粕
Cottonseed
meal		 菜籽饼
Rapeseed
cake		 葵花籽仁饼
Sunflower
seed cake		 混合饼粕
Mixed cake
and meal
原料Ingredients
葵花皮Sunflower hull 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00
苜蓿草颗粒Alfalfa pellets 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00
玉米秸秆Corn stover 7.00 5.00 4.00 3.00 5.00
豆粕Soybean meal 10.00
棉籽粕Cottonseed meal 10.00 4.00
菜籽饼Rapeseed cake 12.00 4.00
葵花籽仁饼Sunflower seed cake 15.50 4.50
玉米Corn 42.00 45.50 41.50 38.00 43.50
玉米胚芽粕Corn germ meal 5.00 5.00 7.00 6.00 4.00
玉米干酒糟及其可溶物Corn DDGS 8.50 7.00 8.00 10.00 7.50
食盐NaCl 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
石粉Limestone 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
预混料Premix1) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
合计Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels2)
干物质DM 91.52 91.41 91.70 92.39 93.06
代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) 13.65 13.65 13.64 13.64 13.64
粗蛋白质CP 13.91 14.19 13.97 13.54 13.73
粗脂肪EE 3.06 2.93 3.33 3.37 3.26
中性洗涤纤维NDF 29.49 28.73 31.05 33.38 32.75
酸性洗涤纤维ADF 15.24 14.59 16.85 18.38 17.32
钙Ca 0.74 0.72 0.78 0.74 0.74
磷P 0.36 0.40 0.48 0.44 0.40

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 15 000 IU,VD 2 200 IU,VE 50 IU,Fe 55 mg,Cu 12.5 mg,Mn 47 mg,Zn 24 mg,Se 0.5 mg,I 0.5 mg,Co 0.1 mg。2)干物质为风干基础,代谢能根据消化代谢试验结果计算得出,其余为实测值。DM was air-dry basis, ME was calculated according to the results of digestion and metabolism trial, while the others were measured values.

试验开始前,按照试验基地的防疫程序对羊舍进行全面消毒处理,依据免疫要求为试验羊注射疫苗并佩戴耳标。试验羊称重后,按体重相近原则,每8只羊分为一栏进行饲喂。每日于06:00和18:00各饲喂1次,确保每天剩料量占饲喂总量的10%左右,试验期间羊只自由采食和饮水,每日清晨收集剩余饲粮并称重。

1.4 消化代谢试验

在正试期第45~50天,当各组试验羊平均体重达到40 kg时,从每组中挑选4只体况良好的羊只,采用全收粪尿法开展为期10 d的消化代谢试验,包括5 d预试期和5 d正试期。正式试验期间,根据预试期个体采食量及前1天实际采食情况调整饲喂量,确保试验羊自由采食和饮水,并保持食槽中始终有饲粮剩余。每日晨饲前准确记录各试验羊的采食量以及粪便、尿液排出量。

1.5 样品采集与指标测定

1.5.1 饲粮营养物质含量

在消化代谢试验期间,每天从各组饲粮中称取100 g样本,将各组的饲粮样本分别混合均匀,于-20 ℃保存待测。
饲粮干物质(DM)、有机物(OM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、粗脂肪(EE)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、钙(Ca)和磷(P)含量分别参照GB/T 6435—2014、GB/T 6438—2007、GB/T 6432—2018、GB/T 6433—2006、GB/T 20806—2022、NY/T 1459—2022、GB/T 6436—2018和GB/T 6437—2018的方法进行测定。

1.5.2 营养物质表观消化率

在消化代谢试验期间,每日晨饲前从每只羊的粪便中称取100 g样本,将每只羊正试期连续5 d的粪便样本混合均匀后,置于-20 ℃冷冻保存,用于测定营养物质含量。
将粪样称重后,于65 ℃下烘48 h,自然回潮48 h后再次称重,以计算初水分含量,经粉碎并过40目网筛后,测定其营养物质含量。粪样DM、OM、CP、NDF和ADF含量分别参照GB/T 6435—2014、GB/T 6438—2007、GB/T 6432—2018、GB/T 20806—2022和NY/T 1459—2022的方法进行测定。营养物质表观消化率的计算公式如下:
某营养物质表观消化率(%)=100×(饲粮采食量×饲粮中该营养物质含量-排粪量×粪中该营养物质含量)/(饲粮采食量×饲粮中该营养物质含量)。

1.5.3 能氮代谢指标

在消化代谢试验期间,每日晨饲前从每只羊的粪便中称取100 g样本,加入10 mL 10%硫酸进行固氮处理,将每只羊正试期连续5 d的粪便样本混合均匀后,置于-20 ℃冷冻保存,用于后续粪氮及粪能的测定;每日清晨用盛有100 mL 10%硫酸的容器收集每只羊的尿液,将其稀释至5 L并混合均匀,从稀释后的尿液中过滤移取100 mL样本,将每只羊正试期连续5 d的尿液样本混合均匀后,置于-20 ℃冷冻保存,用于后续尿氮及尿能的测定。
饲粮、粪样和尿样中总能和氮含量的测定参照AOAC(1995)[9]中的方法,总能使用全自动氧弹式热量测定仪(6400,Parr Instrument公司,美国)进行测定,氮含量采用全自动凯氏定氮仪(KDY-9830,北京瑞邦兴业科技有限公司)进行测定。其中尿样总能的测定步骤为:先取5张定量滤纸分别测定能值,取其平均值作为滤纸能值;再取5 mL尿液,逐滴加入坩埚内折叠好的滤纸上,于65 ℃烘箱中烘干后测定总能量,扣除滤纸能值即得到尿能。
能量代谢相关计算公式[10-11]如下:

消化能摄入量(MJ/d)=总能摄入量-粪能排出量;

甲烷排出量(L/d)=-0.620+0.027×DM摄入量+0.039×NDF摄入量;

甲烷能排出量(MJ/d)=[甲烷排出量×0.668]/1 000×55.65;

代谢能摄入量(MJ/d)=总能摄入量-粪能排出量-尿能排出量-甲烷能排出量;

总能表观消化率(%)=100×消化能摄入量/总能摄入量;

总能代谢率(%)=100×代谢能摄入量/总能摄入量;

消化能代谢率(%)=100×代谢能摄入量/消化能摄入量。

氮代谢相关计算公式[12]如下:

总排出氮(g/d)=粪氮排出量+尿氮排出量;

表观可消化氮(g/d)=氮摄入量-粪氮排出量;

沉积氮(g/d)=氮摄入量-(粪氮排出量+尿氮排出量);

氮表观消化率(%)=100×表观可消化氮/氮摄入量;

氮的生物学价值(%)=100×沉积氮/表观可消化氮。

1.5.4 瘤胃发酵参数

饲养试验结束后,从每组中选取10只健康且体重相近的试验羊进行屠宰并采集瘤胃液。取出新鲜的瘤胃液后,立即使用便携式pH计测定pH,每只羊重复测定2次,结果取平均值。随后将瘤胃液分装至10 mL冻存管中,经液氮速冻后转移至-20 ℃冷冻保存,用于瘤胃液挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)和氨态氮(NH3-N)含量的测定。
将瘤胃液样品于4 ℃解冻后进行过滤,按照9:1的体积比与25%偏磷酸混合稀释,以9 727×g的离心力离心5 min后取上清液,使用气相色谱仪(TRACE1300,Thermo Scientific,美国)测定瘤胃液VFA含量,采用苯酚-次氯酸钠法进行比色分析测定瘤胃液NH3-N含量。

1.6 数据统计与分析

采用SPSS 22.0统计软件进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),差异性显著者使用Duncan氏法进行多重比较,结果以平均值和均值标准误(SEM)表示,P<0.05表示差异显著。

2 结果与分析

2.1 不同蛋白质源饲粮对育肥羊采食量和营养物质表观消化率的影响

由表2可知,各组间干物质采食量(DMI)及NDF、ADF表观消化率均无显著差异(P>0.05)。豆粕组DM、OM表观消化率显著高于菜籽饼、葵花籽仁饼和混合饼粕组(P<0.05),CP表观消化率显著高于菜籽饼和葵花籽仁饼组(P<0.05),但DM、OM和CP表观消化率与棉籽粕组均无显著差异(P>0.05)。棉籽粕组DM、OM表观消化率显著高于葵花籽仁饼组(P<0.05),CP表观消化率显著高于菜籽饼和葵花籽仁饼组(P<0.05)。
表2 不同蛋白质源饲粮对育肥羊采食量和营养物质表观消化率的影响

Table 2 Effects of diets with different protein sources on feed intake and nutrient apparent digestibility of fattening sheep %

项目
Items		 组别Groups SEM P值
P-value
豆粕
Soybean
meal		 棉籽粕
Cottonseed
meal		 菜籽饼
Rapeseed
cake		 葵花籽仁饼
Sunflower
seed cake		 混合饼粕
Mixed cake
and meal
干物质采食量DMI/(g/d) 1 389.3 1 276.2 1 449.4 1 452.3 1 399.0 33.113 0.666
干物质表观消化率
DM apparent digestibility		 71.82a 70.27ab 65.46bc 63.46c 65.69bc 1.581 0.014
有机物表观消化率
OM apparent digestibility		 73.63a 71.87ab 67.31bc 65.70c 67.55bc 1.505 0.015
粗蛋白质表观消化率
CP apparent digestibility		 77.51a 77.04a 69.34b 71.52b 72.59ab 1.591 0.015
中性洗涤纤维表观消化率
NDF apparent digestibility		 61.58 64.33 63.07 60.25 59.58 0.877 0.529
酸性洗涤纤维表观消化率
ADF apparent digestibility		 29.79 35.51 28.89 24.12 23.75 2.152 0.241

同行数据肩标无字母或相同小写字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with no letter or the same small letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below.

2.2 不同蛋白质源饲粮对育肥羊能量代谢的影响

由表3可知,不同蛋白质源饲粮对育肥羊总能摄入量、粪能和尿能排出量均无显著影响(P>0.05),因此,各组间消化能摄入量和代谢能摄入量也均无显著差异(P>0.05)。豆粕组总能表观消化率和总能代谢率显著高于菜籽饼、葵花籽仁饼和混合饼粕组(P<0.05),棉籽粕组总能表观消化率和总能代谢率显著高于葵花籽仁饼组(P<0.05)。
表3 不同蛋白质源饲粮对育肥羊能量代谢的影响

Table 3 Effects of diets with different protein sources on energy metabolism of fattening sheep

项目
Items		 组别Groups SEM P值
P-value
豆粕
Soybean
meal		 棉籽粕
Cottonseed
meal		 菜籽饼
Rapeseed
cake		 葵花籽仁饼
Sunflower
seed cake		 混合饼粕
Mixed cake
and meal
总能摄入量GE intake/(MJ/d) 27.26 25.06 28.44 28.66 27.56 0.640 0.652
粪能排出量FE output/(MJ/d) 8.12 7.64 10.23 11.06 9.81 0.646 0.125
尿能排出量UE output/(MJ/d) 0.80 0.85 0.86 0.86 0.89 0.015 0.853
消化能摄入量DE intake/(MJ/d) 19.14 17.42 18.21 17.60 17.74 0.309 0.746
代谢能摄入量ME intake/(MJ/d) 16.17 14.57 15.07 14.45 14.65 0.315 0.634
总能表观消化率
GE apparent digestibility/%		 70.60a 69.65ab 64.15bc 61.67c 64.55bc 1.713 0.012
总能代谢率GE metabolizability/% 59.65a 58.24ab 53.13bc 50.67c 53.16bc 1.695 0.010
消化能代谢率DE metabolizability/% 84.46 83.61 82.75 82.10 82.36 0.434 0.078

2.3 不同蛋白质源饲粮对育肥羊氮代谢的影响

由表4可知,不同蛋白质源饲粮对育肥羊氮摄入量无显著影响(P>0.05)。菜籽饼组粪氮排出量显著高于豆粕和棉籽粕组(P<0.05),豆粕和棉籽粕组氮表观消化率显著高于菜籽饼和葵花籽仁饼组(P<0.05)。各组间尿氮排出量、总排出氮、表观可消化氮、沉积氮、氮利用率和氮的生物学价值均无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表4 不同蛋白质源饲粮对育肥羊氮代谢的影响

Table 4 Effects of diets with different protein sources on nitrogen metabolism of fattening sheep

项目
Items		 组别Groups SEM P值
P-value
豆粕
Soybean
meal		 棉籽粕
Cottonseed
meal		 菜籽饼
Rapeseed
cake		 葵花籽仁饼
Sunflower
seed cake		 混合饼粕
Mixed cake
and meal
氮摄入量N intake/(g/d) 30.94 28.99 32.40 31.46 30.73 0.559 0.822
粪氮排出量FN output/(g/d) 7.02b 6.70b 9.98a 8.97ab 8.27ab 0.609 0.035
尿氮排出量UN output/(g/d) 10.67 10.02 8.72 8.99 8.93 0.376 0.298
总排出氮Total output N/(g/d) 17.69 16.72 18.69 17.96 17.20 0.335 0.765
表观可消化氮
Apparent digestibility N/(g/d)		 23.92 22.30 22.43 22.49 22.46 0.302 0.944
沉积氮Retained N/(g/d) 13.25 12.28 13.71 13.50 13.53 0.254 0.967
氮表观消化率
N apparent digestibility/%		 77.51a 77.04a 69.34b 71.52b 72.59ab 1.591 0.015
氮利用率
N utilization efficiency/%		 44.62 42.00 42.31 42.84 43.14 0.455 0.999
氮的生物学价值
Biological value of N/%		 55.06 54.63 61.19 59.76 59.08 1.312 0.615

2.4 不同蛋白质源饲粮对育肥羊瘤胃发酵参数的影响

由表5可知,不同蛋白质源饲粮对育肥羊瘤胃液pH及VFA、NH3-N含量均无显著影响(P>0.05)。各组间瘤胃液pH为6.39~6.62,总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)含量为88.23~94.62 mmol/L。
表5 不同蛋白质源饲粮对育肥羊瘤胃发酵参数的影响

Table 5 Effects of diets with different protein sources on rumen fermentation parameters of fattening sheep

项目
Items		 组别Groups SEM P值
P-value
豆粕
Soybean
meal		 棉籽粕
Cottonseed
meal		 菜籽饼
Rapeseed
cake		 葵花籽仁饼
Sunflower
seed cake		 混合饼粕
Mixed cake
and meal
pH 6.53 6.62 6.43 6.52 6.39 0.429 0.485
总挥发性脂肪酸TVFA/(mmol/L) 94.62 91.25 88.23 92.15 91.39 2.851 0.975
乙酸Acetate/(mmol/L) 49.34 45.79 43.69 46.30 42.50 1.691 0.762
丙酸Propionate/(mmol/L) 22.98 24.65 23.14 24.70 27.87 0.942 0.494
乙酸/丙酸Acetate/propionate 2.73 1.86 1.99 1.92 2.01 0.142 0.105
丁酸Butyrate/(mmol/L) 6.88 6.26 4.51 4.71 4.68 0.400 0.215
异丁酸Isobutyrate/(mmol/L) 10.60 9.74 12.84 12.54 12.50 0.665 0.499
戊酸Valerate/(mmol/L) 1.32 1.35 1.31 1.25 1.18 0.876 0.982
异戊酸Isovalerate/(mmol/L) 3.51 3.47 2.76 2.65 2.66 0.196 0.415
氨态氮NH3-N/(mg/dL) 7.32 7.44 7.43 7.49 6.94 0.166 0.847

3 讨论

3.1 不同蛋白质源饲粮对育肥羊营养物质表观消化率的影响

生长性能是反映动物营养状况和发育水平的重要指标[13]。本团队前期研究表明,以不同饼粕饲料作为蛋白质源替代饲粮中的豆粕,对育肥羊生长性能无显著影响[7],这与Silva等[14]和Agwa等[15]的研究结果一致。营养物质表观消化率是衡量饲粮中营养物质被机体消化吸收程度及生长性能的关键指标[16],其中DM和OM表观消化率可有效反映机体对饲粮的消化能力[17]。相关研究表明,饲粮NDF含量会影响DM、OM和CP的有效降解率,高NDF含量会抑制小肠酶的活性、加快食糜蠕动速度,从而缩短DM等营养物质的消化吸收时间,导致其降解率下降[18]。刘紫萌等[19]研究发现,使用菜籽粕100%替代豆粕对育肥羊的生长性能和营养物质消化率均无显著影响。Yin等[20]使用菜籽粕、棉籽粕、豆粕、花生粕及发酵酒糟饲喂肉羊,结果显示豆粕组总能、DM和CP表观消化率更高,原因在于该组肉羊平均日采食量降低,且饲粮在瘤胃中的停留时间延长。Zagorakis等[21]研究发现,饲喂葵花籽仁粕组的肉羊OM表观消化率较饲喂豆粕组降低,而CP表观消化率与饲喂豆粕组相近。杨彩虹[22]研究发现,饲喂棉籽粕组的育肥羊CP表观消化率显著低于豆粕组和菜籽饼组,而豆粕组和菜籽粕组肉羊的CP表观消化率无显著差异。本试验结果与上述研究的结果不相符,本试验中菜籽饼组、葵花籽仁组及混合饼粕组育肥羊的DM、OM和CP表观消化率较豆粕组降低,这可能与菜籽饼、葵花籽仁饼及混合饼粕中NDF含量较高有关,同时也可能受到各类饼粕来源差异及加工方法的影响,这些因素共同作用影响了3类原料在瘤胃中的降解[23-24]。而棉籽粕与豆粕组育肥羊的各项营养物质表观消化率均无显著差异,可能是由于棉籽粕组肉羊的皱胃和小肠发育优于豆粕组[7]。此外,本试验结果与Mi等[25]使用体外双流连续培养系统及黄增利等[13]使用体内消化法得出的不同蛋白质源饲粮对肉羊营养物质表观消化率无显著影响的结论也不一致,这可能与上述研究中使用的花生粕CP含量高于葵花籽仁粕、各杂粕比例不同、各饲料原料中瘤胃可降解蛋白(RDP)含量存在差异有关,以及受到各类饼粕中的抗营养因子如游离棉酚、硫代葡萄糖苷等对瘤胃中营养物质降解的影响[26]。本试验结果表明,不同蛋白质源饲粮对育肥羊的NDF表观消化率无显著影响,这与Seifdavati等[27]和Zagorakis等[21]的研究结果一致。

3.2 不同蛋白质源饲粮对育肥羊能量代谢的影响

反刍动物机体所需能量主要由ATP和VFA提供,其中ATP由饲粮中的蛋白质、碳水化合物、脂肪经过三羧酸循环、脂肪氧化等途径代谢产生,VFA由碳水化合物在瘤胃内发酵产生。除被机体利用的能量外,部分能量会以粪能、尿能及甲烷能的形式损失,其中粪能约占总能的1/3[28],这一过程主要受饲粮原料组成和特性的影响。研究表明,总能摄入量随饲粮精料比例的增加而升高,粪能排出量会随总能摄入量的增加而升高[29-31]。本试验中,各组饲粮均为等氮等能且精粗比相近,因此各组育肥羊的DMI、总能摄入量、粪能排出量、尿能排出量和代谢能摄入量均无显著差异;粪能排出量约占总能摄入量的30%,与娜仁花等[28]的研究结果相似。总能表观消化率和总能代谢率可反映动物摄入总能的消化利用情况[32]。本试验中,豆粕与棉籽粕组育肥羊的总能表观消化率相近,均显著高于葵花籽仁饼组,这可能主要与3组肉羊CP表观消化率的差异有关,而NDF和ADF表观消化率差异不显著,提示其对总能表观消化率的影响较小;各组间育肥羊的总能代谢率与总能表观消化率呈相同的差异趋势,这一结果可能与各组饲粮中碳水化合物组分的差异有关,豆粕和棉籽粕中非纤维性碳水化合物(NFC)含量较高[33],使得育肥羊体内分解淀粉等物质的菌属占据优势,微生物发酵速度加快,进而提高了机体对能量的利用效率[34]。上述结果表明,相较于豆粕和棉籽粕,使用葵花籽仁饼饲喂育肥羊会显著降低其对能量的消化代谢能力,也提示在使用杂粕替代豆粕时,需充分考虑氨基酸平衡,以达到理想的蛋白质消化率。此外,《肉羊营养需要量》(NY/T 816—2021)[8]中建议40 kg绵羊育肥羊日增重300 g/d时每日摄入的代谢能应为13.70~15.80 MJ/d。本试验中,整个消化代谢试验期间各组育肥羊的平均代谢能摄入量为14.45~16.17 MJ/d,每日代谢能摄入量最少时也可达到13.90 MJ/d,符合行业标准中的建议,说明使用不同蛋白质饲料原料替代豆粕后的饲粮能量可满足育肥羊的生长需求。

3.3 不同蛋白质源饲粮对育肥羊氮代谢的影响

饲粮中的含氮物质及内源氮在反刍动物瘤胃中降解后,一部分形成粪氮和尿氮,另一部分则转化为NH3-N,可为瘤胃内80%的细菌提供合成微生物蛋白的氮源,或随门静脉血进入肝脏参与尿素循环。反刍动物氮的摄入量由饲粮蛋白质含量和DMI共同决定[35]。饲粮中氮的利用率和生物学效价受蛋白质饲料中氨基酸生物学价值的影响,可通过氮排出量来反映[36-37]。若氮利用不充分,会导致粪氮和尿氮过量排泄,进而造成环境污染[38]。粪氮主要由微生物蛋白、瘤胃不可降解蛋白以及内源蛋白在小肠中经过消化吸收后剩余的含氮物质组成[39]。Osuagwuh等[40]研究表明,饲粮粗蛋白质含量增加时,粪氮和尿氮的排出量会随之上升。本试验中,各组间饲粮的粗蛋白质含量相近,且DMI和尿氮排出量均无显著差异,但菜籽饼组的粪氮排出量显著高于豆粕和棉籽粕组。这可能是由于菜籽饼中的蛋白质溶解度较低,其碳水化合物以不易消化的戊糖为主,能值低于豆粕[5],并且其单宁含量较高,会抑制消化酶活性,从而增加动物内源氮损失[41]。这一结果说明,以豆粕和棉籽粕作为蛋白质饲料,可在一定程度上减少肉羊生产过程中的氮排放,降低对环境的污染。本试验结果表明,豆粕组和棉籽粕组育肥羊的氮表观消化率相近,且均显著高于菜籽饼和葵花籽仁饼组,这可能是由于棉籽粕中蛋白质组分与豆粕相近[42],而菜籽饼组育肥羊的小肠发育程度较低[7],且菜籽饼的蛋白质和氨基酸小肠消化率低于豆粕[43]。此外,不同饲料原料的NFC/NDF值及蛋白质组分中氨基酸的平衡也可能影响消化率[34]。

3.4 不同蛋白质源饲粮对育肥羊瘤胃发酵参数的影响

瘤胃液pH是评估瘤胃内环境稳态和反映发酵水平的重要指标,其正常范围为5.5~7.5,且易受饲粮组成的影响[19]。张振斌[44]指出,瘤胃液pH和饲粮组成共同影响蛋白质降解效率及瘤胃菌群结构。本试验中,各组育肥羊瘤胃液pH为6.39~6.62,均处于正常生理范围内,与罗成[45]的结果一致。VFA是饲粮中碳水化合物的主要发酵产物,可为反刍动物提供70%~80%的能量需求[46]。其中,饲粮中的粗纤维发酵产生的乙酸用于合成脂肪酸,而由可溶性碳水化合物发酵产生的丙酸可通过糖异生途径转化为葡萄糖[47]。本试验结果表明,各组育肥羊瘤胃液VFA含量无显著差异,与豆粕组相比,其他4组的瘤胃液丙酸含量略有升高同时乙酸/丙酸略有下降。这说明以棉籽粕及各类杂粕替代豆粕不会影响瘤胃液VFA含量[48],但可能使瘤胃发酵类型倾向于丙酸型,从而促进瘤胃发酵[49],提高能量利用率[50]。此外,棉籽粕组瘤胃液乙酸/丙酸下降趋势最为明显(约32%),这可能是饲喂棉籽粕后引起瘤胃微生物群落变化,使得消化淀粉和纤维素的普雷沃氏菌属丰度增加所致[51]。瘤胃液NH3-N含量和比例可反映瘤胃微生物对氮的利用能力和饲粮本身的营养价值[52]。研究表明,瘤胃内微生物生长所需的有效NH3-N含量为5~30 mg/dL[53]。本试验中各组育肥羊瘤胃液NH3-N含量无显著差异,为6.94~7.49 mg/dL,均处于正常范围。饲粮CP含量及其在瘤胃中的降解率、微生物合成效率等均会影响瘤胃液NH3-N含量[54]。Yin等[20]研究发现,菜籽粕和棉籽粕替代饲粮中的豆粕会使肉羊瘤胃液NH3-N含量降低;邹郑欣[55]也发现,菜籽粕替代饲粮中的豆粕降低了肉羊瘤胃液NH3-N含量。本试验中各组育肥羊瘤胃液NH3-N含量无显著差异,与上述研究结果不一致。这可能是由于本试验中各组试验羊瘤胃发育程度相近[7],且不同试验中所用饲料原料的氨基酸组成、RDP和过瘤胃蛋白(RUP)含量及RDP/RUP比值存在差异,从而导致NH3-N含量表现不同[25]。此外,本试验中饼粕类饲料原料在整个饲粮配方中的占比低于Yin等[20]研究中的比例(16%~23%),其与其他原料的组合效应可能会掩盖单一原料对NH3-N含量的影响。

4 结论

本试验条件下,以菜籽饼、葵花籽仁饼或混合饼粕替代豆粕作为饲粮中的主要蛋白质源,降低了育肥羊的CP表观消化率、总能表观消化率及代谢率,但对沉积氮、代谢能摄入量和消化能代谢率无显著影响。相比之下,棉籽粕替代豆粕对各项指标均未产生负面影响,以其替代豆粕作为育肥羊饲粮中的主要蛋白质源具有可行性。

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