1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目Items | 含量Content |
|---|---|
| 原料Ingredients | |
| 青贮Corn silage | 16.66 |
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 6.63 |
| 羊草Guinea grass | 19.54 |
| 稻草Rice straw | 38.31 |
| 玉米Corn | 6.29 |
| 小麦麸Wheat bran | 5.51 |
| 玉米胚芽粕Corn germ meal | 6.06 |
| 预混料Premix1) | 1.00 |
| 合计Total | 100.00 |
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |
| 维持净能NEm/(MJ/kg) | 5.63 |
| 增重净能NEg/(MJ/kg) | 2.63 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 11.04 |
| 粗脂肪EE | 2.20 |
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF | 48.60 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF | 29.60 |
| 钙Ca | 0.81 |
| 磷P | 0.21 |
| 有机物OM | 87.40 |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of the diet: VA 950 IU,VD 180 IU,VE 25 IU,Cu 10 mg,Fe 80 mg,Mn 20 mg,Zn 75 mg,I 1.0 mg,Se 0.6 mg。2)维持净能、增重净能根据NASEM(2016)[10]计算,有机物为干物质含量减去粗灰分计算得到,粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、钙、磷分别根据GB/T 6432—2018、GB/T 6433—2006、GB/T 20806—2022、NY/T 1459—2022、GB/T 6436—2018、GB/T 6437—2018中方法测定。NEm and NEg were calculated according to NASEM (2016)[10], and OM was calculated as DM content minus crude ash. CP, EE, NDF, ADF, Ca, and P were measured according to the methods in GB/T 6432—2018, GB/T 6433—2006, GB/T 20806—2022, NY/T 1459—2022, GB/T 6436—2018, and GB/T 6437—2018, respectively. |
1.2 常规营养成分及CNCPS组分分析
1.3 FTIR数据采集与分析
1.4 体外瘤胃发酵试验
1.5 测定指标及方法
1.5.1 体外降解率的测定
1.5.2 体外瘤胃发酵参数
1.5.3 微生物总DNA提取、扩增和测序
1.6 数据统计与分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 沙葱不同部位营养价值的评估
2.1.1 沙葱不同部位沙葱分子光谱结构多元统计分析
2.1.2 沙葱不同部位蛋白质成分和CNCPS蛋白质组分
表2 沙葱不同部位的蛋白质成分和CNCPS蛋白质组分Table 2 Protein composition and CNCPS protein fraction of different parts of Allium mongolicum Regel |
| 项目Items | 鳞茎Blub | 根Root | 花蕾Bud | SEM | P值P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 蛋白质成分Protein composition/% DM | |||||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 10.83Bb | 7.09Cc | 14.84Aa | 0.375 | <0.001 |
| 可溶性蛋白SCP | 0.22 | 0.21 | 0.15 | 0.018 | 0.086 |
| 中性洗涤不溶蛋白NDICP | 0.83b | 0.97a | 1.23a | 0.073 | 0.035 |
| 酸性洗涤不溶蛋白ADICP | 0.33b | 0.23c | 0.50a | 0.044 | 0.040 |
| 非蛋白氮NPN | 1.06Bb | 0.90Bb | 1.64Aa | 0.093 | 0.002 |
| CNCPS蛋白质组分CNCPS protein fraction/% CP | |||||
| 快速降解非蛋白氮PA2 | 0.23 | 0.18 | 0.21 | 0.016 | 0.215 |
| 快速降解真蛋白PB1 | 22.09 | 20.07 | 14.43 | 1.718 | 0.084 |
| 中速降解真蛋白PB2 | 76.85Bb | 78.78Bb | 84.13Aa | 1.723 | 0.004 |
| 慢速降解真蛋白PB3 | 0.50Bb | 0.74Aa | 0.73Aa | 0.040 | 0.008 |
| 非降解蛋白PC | 0.32Bb | 0.23Bb | 0.50Aa | 0.035 | 0.004 |
同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01),相同字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with different lowercase letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), and with different capital letter superscripts mean extremely significant difference (P<0.01), while with the same letter or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below. |
2.1.3 沙葱不同部位的碳水化合物成分和CNCPS碳水化合物组分
表3 沙葱不同部位的碳水化合物成分和CNCPS碳水化合物组分Table 3 Carbohydrate composition and CNCPS carbohydrate fraction of different parts of Allium mongolicum Regel |
| 项目Items | 鳞茎Blub | 根Root | 花蕾Bud | SEM | P值P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 碳水化合物成分Carbohydrate composition/% DM | |||||
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF | 66.80Aa | 46.26Cc | 58.92Bb | 1.381 | <0.001 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF | 41.16Aa | 31.35Bb | 38.13Aa | 0.947 | <0.001 |
| 酸性洗涤木质ADL | 24.70Aa | 18.81Bb | 22.88Aa | 0.568 | <0.001 |
| 淀粉Starch | 0.25Aa | 0.13Bb | 0.13Bb | 0.019 | <0.001 |
| CNCPS碳水化合物组分CNCPS carbohydrate fraction/% CHO | |||||
| 碳水化合物CHO | 70.11Aa | 60.34Bb | 56.99Cc | 0.278 | <0.001 |
| 快速降解糖类CA | 44.16Bb | 30.98Cc | 46.66Aa | 2.292 | <0.001 |
| 中速降解淀粉及果胶CB1 | 15.02Aa | 4.844Bb | 6.91Cc | 0.811 | <0.001 |
| 慢速降解有效细胞壁成分CB2 | 0.67Aa | 0.46Cc | 0.59Bb | 0.014 | <0.001 |
| 不可利用细胞壁成分CC | 40.72Bb | 64.16Aa | 46.42Bb | 2.447 | <0.001 |
2.1.4 沙葱不同部位的碳水化合物和蛋白质分子结构光谱参数
表4 沙葱不同部位碳水化合物和蛋白质分子结构光谱参数Table 4 Spectral parameters of molecular structures of carbohydrate and protein in different fractions of Allium mongolicum Regel |
| 项目 Items | 波长 Wave/cm-1 | 根 Root | 花蕾 Bud | 鳞茎 Blub | SEM | P值 P-value | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 碳水化合物分子结构光谱参数Carbohydrate spectral parameters of molecular structures | |||||||||||||
| 总碳水化合物面积Total CHO area | 1 190~940 | 26.52 | 28.99 | 26.65 | 0.140 | 0.169 | |||||||
| 总碳水化合物Ⅰ峰高Total CHO Ⅰ peak height | 1 150 | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.013 | 0.899 | |||||||
| 总碳水化合物Ⅱ峰高Total CHO Ⅱ peak height | 1 074 | 0.10Bb | 0.12Aa | 0.11ABab | 0.005 | 0.007 | |||||||
| 总碳水化合物Ⅲ峰高Total CHO Ⅲ peak height | 1 021 | 0.07Bb | 0.08Aa | 0.07Bb | 0.003 | <0.001 | |||||||
| 蛋白质分子结构光谱参数Protein spectral parameters of molecular structures | |||||||||||||
| 酰胺区面积Amide area | 1 701~1 485 | 8.13Cc | 13.30Aa | 11.20Bb | 0.067 | <0.001 | |||||||
| 酰胺Ⅰ区面积Amide Ⅰ area | 1 701~1 560 | 5.40Cc | 8.98Aa | 7.77Bb | 0.027 | <0.001 | |||||||
| 酰胺Ⅱ区面积Amide Ⅱ area | 1 560~1 485 | 2.73Cc | 4.33Aa | 3.43Bb | 0.032 | <0.001 | |||||||
| 酰胺Ⅰ区高Amide Ⅰ height | 1 605 | 0.05Cc | 0.08Aa | 0.07Bb | 0.007 | <0.001 | |||||||
| 酰胺Ⅱ区高Amide Ⅱ height | 1 558 | 0.03Cc | 0.06Aa | 0.05Bb | 0.003 | <0.001 | |||||||
| 蛋白质分子二级结构Protein molecular secondary structure | |||||||||||||
| α-螺旋高α-helix height | 1 658 | 0.04Cc | 0.06Aa | 0.05Bb | 0.003 | <0.001 | |||||||
| β-折叠高β-sheet height | 1 635 | 0.05Cc | 0.07Aa | 0.06Bb | 0.003 | <0.001 | |||||||
2.1.5 沙葱蛋白质成分和碳水化合物成分与分子结构光谱参数相关性分析
图2 沙葱蛋白质成分(a)和碳水化合物成分(b)与分子结构光谱参数相关性分析红色表示正相关,蓝色表示负相关,颜色越深表示相关性越强;*表示显著相关(P<0.05),* *表示极显著相关(P<0.01)。图6同。Red indicates positive correlation, blue indicates negative correlation, and the deeper color indicates the stronger correlation; * indicates significant correlation (P<0.05), and * * indicates extremely significant correlation (P<0.01). The same as Fig.6.CP:粗蛋白质 crude protein;SCP:可溶性蛋白 soluble protein;NDICP:中性洗涤不溶蛋白 neutral detergent insoluble crude protein;ADICP:酸性洗涤不溶蛋白 acid detergent insoluble crude protein;NPN:非蛋白氮 non-protein nitrogen;PA2:快速降解非蛋白氮 rapidly degradable non-protein nitrogen;PB1:快速降解真蛋白 rapidly degradable true protein;PB2:中速降解真蛋白 moderately degradable true protein;PB3:慢速降解真蛋白 slowly degradable true protein;PC:非降解蛋白 indigestible protein;Amide area;酰胺区面积;Amide Ⅰ area:酰胺Ⅰ区面积;Amide Ⅱ area:酰胺Ⅱ区面积;Amide Ⅰ height:酰胺Ⅰ区高;Amide Ⅱ height:酰胺Ⅱ区高;NDF:中性洗涤纤维 neutral detergent fiber;ADF:酸性洗涤纤维 acid detergent fiber;ADL:酸性洗涤木质 acid detergent lignin;Starch:淀粉;CHO:碳水化合物 carbohydrate;CA:快速降解糖类 rapidly degradable sugars;CB1:中速降解淀粉及果胶 moderately degradable starch and pectin;CB2:慢速降解有效细胞壁成分 slowly degradable effective cell wall components;CC:不可利用细胞壁成分 unavailable cell wall components;Total CHO area:总碳水化合物面积;Total CHO Ⅰ peak height:总碳水化合物Ⅰ峰高;Total CHO Ⅱ peak height:总碳水化合物Ⅱ峰高;Total CHO Ⅲ peak height:总碳水化合物Ⅲ峰高。 Fig.2 Correlation analysis of protein (a) and carbohydrate components (b) and spectral parameters of molecular structures of Allium mongolicum Regel |
2.2 沙葱鳞茎粉对西门塔尔牛体外瘤胃发酵特征的影响
2.2.1 沙葱鳞茎粉对西门塔尔牛体外瘤胃发酵参数的影响
表5 不同水平沙葱鳞茎粉对西门塔尔牛体外瘤胃发酵NH3-N和MCP含量的影响Table 5 Effects of different levels of Allium mongolicum Regel blub powder on rumen fermentation of NH3-N and MCP contents in Simmental cattle in vitro μg/mL |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值P-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SZA | SLA | SMA | SHA | 方差分析 ANOVA | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | ||
| 氨态氮NH3-N | ||||||||
| 4 h | 15.84a | 13.40b | 12.64b | 13.54b | 0.436 | 0.014 | 0.008 | 0.025 |
| 8 h | 15.82Aa | 14.84Aa | 12.25Bb | 14.27Aa | 0.453 | 0.005 | 0.015 | 0.022 |
| 16 h | 19.17Aa | 18.08Aa | 14.36Bb | 15.21Bb | 0.637 | 0.003 | 0.009 | 0.101 |
| 24 h | 23.75Aa | 19.55Bb | 17.53Cc | 19.92Bb | 0.707 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| 48 h | 32.44Aa | 25.92Bb | 14.40Cc | 25.84Bb | 0.952 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| 72 h | 35.42Aa | 29.26Bb | 27.43Bb | 27.75Bb | 1.002 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| 微生物蛋白MCP | ||||||||
| 4 h | 9.38b | 9.45b | 11.21a | 10.53ab | 0.272 | 0.014 | 0.009 | 0.304 |
| 8 h | 9.18 | 9.96 | 11.33 | 10.36 | 0.368 | 0.226 | 0.139 | 0.225 |
| 16 h | 8.31b | 9.50ab | 10.65a | 9.87ab | 0.408 | 0.037 | 0.036 | 0.093 |
| 24 h | 6.17Bb | 10.33Aa | 10.73Aa | 10.56Aa | 0.865 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| 48 h | 8.95 | 9.00 | 10.06 | 9.01 | 0.282 | 0.316 | 0.559 | 0.260 |
| 72 h | 9.12c | 9.31bc | 10.83a | 10.39ab | 0.267 | 0.030 | 0.012 | 0.411 |
表6 不同水平沙葱鳞茎粉对西门塔尔牛体外瘤胃发酵pH和VFA含量的影响Table 6 Effects of different levels of Allium mongolicum Regel blub powder on rumen fermentation of pH and VFA content in Simmental cattle in vitro |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值P-value | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SZA | SLA | SMA | SHA | 方差分析 ANOVA | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | |||||||||||
| pH | |||||||||||||||||
| 4 h | 6.91Aa | 6.88Bb | 6.84Cc | 6.89Bb | 0.013 | 0.007 | 0.004 | 0.009 | |||||||||
| 8 h | 6.85a | 6.83ab | 6.77b | 6.81ab | 0.022 | 0.038 | 0.113 | 0.206 | |||||||||
| 16 h | 6.56 | 6.64 | 6.65 | 6.68 | 0.010 | 0.263 | 0.075 | 0.553 | |||||||||
| 24 h | 6.53Aa | 6.46Bb | 6.43Cc | 6.44BCbc | 0.008 | <0.001 | 0.006 | 0.004 | |||||||||
| 48 h | 6.44a | 6.44a | 6.32b | 6.36ab | 0.012 | 0.027 | 0.015 | 0.526 | |||||||||
| 72 h | 5.94a | 5.89b | 5.88b | 5.93ab | 0.019 | 0.021 | 0.504 | 0.010 | |||||||||
| 总挥发性脂肪酸TVFA/(mmol/L) | |||||||||||||||||
| 4 h | 55.23b | 57.92b | 63.88a | 59.32ab | 1.128 | 0.017 | 0.022 | 0.036 | |||||||||
| 8 h | 66.33 | 68.69 | 70.11 | 68.40 | 1.280 | 0.824 | 0.565 | 0.494 | |||||||||
| 16 h | 79.07 | 83.83 | 90.07 | 86.52 | 2.524 | 0.530 | 0.254 | 0.447 | |||||||||
| 24 h | 83.11 | 91.52 | 92.98 | 92.71 | 1.758 | 0.533 | 0.236 | 0.435 | |||||||||
| 48 h | 87.06b | 104.77a | 115.16a | 108.05a | 4.427 | 0.017 | <0.001 | 0.031 | |||||||||
| 72 h | 99.41b | 119.31ab | 130.41a | 131.42a | 5.174 | 0.024 | 0.017 | 0.273 | |||||||||
| 乙酸Acetic acid/(mmol/L) | |||||||||||||||||
| 4 h | 32.67Bb | 34.43Bb | 39.03Aa | 35.13Bb | 0.792 | 0.007 | 0.030 | 0.011 | |||||||||
| 8 h | 39.18 | 42.13 | 41.04 | 41.13 | 0.850 | 0.729 | 0.753 | 0.823 | |||||||||
| 16 h | 47.45 | 50.00 | 53.87 | 51.88 | 1.672 | 0.530 | 0.163 | 0.910 | |||||||||
| 24 h | 54.46 | 51.67 | 55.64 | 56.01 | 1.258 | 0.673 | 0.588 | 0.553 | |||||||||
| 48 h | 49.19b | 64.30a | 62.34a | 69.03a | 2.778 | 0.036 | 0.011 | 0.314 | |||||||||
| 72 h | 59.02b | 71.47ab | 80.25a | 78.91a | 3.440 | 0.027 | 0.019 | 0.337 | |||||||||
| 丙酸Aropionic acid/(mmol/L) | |||||||||||||||||
| 4 h | 10.82b | 11.28ab | 12.14a | 11.58ab | 0.201 | 0.022 | 0.053 | 0.251 | |||||||||
| 8 h | 13.55 | 13.95 | 13.07 | 13.11 | 0.943 | 0.695 | 0.425 | 0.765 | |||||||||
| 16 h | 15.29 | 16.98 | 17.08 | 17.62 | 0.410 | 0.530 | 0.163 | 0.910 | |||||||||
| 24 h | 18.35 | 17.76 | 18.39 | 17.75 | 0.271 | 0.673 | 0.588 | 0.594 | |||||||||
| 48 h | 16.74b | 22.47a | 21.50a | 22.08a | 0.875 | 0.027 | <0.001 | 0.262 | |||||||||
| 72 h | 20.28b | 24.08a | 25.91a | 25.99a | 0.871 | 0.011 | 0.017 | 0.273 | |||||||||
| 丁酸Butyric acid/(mmol/L) | |||||||||||||||||
| 4 h | 7.95 | 8.33 | 8.50 | 8.63 | 0.121 | 0.217 | 0.173 | 0.273 | |||||||||
| 8 h | 9.72 | 9.72 | 9.70 | 9.63 | 0.185 | 0.999 | 0.890 | 0.932 | |||||||||
| 16 h | 11.10 | 11.55 | 11.88 | 12.46 | 0.780 | 0.424 | 0.117 | 0.911 | |||||||||
| 24 h | 12.65 | 11.82 | 12.61 | 12.41 | 0.188 | 0.417 | 0.977 | 0.418 | |||||||||
| 48 h | 11.03b | 13.76a | 13.73a | 15.28a | 0.326 | 0.011 | <0.001 | 0.393 | |||||||||
| 72 h | 12.92b | 15.31a | 16.15a | 15.63a | 0.525 | 0.029 | 0.048 | 0.130 | |||||||||
| 戊酸Valeric acid/(mmol/L) | |||||||||||||||||
| 4 h | 2.82 | 2.68 | 2.93 | 2.77 | 0.046 | 0.284 | 0.771 | 0.926 | |||||||||
| 8 h | 3.11 | 3.07 | 3.12 | 3.12 | 0.057 | 0.992 | 0.884 | 0.894 | |||||||||
| 16 h | 3.47 | 3.60 | 3.75 | 3.91 | 0.092 | 0.421 | 0.114 | 0.937 | |||||||||
| 24 h | 3.92 | 3.73 | 3.94 | 3.91 | 0.084 | 0.619 | 0.777 | 0.548 | |||||||||
| 48 h | 3.51b | 4.24a | 4.19a | 4.65a | 0.152 | 0.030 | 0.003 | 0.538 | |||||||||
| 72 h | 3.97b | 4.84a | 5.03a | 4.90a | 0.163 | 0.027 | 0.026 | 0.077 | |||||||||
| 异丁酸Isobutyric acid/(mmol/L) | |||||||||||||||||
| 4 h | 0.41b | 0.46b | 0.55a | 0.46b | 0.019 | 0.026 | 0.005 | 0.495 | |||||||||
| 8 h | 0.50 | 0.55 | 0.48 | 0.54 | 0.015 | 0.250 | 0.734 | 0.770 | |||||||||
| 16 h | 0.64 | 0.71 | 0.80 | 0.90 | 0.049 | 0.311 | 0.075 | 0.903 | |||||||||
| 24 h | 0.86 | 0.85 | 1.00 | 1.03 | 0.052 | 0.575 | 0.215 | 0.846 | |||||||||
| 48 h | 1.05b | 1.32ab | 1.55a | 1.20ab | 0.077 | 0.023 | 0.040 | 0.768 | |||||||||
| 72 h | 1.27b | 1.41ab | 1.73a | 1.86a | 0.103 | 0.039 | 0.024 | 0.977 | |||||||||
| 异戊酸Isovaleric acid/(mmol/L) | |||||||||||||||||
| 4 h | 0.66 | 0.64 | 0.71 | 0.75 | 0.028 | 0.549 | 0.225 | 0.602 | |||||||||
| 8 h | 0.77 | 0.69 | 0.76 | 0.88 | 0.036 | 0.367 | 0.244 | 0.204 | |||||||||
| 16 h | 1.10 | 0.99 | 1.12 | 1.30 | 0.082 | 0.670 | 0.377 | 0.437 | |||||||||
| 24 h | 1.27 | 1.22 | 1.42 | 1.60 | 0.101 | 0.598 | 0.243 | 0.588 | |||||||||
| 48 h | 1.59b | 1.95ab | 2.56a | 1.79b | 0.145 | 0.029 | 0.025 | 0.395 | |||||||||
| 72 h | 1.95 | 2.20 | 2.67 | 2.79 | 0.191 | 0.401 | 0.112 | 0.870 | |||||||||
| 乙酸/丙酸A/P | |||||||||||||||||
| 4 h | 3.05b | 3.02b | 3.04b | 3.22a | 0.031 | 0.026 | 0.040 | 0.051 | |||||||||
| 8 h | 3.03 | 3.02 | 3.00 | 3.14 | 0.036 | 0.542 | 0.336 | 0.338 | |||||||||
| 16 h | 3.11 | 2.94 | 3.02 | 3.05 | 0.043 | 0.654 | 0.849 | 0.391 | |||||||||
| 24 h | 2.97 | 2.92 | 3.02 | 3.15 | 0.053 | 0.518 | 0.222 | 0.444 | |||||||||
| 48 h | 2.93 | 2.87 | 2.89 | 3.13 | 0.059 | 0.470 | 0.293 | 0.261 | |||||||||
| 72 h | 2.90 | 2.97 | 3.04 | 3.08 | 0.057 | 0.754 | 0.308 | 0.887 | |||||||||
2.2.2 沙葱鳞茎粉对西门塔尔牛体外瘤胃发酵营养物质降解率的影响
表7 不同水平沙葱鳞茎粉对西门塔尔牛体外瘤胃发酵DM、NDF和ADF降解率的影响Table 7 Effects of different levels of Allium mongolicum Regel blub powder on rumen fermentation of degradation rates of DM, NDF and ADF in Simmental cattle in vitro % |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值P-value | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SZA | SLA | SMA | SHA | 方差分析 ANOVA | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | |||||||||||
| 干物质降解率DMD | |||||||||||||||||
| 4 h | 6.26Bb | 6.85Bb | 9.07Aa | 8.37Aa | 0.376 | 0.002 | <0.001 | 0.120 | |||||||||
| 8 h | 8.65b | 8.54b | 11.48a | 9.52ab | 0.414 | 0.011 | 0.039 | 0.102 | |||||||||
| 16 h | 13.18b | 13.47b | 15.28a | 14.23ab | 0.306 | 0.036 | 0.034 | 0.160 | |||||||||
| 24 h | 14.19b | 16.42ab | 17.14a | 16.67a | 0.457 | 0.029 | 0.034 | 0.095 | |||||||||
| 48 h | 20.07Cc | 23.35Bb | 27.03Aa | 26.37Aa | 0.847 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||||
| 72 h | 31.58Bb | 35.57Aa | 35.28Aa | 35.56Aa | 0.537 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||||
| 中性洗涤纤维降解率NDFD | |||||||||||||||||
| 4 h | 6.33Bb | 6.71Bb | 9.43Aa | 8.68Aa | 0.431 | 0.008 | 0.007 | 0.219 | |||||||||
| 8 h | 6.46Bb | 7.88Bb | 9.50Aa | 10.58Aa | 0.488 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.560 | |||||||||
| 16 h | 6.67Cc | 9.95Bb | 12.84Aa | 11.46Bb | 0.744 | 0.005 | 0.006 | 0.009 | |||||||||
| 24 h | 10.76Cc | 12.04Bb | 14.34Aa | 14.07Aa | 0.467 | 0.006 | <0.001 | 0.052 | |||||||||
| 48 h | 18.39c | 19.32bc | 21.64ab | 21.46a | 0.591 | 0.014 | <0.001 | 0.958 | |||||||||
| 72 h | 25.12Bb | 26.06Bb | 30.56Aa | 29.71Aa | 0.705 | 0.002 | 0.006 | <0.001 | |||||||||
| 酸性洗涤纤维降解率ADFD | |||||||||||||||||
| 4 h | 14.15Bb | 17.34Aa | 18.57Aa | 17.54Aa | 0.535 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||||
| 8 h | 14.84 | 15.85 | 16.27 | 15.90 | 0.581 | 0.880 | 0.555 | 0.612 | |||||||||
| 16 h | 23.69b | 24.56b | 27.68a | 25.45b | 0.520 | 0.010 | 0.017 | 0.037 | |||||||||
| 24 h | 26.97b | 28.40ab | 32.70a | 28.53ab | 0.916 | 0.029 | 0.225 | 0.104 | |||||||||
| 48 h | 35.86 | 37.67 | 40.17 | 38.39 | 0.958 | 0.517 | 0.285 | 0.387 | |||||||||
| 72 h | 41.65b | 43.11ab | 46.58a | 45.47ab | 0.835 | 0.037 | 0.044 | 0.385 | |||||||||
2.3 沙葱鳞茎粉对西门塔尔牛瘤胃微生物区系的影响
2.3.1 瘤胃细菌菌群α-多样性指数分析
表8 不同水平沙葱鳞茎粉对西门塔尔牛瘤胃细菌α-多样性指数的影响Table 8 Effects of different levels of Allium mongolicum Regel blub powder on rumen bacterial α-diversity indexes in Simmental cattle |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值P-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SZA | SLA | SMA | SHA | 方差分析 ANOVA | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | ||
| Chao1指数Chao1 index | 1 566.27 | 1 540.13 | 1 367.92 | 1 509.03 | 40.300 | 0.339 | 0.350 | 0.312 |
| Shannon指数Shannon index | 6.71Bb | 6.97Aa | 7.13Aa | 6.45Cc | 0.079 | 0.008 | 0.007 | <0.001 |
| Simpson指数Simpson index | 0.935Bb | 0.942Aa | 0.958Aa | 0.904Cc | 0.006 2 | <0.001 | 0.154 | <0.001 |
| ACE指数ACE index | 1 380.21 | 1 512.29 | 1 395.87 | 1 474.72 | 21.064 | 0.046 | 0.259 | 0.412 |
| 覆盖率指数Coverage index | 0.994 7 | 0.994 7 | 0.995 0 | 0.994 7 | 0.000 20 | 0.916 | 0.860 | 0.694 |
2.3.2 瘤胃细菌菌群物种组成分析
图3 各组门水平(a)和属水平(b)微生物菌群的相对丰度Bacteroidota:拟杆菌门;Firmicutes:厚壁菌门;Verrucomicrobiota:疣微菌门;Proteobacteria:变形菌门;Spirochaetota:螺旋体门;Actinobacteriota:放线菌门;Planctomycetota:浮霉菌门;Patescibacteria:髌骨菌门;Elusimicrobiota:迷踪菌门;Euryarchaeota:广古菌门;Prevotella:普雷沃氏菌属;Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group:理研菌科RC9肠道群;Prevotella_7:普雷沃氏菌属_7;Succiniclasticum:解琥珀酸菌属;Megasphaera:巨球形菌属;Bifidobacterium:双歧杆菌属;Sphaerochaeta:球形发丝菌属;Succinivibrionaceae_UCG-002:琥珀酸弧菌科UCG-002;Treponema:密螺旋体属;Lactobacillus:乳杆菌属;Prevotellaceae_UCG-003:普雷沃氏菌科UCG-003;p-1088-a5_gut_group;p-1088-a5肠道群;Christensenellaceae_R-7_group:克里斯滕森菌科R-7群;Monoglobus:单球菌属;Other:其他。 Fig 3. Relative abundance of microorganism at phylum level (a) and genus level (b) in each group |
图4 门水平和属水平微生物相对丰度箱线图a~e:门水平微生物相对丰度箱线图;f~j:属水平微生物相对丰度箱线图。a to e: box plots of relative abundance of microorganism at phylum level;f to j: box plots of relative abundance of microorganism at genus level.相同小写字母或无字母标记的箱线图表示无显著差异(P>0.05),而用不同小写字母标记的箱线图表示有显著差异(P<0.05)。Box plots marked with the same lowercase letters or no letters indicate no significant difference (P>0.05), while those marked with different lowercase letters indicate a significant difference (P<0.05).Bacteroidota:拟杆菌门;Firmicutes:厚壁菌门;Verrucomicrobiota:疣微菌门;Proteobacteria:变形菌门;Spirochaetota:螺旋体门;Prevotella:普雷沃氏菌属;Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group:理研菌科RC9肠道群;Prevotella_7:普雷沃氏菌属_7;Succiniclasticum:解琥珀酸菌属;Megasphaera:巨球形菌属。 Fig.4 Box plots of relative abundance of microorganism at phylum level and genus level |
2.3.3 瘤胃细菌菌群属水平组间差异性分析
图5 差异微生物属水平相对丰度(Metastat检验,P<0.05)Anaerosporobacter:厌氧孢子杆菌属;Candidatus_Methanomethylophilus:嗜甲基甲烷菌属;Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1:狭义梭状芽孢杆菌属1;Oscillospira:颤螺菌属;Ralstonia:雷尔氏菌属;Alkaliphilus:嗜碱菌属;Stenotrophomonas:寡养单胞菌属;Saccharopolyspora:糖多孢菌属;Enterorhabdus:肠杆菌属;Mycoplasma:支原体属;Tissierella:蒂西埃氏菌属;Limosilactobacillus:黏液乳杆菌属;Syntrophomonas:互营单胞菌属;[Eubacterium]_hallii_group:霍氏真杆菌群;[Anaerorhabdus]_furcosa_group:厌氧杆状菌属叉状菌群;Howardella:霍氏菌属。 Fig.5 Relative abundance of differential microorganism at genus level (Metastat test, P<0.05) |
2.3.4 差异微生物与体外瘤胃发酵参数、营养物质降解率的相关性分析
图6 差异微生物丰度与体外瘤胃发酵参数、营养物质降解率的皮尔逊相关性分析Limosilactobacillus:清酒乳杆菌属;Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1:狭义梭状芽孢杆菌属 1;Stenotrophomonas:寡养单胞菌属;[Anaerorhabdus]_furcosa_group:厌氧杆状菌属叉状菌群;[Eubacterium]_hallii_group:霍氏真杆菌群;Oscillospira:颤螺菌属;Tissierella:蒂西埃氏菌属;Ralstonia:雷尔氏菌属;Mycoplasma:支原体属;Syntrophomonas:互营单胞菌属;Anaerosporobacter:厌氧孢子杆菌属;Howardella:霍氏菌属;Candidatus_Methanomethylophilus:嗜甲基甲烷菌属;Alkaliphilus:嗜碱菌属;Enterorhabdus:肠杆菌属;Saccharopolyspora:糖多孢菌属。NH3-N:氨态氮 ammonia nitrogen;MCP:微生物蛋白 microbial crude protein;TVFA:总挥发性脂肪酸 total volatile fatty acids;Acetic acid:乙酸;Propionic acid:丙酸;Butyric acid:丁酸;Valeric acid:戊酸;Isobutyric acid:异丁酸;Isovaleric acid:异戊酸;A/P:乙酸/丙酸 acetic acid/propionic acid;DMD:干物质降解率 dry matter degradation rate;NDFD:中性洗涤纤维降解率 neutral detergent fiber degradation rate;ADFD:酸性洗涤纤维降解率 acid detergent fiber degradation rate。 Fig.6 Pearson correlation analysis of differential microbial abundance with in vitro rumen fermentation parameters and nutrient degradation rates |
