REVIEW

Advances in Biological Functions of Artemisia annua L. Extracts and Their Application in Animal Production

  • TIAN Yifei ,
  • XING Yuanyuan ,
  • JIN Xiao ,
  • SHI Binlin , *
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  • College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
*professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2025-04-14

  Online published: 2025-11-14

Abstract

Artemisia annua L. extracts are natural bioactive substances rich in sesquiterpenes, polysaccharides, flavonoids, volatile oils, and coumarins. They possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-tumor, immune-modulating, blood sugar-regulating and lipid-regulating properties. These extracts exhibit significant immunostimulatory activity on cells. When applied in animal production, they can enhance performance, improve product quality, boost immune and antioxidant functions, and regulate the intestinal barrier. As natural feed additives, they hold great promise for widespread application. The paper reviewed the biological functions of Artemisia annua L. extracts and their research progress in the application of animal production, with the aim of providing a reference for the further development and utilization of Artemisia annua L. extracts in animal husbandry.

Cite this article

TIAN Yifei , XING Yuanyuan , JIN Xiao , SHI Binlin . Advances in Biological Functions of Artemisia annua L. Extracts and Their Application in Animal Production[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2025 , 37(11) : 7346 -7354 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2025.598

黄花蒿(Artemisia annua L.),又名青蒿,为菊科蒿属一年生草本植物,广泛分布于亚洲、欧洲、北美洲和南美洲[1]。黄花蒿地上部分可入药,味苦、辛,性寒;且具有清热解毒、除蒸截疟之功效,因而在抗疟疾方面贡献突出[2]。这些功效都归因于其富含倍半萜类、挥发油类、黄酮类、脂肪酸类、多酚类、多糖类、香豆素类和酯类等多种生物活性物质[3]。黄花蒿提取物(Artemisia annua L. extract,AAE)是由黄花蒿经一系列提取工艺流程后得到的具有多种活性物质的天然提取物,其中,经分离纯化后得到的黄花蒿多糖(Artemisia annua L. polysaccharide,AAP)是黄花蒿的主要生物活性成分之一,属于大分子物质;AAE中多糖含量达39%~44%,主要由阿拉伯糖、葡萄糖、甘露糖和半乳糖组成,为白色晶体粉末,且易溶于水,具有抗炎、抗氧化以及调节免疫力等多种活性功能[4]
动物饲粮中过量添加抗生素不仅导致病原菌耐药性的产生,而且在肉蛋奶中残留,已构成影响人类健康的重大问题。近年来,我国开始实行饲料全面禁抗政策,寻找抗生素的天然替代品以提高动物的生产效率已成为当前研究的热点。研究表明,在动物饲粮中添加AAE和AAP能够提高生长性能,改善肉品质,增强机体的免疫和抗氧化功能,改善肠道形态结构,调节肠道菌群,提高营养物质利用率,并减少有害气体排放[5-8]。由此可知,AAE在畜禽生产中具有广泛的应用前景。因此,本文就AAE的生物学功能及其在动物生产中的应用研究进展进行综述,以期为AAE在动物生产中的进一步开发利用提供参考。

1 AAE的提取及药用价值

AAE的提取方法主要有水提法、水蒸气蒸馏法、传统有机溶剂提取法、超声波提取法、生物酶降解法、微波萃取法和超临界二氧化碳萃取法等,提取形式主要有提取液、浸膏、粉末和颗粒等[9]。其中,水提法操作简便,提取成本低,应用最为广泛;然而,水提法提取效率和得率相较于其他方法较低。水蒸气蒸馏法相对于水提法效率更高,但可能会使某些活性物质失活。传统有机溶剂提取法效率较高,通常与超声波提取法组合使用,可以提高提取效率,但存在安全隐患或环境污染等问题。生物酶降解法提取效率最高,但酶制剂成本高,目前使用受到限制。微波萃取法和超临界二氧化碳萃取法属于新兴技术,目前还未得到推广。不同提取工艺对AAE活性成分和提取效率有影响。Soktoeva等[10]研究表明,超临界二氧化碳萃取法得到的青蒿素含量最高,为0.054%;浸提法和超声波提取法提取得到的青蒿素含量为0.038%~0.040%,而使用乙酸乙酯进行超声波辅助提取时,青蒿素含量仅为0.022%。另一项研究表明,酶提取AAP得率高达14.65%,优于微波萃取法和传统水提法;且正交试验结果表明,AAP提取的影响顺序为酶添加量>酶解温度>酶解时间[11]。因此,未来研究中需要结合成本和环境等因素选择适当的方法提取AAE,以提高提取效率和原料的利用率。
黄花蒿作为蒿属植物中独具特色的一类,其提取物的药用价值已得到广泛的开发与应用。黄花蒿含有的挥发油类和萜类等多种化学成分,具有止血、消肿、敛毒、抗病原微生物及抗肿瘤等活性[12]。现代医药学研究表明,青蒿素基源为黄花蒿,目前青蒿素及其衍生物是世界上治疗疟疾最有效的药物[13]。如今,越来越多的活性物质从黄花蒿中分离出来[14],AAE的更多药用价值也逐步被挖掘出来[15],世界各地的科学家开始关注黄花蒿的药用价值并进行深入研究,以期替代抗生素等药物,未来AAE也有望作为天然植物饲料添加剂大规模应用于动物生产。

2 AAE的生物学功能

2.1 抗氧化和抗炎

AAE富含黄酮类、多酚类物质,这些物质都具有很强的抗氧化作用,可以帮助清除体内的自由基,减缓衰老过程并保护细胞免受氧化损伤[16-17]。Gyalai等[18]通过2,2-二苯基-1-三硝基苯肼(2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)和氧自由基吸收能力(oxygen radical absorbance capacity,ORAC)的测定表明,AAE具有显著的抗氧化作用,其DPPH抗氧化能力值为10.48。研究发现,饲喂小鼠含AAE的饲粮,对半乳糖诱导的记忆障碍和海马体损伤有显著的保护作用,这与AAE诱导的改善作用有关[19]。Kim等[20]对4种不同提取方式得到的AAE进行了抗炎和抗氧化评价,发现4种AAE均有抗炎作用,其中用丙酮提取的AAE对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的一氧化氮(NO)、前列腺素E2(PGE2)、炎性细胞因子[白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)]产生的抑制作用最大,而乙醇提取的AAE清除自由基活性达91.0%,低于生育酚的99.9%。Acquaviva等[21]研究发现,AAE能够抑制环氧化酶-2(COX-2)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的基因表达。此外,研究发现,AAE通过抑制LPS诱导的RAW246.7巨噬细胞中的IL-1βIL-6和TNF-α的mRNA表达和释放,进而抑制LPS或TNF-α诱导的核因子-κB(NF-κB)活化,从而抑制泛素结合酶UBE2D3的功能来减轻炎症反应[22]。Abate等[23]采用不同浓度的乙醇提取AAE并进行活性物质检测,其中90%乙醇提取的AAE活性物质含量最高,抗炎和抗氧化作用最强,在相同剂量下对TNF-α的mRNA表达的抑制作用最好。以上研究表明,AAE的抗炎和抗氧化功能强,但其效果受提取方式的影响,这可能归因于不同提取方式得到的AAE中的活性物质存在差异,但还需要通过更多的试验去验证AAE的提取方式对抗炎和抗氧化作用的影响。

2.2 抗病毒

AAE具有广谱抗病毒的生物活性。严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,SARS-CoV-2)属于β冠状病毒属,是导致2019年新型冠状病毒肺炎(corona virus disease 2019,COVID-19)的病原体,已在全球范围内感染并导致数百万人死亡[24]。Nair等[25]研究发现,AAE可以抑制SARS-CoV-2感染,具有抗病毒活性。Baggieri等[26]研究表明,AAE对病毒感染的抑制是由于其中的某些化合物与SARS-CoV-2的3C样蛋白(3CLpro)和SARS-CoV-2刺突糖蛋白(Spike)的相互作用导致的,可能干扰了病毒的插入和复制过程。Varela等[27]研究表明,AAE中的青蒿乙素抑制了SARS-CoV-2中一种半胱氨酸蛋白酶的活性从而实现抗病毒功能。Ouassaf等[28]基于Janus激酶(JAK)-信号转导与转录激活因子(STAT)信号通路分析确定了JAK1、JAK2、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)1、MAPK3、非受体型蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶1(PTPN1)、热休克蛋白家族A成员8(HSPA8)、酪氨酸激酶2(TYK2)、RAF原癌基因丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶1(RAF1)、微管相关蛋白Tau(MAPT)和血红素加氧酶1(HMOX1)是关键枢纽基因,其中JAK2是AAE抗病毒的关键调节因子。研究发现,AAE对流感病毒具有显著的抑制作用,其机制是直接与流感病毒的核蛋白结合,阻止核蛋白在核内积累,同时抑制流感病毒诱导的线粒体凋亡过程,减少细胞凋亡,从而达到抑制流感病毒复制的效果[29]。综上所述,AAE对多种病毒都表现出抑制作用,然而其抗病毒机制还需要进一步的研究。

2.3 抗肿瘤

AAP和青蒿素及其衍生物是AAE中的主要抗肿瘤成分,多项研究表明其具有抗肿瘤作用,能够通过多种机制抑制癌细胞的生长。Lang等[30]确定了AAE中的抗癌活性成分,包括6,7-二甲氧基香豆素、青蒿豆素B和青蒿酸等,研究表明,AAE对乳腺癌具有显著的抑制作用,这些成分可能作为潜在的抗癌药物进行进一步研究。Chen等[31]发现,AAE通过p35信号通路发挥抗乳腺癌作用,其中含杆状病毒IAP重复序列蛋白5(BICR5)、细胞周期蛋白A2(CCNA2)、早期2因子转录因子1(E2F1)和FOS mRNA表达量在人乳腺癌细胞(MCF-7、MDA-MB-231)中下调。Ahmadi等[32]利用AAE首次绿色合成了无毒的四氧化三铁(Fe3O4)/二氧化铈(CeO2)磁性纳米复合材料,AAE在合成过程中起到了还原剂和稳定剂的作用,不仅提高了纳米复合材料的稳定性,还通过其生物活性分子增强了对癌细胞的靶向性和细胞毒性,这可能与AAE中生物活性物质的协同作用有关。对于AAE对其他癌细胞的抑制作用,有研究表明,AAP通过诱导胱天蛋白酶(Caspase)依赖的线粒体凋亡和抑制NF-κB p65来抑制肝癌细胞生长[33]。此外,研究表明,AAE通过改变B细胞淋巴瘤-2相关X蛋白(Bax)和B细胞淋巴瘤-2(Bcl-2)mRNA表达增强了长春新碱的细胞毒性,并增强了长春新碱诱导的前B急性淋巴细胞白血病细胞的抗癌作用[34]。以上研究表明,AAE具有作为抗癌治疗药物的潜力,研究结果为AAE的临床应用提供了科学依据。

2.4 免疫调节

AAE中对动物具有免疫调节作用的是多糖类物质,研究发现,植物多糖可以提高机体特异性免疫功能,增强巨噬细胞的吞噬能力,提高免疫系统对病原体的识别和清除能力[35]。除此之外,多糖还能促进淋巴细胞活化和增殖,提高机体的适应性免疫反应[36]。Öztürk等[37]发现,AAE能够抑制强包囊反应,这是一种细胞介导的免疫反应,AAE具有细胞毒性和基因毒性作用,可以通过改变细胞行为和数量,从而抑制这种强包囊反应。Yue等[38]研究表明,饲喂含0.075% AAE的饲料显著提高了黑鲈血清中白蛋白和球蛋白的含量,改善了其免疫功能。Zhang等[39]从黄花蒿分离出3个多糖组分,在小鼠巨噬细胞中,AAP-1和AAP-3显示出显著的免疫刺激活性,能够刺激IL-6和TNF-α的产生,AAP-1在125 μg/mL浓度下使IL-6的产生量提高了16倍,使TNF-α的产生量提高了13倍。此外,AAE还具有调节血糖和血脂的作用,研究发现AAE能够调节小鼠脂联素、瘦素和抵抗素的产生,进而改善胰岛素抵抗[40]

3 AAE在动物生产中的应用

3.1 AAE在猪生产中的应用

AAE能够提高断奶仔猪的生长性能、免疫功能和抗氧化功能,调节肠道屏障和微生物群落结构。研究表明,在21日龄仔猪饲粮中添加2.0 g/kg AAE,仔猪平均日增重显著提高,腹泻发生率显著降低,仔猪空肠和回肠的隐窝深度显著降低,绒毛高度显著提高;除此之外,饲粮中添加AAE显著提高了断奶仔猪血清中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)和总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性,降低了血清中丙二醛(MDA)和8-羟基-2'-脱氧尿苷(8-OHdG)含量[41]。在母猪饲粮中添加0.1%的AAE,显著降低了后代新生仔猪十二指肠IL-1β、IL-6、白细胞介素-12(IL-12)和TNF-α,空肠IL-1β和TNF-α,以及回肠IL-6和TNF-α含量;并显著降低了断奶仔猪十二指肠IL-1β、IL-12和TNF-α,空肠IL-1β和IL-6,以及回肠IL-6和IL-12含量[42]。Zhang等[43]研究表明,饲粮中添加1.0 g/kg AAE可缓解母猪由热应激引起的氧化损伤,提高母猪的繁殖性能,促进后代肠道屏障的完整性,这是因为AAE提高了血清中T-SOD活性,降低了血清中MDA含量,上调了仔猪肠道密封蛋白-1(claudin-1)和闭合蛋白(occludin)的丰度。此外,AAE还能改善母猪泌乳性能,促进后代仔猪肠道的发育,减轻热应激下母猪的炎症反应[44]

3.2 AAE在反刍动物生产中的应用

目前,AAE已经应用于绵羊、奶牛等反刍动物生产中。Liu等[45]发现,AAE能够显著增强湖羔羊抗球虫能力,通过调节湖羔羊肠道微生物群落,降低感染球虫病湖羔羊粪便中球虫卵的数量,改善湖羔羊的健康状况。Gang等[46]研究表明,在羔羊饲粮中添加1.0 g/kg的AAE,显著提高了瘤胃组织中分泌型免疫球蛋白A(sIgA)、白细胞介素-2(IL-2)和白细胞介素-4(IL-4)含量以及相关基因表达量,增强了瘤胃的免疫功能;AAE还显著提高了瘤胃组织中T-SOD和GPx活性以及相关基因表达量,同时降低了瘤胃组织中MDA含量,增强了瘤胃的抗氧化能力,这与AAE调节NF-κB和核因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)信号通路相关。此外,在肉用绵羊饲粮中添加1.0 g/kg AAE可以通过改善肠道组织形态,提高肠道消化酶活性,调节肠道菌群结构进而改善肠道健康,促进动物的消化吸收能力,从而促进羔羊和绵羊生长[45,47]。在奶牛生产中,一项研究表明,使用60 μmol/L青蒿素处理奶牛乳腺上皮细胞(bMECs)12 h可以调控细胞周期,促进细胞增殖,调节细胞凋亡,从而影响bMECs增殖和乳汁产生[48]。研究表明,使用12 μg/mL AAE预处理LPS诱导炎症损伤的bMECs 3 h可以改善bMECs炎症损伤程度,这是因为AAE通过调控CD36表达,抑制LPS刺激下bMECs NF-κB通路核因子-κB抑制因子α(IκBα)和p65,以及MAPK通路细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK)、c-Jun氨基末端激酶(JNK)、p38磷酸化,降低TNF-αIL-1βIL-6和白细胞介素-8(IL-8)mRNA表达量,进而保护bMECs免受LPS引发的炎症损伤和紧密连接破坏,对奶牛乳房炎具有一定的预防作用[48-49]。因此,AAE在促进反刍动物健康、提高生产性能以及实现绿色可持续养殖方面具有广泛的应用前景。

3.3 AAE在禽类动物生产中的应用

AAE在禽类动物生产中,特别是肉鸡生产中应用研究最多,并取得了较明显的效果。研究表明,饲粮中添加1.0~1.5 g/kg AAE能够提高肉鸡生长性能[50];饲粮中添加1.0 g/kg AAE能够改善肉鸡肉品质[51];饲喂含2%黄花蒿的饲粮能够提高肉鸡肉脂和血脂的稳定性[52];饲粮中添加0.05 g/kg精油和0.10 g/kg蒿粉能够调节肉鸡肠道菌群[53];饲粮中添加1.00~1.25 g/kg AAE能够缓解肉鸡因高温环境引起的肝脏氧化损伤[54];饲粮中添加1.0 g/kg AAE还能够缓解肉鸡因高温环境引起的肠道炎症[55]。此外,AAE还能影响抗氧化、炎症和免疫相关基因的表达,从而改善肉鸡的免疫和抗氧化功能[56-57]。本实验室研究了AAE对肉鸡肠道免疫和抗氧化功能以及肠道相关指标的影响,结果表明,饲粮中添加1.12~1.38 g/kg AAE降低了肉鸡小肠中IL-1β和IL-6的含量,并通过调节NF-κB信号通路,提高了小肠组织中免疫球蛋白M(IgM)和sIgA的含量;AAE还通过Nrf2信号通路改善了肉鸡小肠黏膜的抗氧化功能,提高了抗氧化酶[过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)]活性和总抗氧化能力(T-AOC),降低了MDA含量[58]。此外,饲粮中添加1.5 g/kg AAE还改善了肉鸡肠道形态和微生物组成,提高了肠道消化酶的活性,促进了肠道的吸收能力[59]。基于此研究,本实验室从AAE中分离纯化出AAP,探究了AAP对感染大肠杆菌的肉鸡肠道屏障功能的影响,结果表明,饲粮中添加0.75 g/kg AAP通过下调感染大肠杆菌肉鸡肠道NF-κB和肌球蛋白轻链激酶(MLCK)信号通路中相关因子的基因与蛋白表达,减少炎症因子产生,促进免疫球蛋白分泌,并上调紧密连接蛋白(TJ)的基因和蛋白表达,改善肠道形态结构,增强肠道免疫和物理屏障功能,从而减轻LPS诱导的鸡肠黏膜上皮细胞(cIECs)的炎症反应和上皮屏障功能障碍[60]。此外,在鹅生产的应用研究中发现,饲粮中添加1%的黄花蒿可提高鹅的生长性能,增强机体的免疫和抗氧化功能,改善空肠发育,调节盲肠菌群结构,对鹅的生长发育有积极影响[61]。综上所述,AAE显著改善了禽类动物的健康与生产效率,具有极高的潜在价值,可以作为天然饲料添加剂应用于禽类动物生产。

4 小结

AAE具有抗炎、抗氧化、抗病毒、抗肿瘤以及免疫调节等多种生物学功能,在临床上取得了明显的效果。在动物生产上,AAE对机体炎症反应、氧化应激的缓解作用和对肠道屏障的保护作用可极大地改善动物的健康状况,提高生产性能,可作为潜在的绿色饲料添加剂,具有广阔的应用前景。然而,AAE在不同提取工艺下的活性成分和含量有所不同,这些差异会影响其在动物生产上的应用效果。因此,合理选择提取工艺和使用方法以在动物生产中展现差异化的功能优势将会是未来重要的研究方向,这对AAE的开发利用以及绿色无抗的动物养殖具有重大意义。
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