Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2025 , Vol. 37 >Issue 11: 7308 - 7321

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2025.595

REVIEW

Research Progress on Application of Fermented Non-Conventional Roughages in Ruminant Production

  • LI Taichun , 1, 2 ,
  • LIU Zhiyun 1, 2 ,
  • GUAN Xiaofeng 1, 2 ,
  • ZHONG Xiaoxia , 1, 2, *
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  • 1 Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing 402460, China
  • 2 National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs (Chongqing), Chongqing 402460, China
*associate professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2025-04-18

  Online published: 2025-11-14

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Abstract

Roughage is the primary feed source for ruminants. With the rapid development of large-scale ruminant farming in China, the shortage of high-quality roughage has increasingly constrained the sustainable growth of the livestock industry. Non-conventional roughage resources such as straw and dregs are widely distributed and abundant in China, yet they are plagued by issues including poor palatability, inconsistent nutrient composition, and low digestibility. Microbial fermentation of non-conventional roughages can effectively improve feed palatability, nutritional value, and digestibility, offering significant potential for enhancing ruminant growth performance, regulating rumen microbiota, and reducing production costs. This review systematically evaluates the nutritional characteristics and production processes of fermented non-conventional roughages, examines their effects on ruminant performance, livestock product quality, immune function, and rumen microbiota, analyzes current technical bottlenecks in practical applications, and proposes future research directions, aiming to provide references for the efficient utilization of non-conventional roughage resources.

Key words： ruminant; fermented non-conventional roughages; performance; cost-effectiveness

Cite this article

LI Taichun , LIU Zhiyun , GUAN Xiaofeng , ZHONG Xiaoxia . Research Progress on Application of Fermented Non-Conventional Roughages in Ruminant Production[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2025 , 37(11) : 7308 -7321 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2025.595

随着畜牧业集约化进程的加快,我国反刍动物养殖规模持续扩大,粗饲料需求显著增长。当前,国内优质粗饲料供给体系面临双重挑战:一方面,苜蓿、羊草等传统优质粗饲料受制于种植规模和生产效率,已难以满足持续增长的市场需求[1],导致进口依存度持续攀升——据最新数据显示,2023年我国苜蓿干草进口量已达99.95万t[2];另一方面,南方地区粗饲料产业受自然条件制约尤为突出,天然草地因气候条件限制,生产力低下且呈现显著季节性波动,人工粗饲料种植长期面临品种单一化、土地碎片化等结构性矛盾,致使区域粗饲料供给长期处于短缺状态[3]。
值得关注的是,我国秸秆、糟渣等非常规饲料资源储量丰富,数据显示,2023年我国农作物秸秆产量8.65亿t,其中可收集利用量约6.22亿t[4]。充分开发和利用这些资源,是破解粗饲料资源短缺的关键路径。但非常规粗饲料常常存在粗蛋白质含量低,纤维类物质(如纤维素、木质素)占比高以及存在抗营养因子等问题[5]。而通过微生物对非常规饲料进行生物处理,可有效提升粗饲料营养价值,降低抗营养因子含量,改善适口性,提高非常规饲料的利用率[6]。因此,本文针对非常规粗饲料的资源特性,通过对比分析不同发酵工艺的技术特点,重点综述发酵非常规粗饲料在反刍动物生产中的应用效果,旨在为我国非常规粗饲料的高效利用提供参考。

1 非常规粗饲料资源特性

1.1 非常规粗饲料分类和营养成分

我国地域广阔、地势多样、气候复杂,非常规粗饲料来源广泛,主要包括秸秆砒壳类(辣椒秸秆、稻草秸秆、玉米秸秆等)、秧蔓类(花生秧、红薯藤等)、糟渣类(葡萄渣、苹果渣、白酒糟等)、饼粕类(棉籽粕、油茶籽粕、菜籽粕等)和林业副产品类(皇竹草、构树叶、辣木叶等)等。非常规粗饲料之间营养成分差异巨大,其中秧蔓类和秸秆砒壳类粗蛋白质含量较低,纤维含量较高;饼粕类粗蛋白质含量较高,纤维含量较低。常见非常规粗饲料营养成分见表1[7-42]。
表1 常见非常规粗饲料营养成分

Table 1 Nutrients in common non-conventional roughages

分类
Categorization		 非常规粗饲料
Non-conventional
roughages		 干物质
DM/%		 粗蛋白质
CP/%		 中性洗
涤纤维
NDF/%		 酸性洗
涤纤维
ADF/%		 参考文献
Bibliography




秧蔓类
Twiner		 花生藤 73.15 9.24 45.90 35.90 [7]
花生秧 90.36 7.50 48.30 36.41 [8]
葛藤 23.17 15.25 43.88 24.64 [9]
马铃薯藤 40.03 6.52 58.76 38.76 [10]
红薯藤 93.24 16.13 46.37 33.37 [11]




饼粕类
Cake and meal		 油茶籽粕 89.32 13.86 37.45 21.22 [12]
棕榈仁饼 92.25 14.34 65.63 46.42 [13]
棉籽粕 91.61 46.70 30.69 11.42 [14]
菜籽粕 93.27 36.63 29.06 19.80 [14]
牡丹籽粕 93.00 19.80 20.13 14.72 [15]




秸秆砒壳类
Straw and husks		 辣椒秸秆 95.59 8.84 55.14 42.36 [16]
麦秸 93.76 3.12 70.39 45.56 [17]
棉花秸秆 92.36 6.74 73.28 62.41 [18]
稻草秸秆 90.41 2.69 74.58 50.26 [19]
玉米秸秆 96.38 5.20 48.51 37.05 [20]
苎麻茎叶 94.31 16.61 55.80 42.07 [21]
香蕉茎叶 8.09 9.94 63.78 40.18 [22]
葵花盘 88.51 7.02 38.81 31.05 [23]




糟渣类
Dregs		 葡萄渣 94.51 11.54 43.28 40.06 [24]
甘蔗渣 25.30 2.02 85.90 58.02 [25]
番茄渣 92.70 17.21 58.44 48.53 [26]
沙棘果渣 90.00 7.81 27.13 20.88 [27]
苹果渣 20.30 3.73 18.44 14.00 [28]
木薯渣 96.51 8.46 30.54 23.09 [29]
醋糟 34.85 12.21 64.91 54.78 [30]
新鲜茅台酒糟 30.46 21.84 36.85 24.72 [31]
杏鲍菇菌糠 42.95 8.61 62.55 49.48 [32]
金针菇菌糠 97.90 4.80 45.50 23.80 [33]




林业副产品类
Forestry by-products		 皇竹草 94.71 6.14 77.22 45.74 [34]
辣木叶 92.72 23.13 42.44 27.87 [35]
高羊茅 33.11 6.03 56.93 32.19 [36]
红豆草 93.60 22.17 48.06 31.08 [37]
柠条 67.40 14.31 69.67 51.14 [38]
枸杞枝叶 93.74 16.75 42.97 27.74 [39]
花椒籽 90.60 15.60 40.23 26.35 [40]
新鲜构树枝叶 40.34 10.32 42.35 34.03 [41]
桑叶 93.35 19.50 26.00 17.80 [42]

1.2 非常规粗饲料在反刍动物上应用面临的问题

不同类别的非常规粗饲料原料在使用过程中面临着不同的问题,本文对此进行了系统梳理,如表2所示。秸秆砒壳类和林业副产品类:这类原料一般木质素-纤维素复合体含量高,可消化性普遍较差[43-44];此外,部分原料还含有抗营养因子,如香蕉茎叶中含有单宁[45],苎麻茎叶含有果胶、酚类等抗营养因子[46],柠条则含有大量单宁等酚类物质。单宁等酚类物质会与蛋白质结合形成难以消化的复合物,会大大降低反刍动物的消化率[47]。饼粕类:这类原料粗蛋白质含量较高,但氨基酸类型单一,且蛋白质品质受加工工艺的影响,易变性,消化率偏低,普遍含有单宁、植酸、芥子酸、棉酚、硫代葡萄糖苷、胰蛋白酶抑制剂等抗营养因子[48],影响动物健康。如菜籽粕中含有芥子酸以及硫代葡萄糖苷等抗营养因子,芥子酸与蛋白质形成难溶的酚酸-蛋白复合物[49],而硫代葡萄糖苷降解产物会对动物肝脏、肾脏等器官造成毒性危害;棉籽粕中的棉酚则能与氨基酸、蛋白质螯合[50],阻碍营养物质的消化吸收,影响动物生长及胴体健康。糟渣类:此类原料普遍存在水分高、易变质的问题,不利于长途运输和保存[51-52]。如鲜酒糟类水分和含糖量高,易被霉菌污染而劣变;果渣类和薯渣中蛋白质含量低,作为非常规粗饲料的加入会降低体系中的蛋白质含量[53];而木薯渣若饲喂过量,其所含的生氰糖苷在动物体内可代谢产生氢氰酸,存在中毒风险[54]。蔓秧类:这类原料水分含量大,粗蛋白质含量有限,纤维含量偏高,同时还含有植酸、生物碱类等抗营养因子。如马铃薯藤中含有龙葵素等生物碱类抗营养因子[10],不仅会损害动物肝肾功能,还会抑制胆碱酶活性,引发动物运动失调等神经症状。
表2 非常规粗饲料的主要成分、存在问题及具体缺点分析

Table 2 Analysis of main components, existing issues and specific disadvantages of non-conventional roughages

分类
Categorization		 主要成分
Main components		 存在问题
Existing issues		 具体缺点
Specific disadvantages
秸秆砒壳类
Straw and husks		 木质素-纤维素
复合体含量高		 物理结构致密,阻碍微生物
分解,且部分含有单宁等
酚类等抗营养因子		 瘤胃微生物酶解效率低,可利用
养分少,单宁等酚类物质会降低动物
对蛋白质的吸收
秧蔓类
Twiner		 粗纤维含量较高,
粗蛋白质含量较低		 鲜料含水率高,含有植酸、
生物碱等抗营养因子		 易引发劣变、水溶性维生素及矿
物质淋溶流失,部分含有植酸和
生物碱等,过量会对引发动物中毒
糟渣类
Dregs		 粗纤维和
水分含量高		 含单宁、植酸等抗营养物质,
易变质,粗蛋白质含量低		 储存困难,易发霉劣变,营养成分
不稳定,抗营养因子的存在会
抑制动物消化吸收
饼粕类
Cake and meal		 粗蛋白质
含量较高		 氨基酸类型单一,蛋白质易变性,
含有抗营养因子(如棉酚、硫代
葡萄糖苷、单宁、植酸等)		 营养价值降低,长期使用可能引起
动物中毒,易腐败不易保存
林业副产品类
Forestry by-products		 种类复杂,木质素-纤维素
复合体含量高,粗蛋白质
含量差异大		 加工繁琐、需要干燥处理,
营养价值差异大		 预处理成本高,饲用效果不稳定,
需针对性处理

2 发酵非常规粗饲料的常用加工方式

研究者们针对非常规粗饲料纤维含量高、粗蛋白质不足及抗营养因子突出等问题,构建了以微生物为主导、多技术协同的处理体系,核心在于依据原料特性进行精准工艺设计。本文系统总结了不同非常规粗饲料的联合处理策略及其效果(表3)[18,55-67]。
表3 非常规粗饲料的发酵工艺及发酵效果

Table 3 Fermentation process and effect of non-conventional roughages

非常规粗饲料
Non-conventional roughages		 处理方法
Treatment method		 发酵菌株
Fermenting strain		 发酵工艺
Fermentation process		 发酵效果
Fermentation effect		 参考文献
Bibliography
棉花秸秆
Cotton straw		 微生物发酵 乳酸菌、酵母菌、芽孢杆菌 2∶1∶1组合,
接种量1%,发酵56 d		 CP含量提高21.66%,NDF含量降低
17.79%,ADF含量降低16.93%		 [18]
玉米秸秆
Corn straw		 微生物发酵 黑曲霉菌、绿色木霉、枯草芽孢
杆菌、德氏乳杆菌、啤酒酵母		 1∶1∶1∶2∶2组合,并加入
0.5%尿素作为氮源,发酵49 d		 CP含量提高17.64%,NDF含量降低
19.88%,ADF含量降低11.25%		 [58]
稻草秸秆
Rice straw		 蒸汽爆破处理+稀碱+
微生物发酵		 蓝状菌、拟威克酵母 利用三氧化硫热爆后联合稀碱处理,
1∶1组合,接种量8%,发酵8 d		 CP含量提高8.79倍,粗纤维
含量降低71.51%		 [56]
菜籽粕
Rapeseed meal		 微生物发酵+
酶解处理		 枯草芽孢杆菌、酿酒酵母、
植物乳杆菌		 1∶1∶2组合,接种量12%,发酵
4 d,纤维素酶添加量1.25%		 CP含量提高16.59%,硫甙、植酸及单宁
含量分别降低41.92%、40.10%和59.31%		 [55]
棕榈仁粕
Palm kernel cake		 粉碎处理+微生物
发酵+酶解处理		 植物乳杆菌、
酿酒酵母		 粉碎后1∶1组合,发酵3 d,
纤维素酶添加量0.75%		 CP含量提高15.10%,粗纤维含量
降低25.10%,NDF含量降低21.96%		 [59]
红薯藤
Sweet potato vine		 粉碎处理+
微生物发酵		 糙皮侧耳、黄孢
原毛平革菌		 粉碎后1∶1组合,
接种量2%,发酵30 d		 CP含量提高25.04%,NDF含量降低
11.59%,ADF含量降低11.95%		 [60]
小黑麦
Rye		 粉碎处理+
微生物发酵		 贝莱斯芽孢杆菌、产阿魏酸
酯酶植物乳杆菌		 粉碎后1∶1组合,
添加量5%,发酵60 d		 CP含量提高21.82%,NDF含量
降低19.31%,ADF含量降低20.32%		 [61]
桑叶
Mulberry leaf		 粉碎处理+
微生物发酵		 枯草芽孢杆菌、
植物乳杆菌		 粉碎后1∶1组合,
接种量7%,发酵3 d		 CP含量提高23.27%,黄酮含量
降低62.02%		 [62]
辣木叶
Moringa oleifera leaf		 切段处理+
微生物发酵		 黑曲霉、产朊假丝酵母菌、
枯草芽孢杆菌		 切段后1∶1∶2组合,
接种量24%,发酵6.5 d		 真蛋白质含量提高33.80%,
CP含量提高44.19%		 [63]
杂交构树
Hybrid Broussonetia
papyrifera		 粉碎处理+微生物
发酵+酶解处理		 植物乳杆菌、乳酸片
球菌、布氏乳杆菌		 粉碎后4∶1∶1组合,接种量3%,
纤维素酶添加量1.5%,发酵60 d		 CP含量提高17.43%,NDF含量
降低16.71%,ADF含量降低13.95%		 [64]
杏鲍菇菌糠
Pleurotus eryngii
mushroom chaff		 粉碎处理+微生物
发酵+酶解处理+碱处理		 枯草芽孢杆菌、
乳酸杆菌、酿酒酵母		 粉碎后5∶1∶1组合,加入
复合纤维素酶和1%尿素,发酵3 d		 CP含量提高60.72%,
NDF含量降低23.70%,
ADF含量降低30.05%		 [65]
金针菇菌糠
Flammulina velutipe mushroom chaff		 粉碎处理+
微生物发酵		 酿酒酵母、枯草芽孢杆菌、
嗜酸乳杆菌		 粉碎后8∶1∶1组合,
发酵7 d,温度30 ℃		 NDF含量降低12.79%,
ADF含量降低16.88%		 [66]
沙棘果渣
Sea buckthorn dregs		 烘干+粉碎
处理+微生物发酵		 产朊假丝酵母菌、
枯草芽孢杆菌		 粉碎后1∶1组合,
接种量10%,发酵5 d		 真蛋白质含量提高35.83%,
粗纤维含量降低19.45%		 [67]
新鲜酒糟
Fresh wine lees		 烘干+微生物发酵 里氏木霉、念珠菌 2∶1组合,并加入4%硫酸铵
作为氮源,发酵8 d		 单宁含量降低28.33%,CP含量
提高29.6%,赖氨酸含量提高126%		 [57]

CP:粗蛋白质 crude protein;NDF:中性洗涤纤维 neutral detergent fiber;ADF:酸性洗涤纤维 acid detergent fiber。

饼粕类纤维含量较低,但存在棉酚、硫苷等抗营养因子,采用“微生物发酵+酶解”模式,通过纤维素降解酶与降毒性菌的复合配伍,可实现纤维分解与抗营养因子脱毒的同步优化[55],且酶解制剂的添加可提升蛋白质转化效率;针对如秸秆砒壳类、林业副产物等高木质化粗饲料,“物理+化学预处理+微生物发酵”的多阶段联用工艺显著提升降解效率,如蒸汽爆破联合稀碱处理可使粗纤维降解率达71.51%[56];而糟渣类和蔓秧类原料含水率较高易变质,需要先进行风干或烘干处理控制水分,再通过粉碎预处理与微生物发酵,其单宁含量比未处理组显著降低28.33%;发酵过程还显著提升赖氨酸等必需氨基酸含量,增幅可达126%[57]。整体而言,优化处理工艺的核心在于根据原料特性,通过物理破碎破坏木质纤维素结构、化学处理降低抗营养屏障以及微生物与纤维素酶、阿魏酸酯酶等酶系的协同作用,实现纤维降解、蛋白质转化以及抗营养因子脱毒的同步优化。

3 发酵非常规粗饲料在反刍动物中的应用效果

3.1 发酵非常规粗饲料对反刍动物生产性能的影响

生产性能是评价饲料应用效果好坏最直观的表现,研究表明发酵非常规粗饲料可以不同程度地提高动物的平均日增重、日采食量,降低料重比。例如李心海等[68]在绵羊饲粮中以25%干物质比例添加发酵桑叶可显著降低料重比,同时平均日增重相较于未发酵组提高了11.98%。姜碧薇[69]用复合酶-菌协同处理的稻草和荞麦秸秆饲喂滩羊进行育肥试验,相较于未发酵组,发酵后稻草和荞麦秸秆组平均日增重和终末体重分别极显著提高了40.32%和44.36%,同时降低了料重比,提高了经济效益。同时,刘瑞玲等[70]研究表明,饲喂不同复合酶处理过的玉米秸秆,肉牛的采食量增加,平均日增重提高。于星宇等[31]用发酵白酒糟替代60%的粗饲料饲喂西门塔尔杂交牛,动物的平均日增重和日采食量均显著提高。

3.2 发酵非常规粗饲料对反刍动物产品品质的影响

随着生活水平的提高,人们对畜产品品质的要求不断提高,部分研究表明饲喂发酵非常规粗饲料可改善肉类和乳品品质。例如,通过饲喂发酵全棉籽能显著提高荷斯坦牛皮下脂肪中不饱和脂肪酸比例,有助于改善肉质的营养价值和口感[71]。张转弟等[72]在安格斯牛饲粮中添加不同水平的发酵稻草,试验组的肌肉肉色黄度值和脂肪含量显著提高,肌肉中的必需氨基酸和总氨基酸含量较对照组分别提高1.94和2.25个百分点。辣木叶中有较低含量的中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维[35],以及丰富的维生素、矿物质和氨基酸,辣木叶发酵后应用在奶牛中可以在一定程度上提高奶牛的生产性能,同时也改善了乳成分[73-74]。张研等[75]在饲粮中添加10%发酵杂交构树用来饲喂奶山羊公羊,结果显示,饲喂发酵构树组熟肉率提高了10.11%,羊肉中谷氨酸、天冬氨酸、脯氨酸和赖氨酸含量也出现提高。综上所述,发酵非常规粗饲料可以从肉质、乳成分等多维度改善畜产品的综合品质和产量。

3.3 发酵非常规粗饲料对反刍动物免疫功能的影响

饲喂发酵非常规粗饲料可正向调节反刍动物免疫功能。司丙文等[76]研究发现,在饲粮中添加45%杂交构树并青贮制成混合发酵饲料,血清免疫球蛋白(Ig)A、IgG和IgM含量以及总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)和过氧化氢酶活性显著升高,表明发酵非常规粗饲料调节了肉羊免疫应答,并提高了机体抗氧化能力。也有研究表明,育肥牛采食含4.6%发酵棕榈粕的全混合日粮时,血清IgM、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)含量以及T-AOC同步上升[77]。Hao等[27]在绵羊饲粮中分别添加7.8%、16.0%和23.5%发酵沙棘果渣,结果发现添加16.0%发酵沙棘果渣可以提高绵羊的抗氧化能力,但添加23.5%发酵沙棘果渣对绵羊机体开始造成负面影响。禹光美等[78]在西威牛饲粮中以15%和30%干物质比例添加发酵酒糟,与对照组相比,饲粮添加发酵酒糟均能显著提高血液IgG、IgA、白细胞介素-2(IL-2)和CD4+等的含量,表明添加适量发酵酒糟能缓解炎症并调节免疫力。值得注意的是,发酵非常规粗饲料添加比例还需严格控制,过量可能引发代谢紊乱或免疫抑制。

3.4 发酵非常规粗饲料对反刍动物瘤胃微生物群落的影响

反刍动物瘤胃菌群以拟杆菌门与厚壁菌门为主导类群[79]。通过添加发酵非常规粗饲料可调控菌群平衡,如欧阳佳良等[80]通过饲喂试验表明,饲粮中梯度提高发酵桑叶粉的添加量,可显著上调瘤胃纤维杆菌门及其特征菌(如产琥珀酸丝状杆菌)的相对丰度。Hassan等[81]进一步验证,发酵桑叶饲喂牛可以调节牛的瘤胃微生物丰富度,使得瘤胃中总细菌数增加,同时抑制金黄色葡萄球菌等革兰氏阳性有害菌的数量。Tajima等[82]通过荧光定量PCR技术证实,将饲粮结构从干草转变为谷物,产琥珀酸丝状杆菌与普雷沃氏菌这2种降解纤维菌的相对丰度呈负相关,提示部分瘤胃纤维降解菌的相对丰度受营养调控。沈城等[66]采用复合菌剂(酿酒酵母+枯草芽孢杆菌+嗜酸乳杆菌)发酵菌糠,使有益菌数量达1.68×1010 CFU/g,该技术通过增强瘤胃微生物群落多样性,显著提升奶牛饲料转化率。综上可知,发酵非常规粗饲料可通过调控瘤胃微生物群落组成增强营养吸收效率,从而改善反刍动物健康和生产性能。

3.5 发酵非常规粗饲料对反刍动物生产成本的影响

畜产品生产成本与养殖户利益密切相关。通过微生物发酵技术对秸秆、糟渣等农业副产物进行预处理,可实现饲料资源的高效转化与营养升级。将发酵非常规粗饲料合理、高效地应用于畜牧生产,可以降低生产成本。表4简单展示了利用不同发酵非常规粗饲料对反刍动物生产经济效益的影响,主要体现在“降本”和“增效”2个方面[69,83-90]。首先,直接降低饲喂成本,如荷斯坦奶牛使用杏鲍菇菌糠日成本降低约5.87元/头[83];杂交肉牛饲喂发酵棕榈粕成本降低6.98%[88]。其次,提升生产性能,如育肥滩羔羊饲喂发酵荞麦秸秆与苜蓿干草平均日增重和总重可提升40%以上[69];西门塔尔牛饲喂发酵水稻秸秆平均日增重提高了22.83%,进而显著增加利润[90]。因此,发酵非常规粗饲料的应用绝非简单的成本替代,而是通过技术赋能实现废弃资源的营养升级和高效转化。
表4 不同发酵非常规粗饲料对反刍动物生产成本的影响

Table 4 Effects of different fermented non-conventional roughages on production cost of ruminants

动物品种
Animal
species		 发酵非常规粗饲料
Fermented non-conventional
roughages		 添加量
Additive
amount/%		 经济效益
Economic
benefit		 参考文献
Bibliography
荷斯坦奶牛
Holstein cow		 杏鲍菇菌糠 65.36 日成本降低约5.87元/头 [83]
肉牛
Beef cattle		 发酵玉米秸秆 30 肉牛的增重成本降低6.36%,
毛利率提高34.18%		 [84]
育肥滩羔羊
Fattening Tan lamb		 发酵荞麦秸秆与苜蓿干草 70 平均日增重和总重分别提高40.32%和
44.36%,利润提高1.47元/头		 [69]
荷斯坦奶牛
Holstein cow		 小黑麦青贮 50 每头奶牛净收益提高2.9元/d [85]
育肥滩羔羊
Fattening Tan lamb		 风干发酵苹果渣 8 胴体增重效益提高3.67%,胴体重
总效益提高11.96%		 [86]
卡拉库尔羊公羔
Karakul male lamb		 发酵棉副产品 80 每只育肥羊比未发酵组利润提高29.76元 [87]
杂交肉牛
Crossbred beef cattle		 发酵棕榈粕 30 每头肉牛比对照组成本降低6.98%,
利润提高270.94元/头		 [88]
西门塔尔牛
Simmental cattle		 发酵小麦秸秆 50 平均增重收入提高17.94%,
日利润提高25.15%		 [89]
西门塔尔牛
Simmental cattle		 发酵水稻秸秆 60 平均日增重提高22.83%,
增重成本降低1.55元/(头·d)		 [90]

4 发酵非常规粗饲料开发中存在的问题

微生物发酵已被广泛应用在非常规饲料的开发中,但仍存在部分问题:1)生物安全风险突出,现有研究过多聚焦粗蛋白质、纤维降解率等营养指标,却对微生物及发酵产物安全性评估重视不足,发酵过程中潜在的霉菌毒素污染(如黄曲霉毒素)或耐药基因转移风险尚缺乏系统研究[6];2)工艺标准化与产业化瓶颈显著,我国非常规饲料来源广、种类多,不同地域、原料的纤维结构、营养成分差异大,缺乏覆盖全国的非常规粗饲料营养成分数据库及低成本发酵工艺,需开发基于原料特性、发酵前预处理和发酵条件的动态发酵参数调控技术;3)发酵菌种种类复杂,不同菌种功能及生存条件差异性大,接种时需考虑菌种间的拮抗作用、微生物代谢路径中潜在有害产物的产生及菌株的变异风险;4)发酵非常规粗饲料的储存稳定性较差,需采用干燥、微囊化、真空等[91]技术提升其储存稳定性,以延长保质期,避免二次污染;5)发酵非常规粗饲料在饲粮中替代常规粗饲料的适宜比例仍在探索,替代比例过低达不到效果,过多则可能对动物机体造成不良甚至不可逆伤害,需进一步研究。针对这些问题,可通过建立地域化营养数据库、深入解析菌群代谢网络及互作机制、构建覆盖生产全链条的质量控制体系,进而建立“微生物-底物-毒素”动态监测模型,推动发酵非常规粗饲料成为规模化应用中安全可靠的新型饲料资源。

5 小结

我国已针对性开展非常规粗饲料专项配方研究,显著提升了饲料利用效率。反刍动物因体型大、采食量多且饲养周期长,对粗饲料需求量巨大。传统优质粗饲料供应不足与非常规资源地域分布不均的矛盾,迫使需要开发营养价值均衡、低成本的新型饲料来源。开发非常规粗饲料可显著降低饲养成本,同时通过优化营养供给提升反刍动物生产性能与机体免疫力,调节瘤胃微生物群落平衡,最终增强我国畜牧业在国际市场的成本与质量双重竞争力。未来需根据现有的问题进行分步突破:首先,建立地域化营养成分数据库并优化动态发酵工艺;其次,通过微生物组学解析菌群代谢网络,开发抗营养因子定向降解技术;最后,构建涵盖安全评估-成本控制-标准制定的全链条技术体系,推动非常规粗饲料从“资源潜力”向“产业竞争力”转化。

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