Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2025 , Vol. 37 >Issue 10: 7036 - 7043

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2025.572

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Threonine Supplementation in Low-Protein Diets on Growth Performance, Nutrient Apparent Digestibility and Serum Biochemical Indexes of Ussuri Raccoon Dogs during Growing Period

  • SHI Hongyu , 1 ,
  • HU Xuan 1 ,
  • JU Huaqiang 1 ,
  • LI Menghan 1 ,
  • WANG Jing 2 ,
  • CHEN Xiuying 3 ,
  • ZHANG Haihua , 1, *
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  • 1 Hebei Key Laboratory of Exploitation and Innovation of Characteristic Animal Germplasm Resources, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066600, China
  • 2 Shangluo University, Shangluo 726000, China
  • 3 Tangshan Food and Drug Comprehensive Inspection and Testing Center, Tangshan 063000, China
*professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2025-02-26

  Online published: 2025-10-15

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Abstract

This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of adding threonine to low-protein diets on the growth performance, nutrient apparent digestibility and serum biochemical indexes of Ussuri raccoon dogs during growing period. A total of 75 male Ussuri raccoon dogs with similar body weight and at (60±5) days of age were randomly divided into 5 groups, with 15 replicates in each group and one raccoon dog in each replicate. Group C was conventional protein diet control group which fed a diet with the protein level of 24%; group L0 was low-protein diet control group which fed a low-protein diet with the protein level of 22% without added threonine; groups L1, L2 and L3 were fed a diet with the protein level of 22% and were supplemented with 0.3%, 0.6% and 0.9% threonine, respectively. A one-week pre-feeding period was conducted before the formal experiment to adapt the minks to the experimental diets, the formal experiment lasted for 65 days. On the 28th day of the formal experiment, eight healthy individuals from each group were selected for digestion and metabolism experiment. The results showed as follows: 1) in terms of growth performance, group L1 was the best, with final body weight and average daily gain significantly or extremely significantly higher than those of the groups L0, L3 and C (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and feed/gain ratio significantly or extremely significantly lower than that of the groups L0, L3 and C (P<0.05 or P<0.01). 2) In terms of apparent digestibility of nutrients, the apparent digestibility of crude protein in groups L1 and L3 was extremely significantly higher than that of the groups L0 and C (P<0.01); the apparent digestibility of ether extract in groups L1 and C was extremely significantly higher than that in the groups L0, L2 and L3 (P<0.01), with no significant difference between the groups L1 and C (P>0.05). 3) In terms of serum biochemical indexes, the serum alanine transaminase (ALT) activity in the groups L1 and L2 was significantly lower than that in the group C (P<0.05); the serum aspartate transaminase (AST) activity in the groups L1, L2 and L3 was extremely significantly lower than that in the group C (P<0.01); the serum urea nitrogen (UN) content in the groups L1 and L2 was extremely significantly lower than that in the groups C, L0 and L3 (P<0.01). In conclusion, under the conditions of this experiment, reducing the dietary protein level from 24% to 22% and adding 0.3% threonine can improve the growth performance, apparent digestibility of nutrients and liver function of Ussuri raccoon dogs during growing period.

Key words： low-protein diet; threonine; Ussuri raccoon dogs; growth performance; nutrient apparent digestibility; serum biochemical indexes

Cite this article

SHI Hongyu , HU Xuan , JU Huaqiang , LI Menghan , WANG Jing , CHEN Xiuying , ZHANG Haihua . Effects of Threonine Supplementation in Low-Protein Diets on Growth Performance, Nutrient Apparent Digestibility and Serum Biochemical Indexes of Ussuri Raccoon Dogs during Growing Period[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2025 , 37(10) : 7036 -7043 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2025.572

乌苏里貉是珍贵的毛皮动物,传统貉养殖对饲粮蛋白质水平要求较高,研究适用于貉的低蛋白质饲粮对于貉养殖降本增效和缓解氮排放等具有重要意义。苏氨酸在蛋白质合成、免疫功能及肠道健康调节中起关键作用[1]。研究显示,苏氨酸的补充可优化生猪的氮利用率,降低氨气排放[2],并改善小鼠的脂质代谢通路相关基因表达[3]。目前已有研究了确定了乌苏里貉低蛋白质饲粮中蛋氨酸和赖氨酸的适宜添加水平[4],但低蛋白质饲粮中苏氨酸的适宜添加水平并不明确。因此,本研究以育成期乌苏里貉为对象,重点探讨低蛋白质饲粮中添加不同水平苏氨酸对其生长性能、营养物质表观消化率和血清生化指标的影响,以明确育成期乌苏里貉低蛋白质饲粮中苏氨酸的适宜添加水平,为育成期貉饲养及饲粮配制提供理论参考。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

试验所用蛋氨酸、赖氨酸和苏氨酸的纯度≥98%。

1.2 试验设计

选用75只健康、体重相近的(60±5)日龄雄性乌苏里貉,随机分为5组,每组15个重复,每个重复1只。试验饲粮设置24%和22% 2个蛋白质水平,并将蛋氨酸和赖氨酸调整至相同水平。H组为高蛋白质对照组,所喂饲粮蛋白质水平为24%;L0组为低蛋白质对照组,所喂饲粮蛋白质水平为22%且未添加苏氨酸;L1、L2、L3组中所喂饲粮蛋白质水平为22%,并分别添加0.3%、0.6%、0.9%的苏氨酸。试验饲粮参照NRC(1982)[5]标准并结合生产实践配制,其组成及营养水平见表1。
表1 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (DM basis) %

项目
Items		 组别Groups
C L0 L1 L2 L3
原料Ingredients
膨化玉米Expanded corn 41.30 42.95 43.78 43.86 44.41
豆粕Soybean meal (43%) 11.50 11.49 11.40 10.99 10.00
玉米胚芽饼Corn germ cake 12.50 13.99 13.99 13.99 14.00
豆饼Soybean cake 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00
干酒糟及其可溶物DDGS 8.20 8.99 8.80 8.80 8.80
鱼粉Fish meal 5.00 1.00
肉骨粉Bone and meat meal 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.50
鸡肉粉Chicken powder 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00
磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
食盐NaCl 0.40 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45
豆油Soybean oil 4.50 4.50 4.50 4.50 4.50
石粉Limestone 0.10 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
沸石粉Zeolite powder 0.50 0.43 0.50 0.50 0.58
蛋氨酸Met 0.20 0.27 0.29 0.29 0.30
赖氨酸Lys 0.80 0.73 0.79 0.82 0.86
苏氨酸Thr 0.30 0.60 0.90
预混料Premix1) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
合计Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels2)
代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) 14.28 14.32 14.36 14.27 14.31
粗蛋白质CP 24.07 22.67 22.46 22.57 22.12
粗脂肪EE 8.31 8.24 8.24 7.83 7.82
粗灰分Ash 7.23 6.84 6.53 6.43 6.42
蛋氨酸Met 0.59 0.64 0.61 0.57 0.58
赖氨酸Lys 1.51 1.52 1.48 1.52 1.46
苏氨酸Thr 0.86 0.78 1.02 1.31 1.56
钙Ca 0.81 0.78 0.79 0.77 0.76
总磷TP 0.77 0.75 0.76 0.74 0.71

1)每千克预混料含有 Contained the following per kg of premix:VA 1 500 000 IU,VB1 300 mg,VB2 1 250 mg,VB6 500 mg,VB12 3.75 mg,VD3 600 000 IU,VE 3 500 mg,VK3 250 mg,泛酸钙 calcium pantothenate 2 250 mg,烟酰胺 nicotinamide 5 000 mg,叶酸 folic acid 250 mg,生物素 biotin 15 mg,抗氧化剂 antioxidant 60 mg,Cu 25 000 mg,Fe 112 500 mg,Zn 78 750 mg,Mn 39 750 mg,I 500 mg,Se 300 mg,Co 100 mg。2)代谢能参照《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2021年第32版)》进行计算,其余为实测值。ME was calculated referring to the Tables of Feed Composition and Nutritive Values in China (32nd edition, 2021), while the others were measured values.

1.3 饲养管理

2024年7—9月在河北省秦皇岛市昌黎县荒佃庄镇貉养殖场进行试验,所有动物试验均已通过河北科技师范学院实验动物伦理委员会审批(编号:20240506)。在正式试验开始前进行为期1周的预饲以适应试验饲粮,正式试验为期65 d。试验期间保持充足光照、饲养环境通风良好,每日清扫消毒,每日于07:30和16:00定时饲喂,自由采食和饮水,准确记录采食量并观察动物健康状况。正式试验第28天时,每组选取8只状态良好的个体进行为期3 d的消化代谢试验,采用全收粪法收集粪样。

1.4 检测指标及方法

在正式试验开始和结束时记录乌苏里貉的空腹体重分别作为初重和末重,每日记录喂料量和剩料量,计算平均日采食量(ADFI)、平均日增重(ADG)和料重比(F/G)。
严格按照国家标准测定饲粮和粪样中干物质(GB/T 6435—2014)、粗蛋白质(GB/T 6432—2018)、粗脂肪(GB/T 6433—2006)、粗灰分(GB/T 6438—2007)、钙(GB/T 6436—2018)、总磷(GB/T 6437—2018)含量。使用氨基酸自动分析仪(赛卡姆S433D)测定饲粮蛋氨酸、赖氨酸和苏氨酸含量。参照赵惠媛等[6]的报道计算干物质、粗蛋白质和粗脂肪表观消化率。
试验结束时每组选取8只健康乌苏里貉空腹采集静脉血,分离血清后于-80 ℃保存。使用BK-280全自动生化分析仪测定血清中总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、尿素氮(UN)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、葡萄糖(GLU)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、肌酐(CR)等多项生化指标。

1.5 数据处理与分析

所有试验数据采用SPSS 13.0统计软件进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)和LSD法多重比较检验。结果以“平均值±标准差”形式表示,P<0.01为差异极显著,P<0.05为差异显著。

2 结果

2.1 低蛋白质饲粮中添加苏氨酸对育成期乌苏里貉生长性能的影响

由表2可知,低蛋白质饲粮中添加不同水平苏氨酸对乌苏里貉的末重、平均日增重和料重比产生了极显著影响(P<0.01)。L1组的生长性能最佳,其末重极显著高于L0组和L3组(P<0.01),并显著高于L2组和C组(P<0.05);同时,L1组的平均日增重也极显著高于L0组、L3组(P<0.01),并显著高于C组(P<0.05);在料重比方面,L1组极显著低于L0组(P<0.01),且显著低于L3组和C组(P<0.05);各组间平均日采食量无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表2 低蛋白质饲粮中添加苏氨酸对育成期乌苏里貉生长性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of threonine supplementation in low-protein diets on growth performance of Ussuri raccoon dogs during growing period

项目
Items		 组别Groups P值
P-value
C L0 L1 L2 L3
始重IBW/kg 2.70±0.22 2.70±0.29 2.70±0.41 2.70±0.29 2.70±0.26 1.000
末重FBW/kg 6.48±0.80ABb 5.70±0.47Cc 6.99±0.57Aa 6.50±0.51ABb 6.13±0.47BCbc <0.001
平均日采食量ADFI/g 238.65±7.36 238.65±19.37 228.52±8.56 229.87±15.21 230.76±17.55 0.174
平均日增重ADG/g 61.50±10.97ABb 49.28±7.78Cc 69.81±7.41Aa 62.97±5.35ABab 55.94±7.24BCbc <0.001
料重比F/G 4.05±1.09Bb 4.95±0.84Aa 3.31±0.37Bc 3.67±0.35Bbc 4.19±0.64Bb <0.001

同行数据肩标无字母或相同小写字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。下表同。

In the same row, values with no letter or the same small letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), and with different capital letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.01). The same as below.

2.2 低蛋白质饲粮中添加苏氨酸对育成期乌苏里貉营养物质表观消化率的影响

由表3可知,低蛋白质饲粮中添加不同水平苏氨酸对粗蛋白质和粗脂肪表观消化率产生了极显著影响(P<0.01)。在粗蛋白质表观消化率方面,L1组和L3组极显著高于L0组和C组(P<0.01),L2组显著高于L0组和C组(P<0.05);对于粗脂肪表观消化率,L1组、C组均极显著高于L0组、L2组和L3组(P<0.05),但L1组与C组之间的差异未达显著水平(P>0.05);相比较之下,各组间干物质表观消化率未表现出显著差异(P>0.05)。
表3 低蛋白质饲粮中添加苏氨酸对育成期乌苏里貉营养物质表观消化率的影响

Table 3 Effects of threonine supplementation in low-protein diets on nutrient apparent digestibility of Ussuri raccoon dogs during growing period %

项目
Items		 组别Groups P值
P-value
C L0 L1 L2 L3
干物质表观消化率
DM apparent digestibility		 71.60±4.97 71.85±12.82 77.64±6.56 76.31±4.63 76.29±3.30 0.331
粗蛋白质表观消化率
CP apparent digestibility		 68.97±5.31Bb 69.15±1.86Bb 78.53±0.57Aa 74.26±0.50ABa 76.35±0.41Aa <0.001
粗脂肪表观消化率
EE apparent digestibility		 88.63±2.88Aa 79.38±0.93Bb 87.88±4.16Aa 81.25±4.68Bb 81.50±2.62Bb 0.003

2.3 低蛋白质饲粮中添加苏氨酸对育成期乌苏里貉血清生化指标的影响

由表4可知,低蛋白质饲粮中添加不同水平苏氨酸对血清AST、ALP、LDH活性和UN含量产生了极显著影响(P<0.01),对血清ALT、GLU、HDL含量产生了显著影响(P<0.05)。相较于C组,L1组和L2组的血清ALT活性显著降低(P<0.05);同时,L1组、L2组和L3组的血清AST活性均极显著低于C组(P<0.01);在血清ALP活性上,L2组和C组极显著高于L0组(P<0.01);对于血清UN含量,L1组和L2组极显著低于C组、L0组和L3组(P<0.01);在血清GLU含量方面,L3组显著低于L0组和C组(P<0.05);L2组的血清HDL含量显著高于C组和L3组(P<0.05);C组的血清LDH活性极显著高于其余各组(P<0.01);血清TP、ALB、TC和CR含量在各组间均未表现出显著差异(P>0.05)。
表4 低蛋白质饲粮中添加苏氨酸对育成期乌苏里貉血清生化指标的影响

Table 4 Effects of threonine supplementation in low-protein diets on serum biochemical indexes of Ussuri raccoon dogs during growing period

项目
Items		 组别Groups P值
P-value
C L0 L1 L2 L3
总蛋白TP/(g/L) 79.88±3.82 78.28±8.47 77.13±9.07 78.45±5.42 81.15±3.67 0.825
白蛋白ALB/(g/L) 26.99±2.53 27.65±3.62 27.31±2.79 25.23±1.89 29.30±2.03 0.078
谷丙转氨酶ALT/(U/L) 52.78±8.72a 46.48±3.78ab 43.30±3.27b 43.18±8.07b 49.81±5.52ab 0.026
谷草转氨酶AST/(U/L) 90.96±4.56Aa 72.67±8.10Bb 71.93±3.47Bb 71.15±3.62Bb 74.54±9.39Bb <0.001
碱性磷酸酶ALP/(U/L) 74.08±10.04Aa 59.66±3.68Bb 68.06±10.81ABab 78.71±2.54Aa 72.51±6.58ABa <0.001
尿素氮UN/(mmol/L) 6.77±0.39Aa 6.59±0.40Aa 5.55±0.43Bb 5.68±0.40Bb 6.61±0.58Aa <0.001
总胆固醇TC/(mmol/L) 3.55±0.30 3.53±0.39 3.57±0.82 3.50±0.32 3.52±0.59 0.999
葡萄糖GLU/(mmol/L) 3.63±0.29a 3.76±0.79a 3.40±0.24ab 3.42±0.18ab 2.99±0.33b 0.017
高密度脂蛋白
HDL/(mmol/L)		 2.90±0.42b 3.45±0.40ab 3.28±0.27ab 3.49±0.25a 2.89±0.54b 0.022
乳酸脱氢酶
LDH/(U/L)		 274.67±37.14Aa 215.00±21.36Bb 206.37±14.20Bb 208.07±18.84Bb 204.70±15.29Bb <0.001
肌酐CR/(μmol/L) 42.41±5.21 37.87±7.86 36.53±2.64 36.69±5.60 35.17±5.86 0.140

3 讨论

3.1 低蛋白质饲粮中添加苏氨酸对育成期乌苏里貉生长性能的影响

本研究发现,在低蛋白质饲粮(蛋白质水平为22%)中补充0.3%的苏氨酸(L1组)可显著改善育成期乌苏里貉的生长性能(末重、平均日增重)和饲料利用效率(料重比),其生长性能甚至优于常规蛋白质饲粮组(C组)。苏氨酸作为必需氨基酸,在蛋白质合成和免疫功能调节方面扮演关键角色[7]。在蛋白质受限的饲粮中,苏氨酸可能成为限制性氨基酸,其充足供给对于维持动物正常的蛋白质周转和生长至关重要[8]。然而,值得注意的是,当苏氨酸添加量超过0.3%后,本试验观察到末重、平均日增重均呈现下降趋势,而料重比呈现上升趋势。这可能是因为过量的苏氨酸打破了饲粮的氨基酸平衡,导致氨基酸之间的吸收或代谢竞争加剧,进而可能抑制采食量或增加不必要的代谢负担[9-10];同时,苏氨酸代谢本身也需要能量和其他辅助因子的参与,过量供给可能导致能量分配偏离最优生长路径[10]。因此,本试验结果明确表明,在饲粮蛋白质水平为22%时,苏氨酸对育成期乌苏里貉生长性能的改善存在最佳添加阈值(本试验条件下为0.3%),低于或高于此阈值均可能导致生长性能无法达到最优,甚至下降。这与氨基酸营养学中“理想氨基酸模式”和“过量氨基酸潜在负面影响”的基本理论[11]相吻合。

3.2 低蛋白质饲粮中添加苏氨酸对育成期乌苏里貉营养物质表观消化率的影响

本研究结果表明,在蛋白质水平为22%的饲粮中添加苏氨酸能够提升育成期乌苏里貉对脂肪和蛋白质的消化利用率,这一发现与苏氨酸在动物消化生理中的关键作用相符。值得注意的是,本研究中添加0.3%苏氨酸时粗脂肪表观消化率达到峰值,且显著高于未添加苏氨酸的低蛋白质饲粮对照组,尽管仍低于常规蛋白质饲粮对照组。这提示,苏氨酸在乌苏里貉的脂肪消化代谢过程中扮演了特定角色,其具体调节机制(如是否影响脂肪酶活性或脂质转运相关蛋白合成)值得未来深入研究。在蛋白质消化方面,本研究观察到在蛋白质水平为22%的低蛋白质饲粮中添加0.3%、0.6%和0.9%的苏氨酸可显著甚至极显著提高粗蛋白质表观消化率,其中0.3%添加量效果最优,甚至超过了蛋白质水平为24%的常规蛋白质饲粮对照组。这与低蛋白质饲粮中补充限制性氨基酸(包括苏氨酸)可改善蛋白质利用效率的观点一致。Fang等[12]在猪上的研究也发现,降低饲粮蛋白质水平同时补充赖氨酸、蛋氨酸和苏氨酸,反而提高了蛋白质的消化率。这很可能是因为苏氨酸作为限制性氨基酸,其补充优化了饲粮氨基酸平衡,减少了因单一氨基酸缺乏导致的蛋白质合成效率低下或内源性氮损失,从而使摄入的蛋白质得以更有效地被消化吸收[12];同时,苏氨酸对肠道黏液蛋白合成的调节作用也可能间接影响了肠道健康与屏障功能,进而影响营养物质的消化吸收效率[13],这可能是其在较低蛋白质水平背景下提升蛋白质消化率的另一潜在途径。

3.3 低蛋白质饲粮中添加苏氨酸对育成期乌苏里貉血清生化指标的影响

血清转氨酶(ALT、AST)活性是评估肝脏功能状态的关键指标[14]。本研究发现,在蛋白质水平为22%的低蛋白质饲粮中补充苏氨酸,能显著或极显著降低育成期乌苏里貉血清ALT和AST活性(L3组ALT活性虽未达显著差异,但呈下降趋势),表明苏氨酸的添加有助于改善乌苏里貉的肝脏健康,这与苏氨酸对肝脏代谢和功能具有调节作用的认识[15]相符。值得注意的是,苏氨酸添加量与血清转氨酶活性并非简单的线性关系,提示存在剂量依赖性效应。同时,L2组血清ALP活性较L0组极显著升高,结合ALP在骨骼代谢中的作用,暗示低蛋白质饲粮中添加适量苏氨酸可能对乌苏里貉的骨骼生长发育产生积极影响。
血液中UN含量反映机体蛋白质代谢和氮排泄状况。本试验中,低蛋白质饲粮中添加0.3%苏氨酸时血清UN含量降至最低点,表明该添加量的苏氨酸显著降低了育成期乌苏里貉的氮排放,有利于在保障养殖效益的同时减轻环境压力。这一结果与魏立民等[16]在海南猪上的发现(补充苏氨酸降低血清UN含量)具有相似性,其潜在机制可能与苏氨酸优化了低蛋白质饲粮的氨基酸平衡,提高了氮的利用效率,减少了氨基酸脱氨基和尿素合成有关。
在脂质代谢方面,低蛋白质饲粮中添加苏氨酸较常规蛋白质饲粮提高了乌苏里貉血清HDL含量。血清HDL含量的提升与改善脂质代谢和心血管健康密切相关。这一现象与Xie等[17]在糖尿病小鼠模型中使用苏氨酸衍生物观察到血清HDL含量升高的结果相呼应,其机制可能涉及苏氨酸或其代谢产物参与调节了肝脏HDL合成或相关载脂蛋白的表达[17-18]。尽管焦艳娜等[19]在肉兔上报道了不同苏氨酸水平对HDL的复杂影响,这种差异可能源于动物种属、生理状态或试验设计的差异。综合来看,本研究结果表明在低蛋白质饲粮中添加苏氨酸能有效提升育成期乌苏里貉的血清HDL含量,从而促进其脂质代谢向更健康的方向转变。

4 结论

本试验条件下,将饲粮蛋白质水平从24%降至22%并添加0.3%的苏氨酸,育成期乌苏里貉的生长性能提升、消化效率优化、肝脏功能增强。

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