Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2025 , Vol. 37 >Issue 11: 7518 - 7533

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2025.612

RESEARCH PAPER

A Study of Apparent Ileal Digestibility and Standardized Ileal Digestibility of Amino Acids of Cottonseed Meals from Different Sources for Broilers

  • SUN Zheng ,
  • SUN Jiupeng ,
  • LIAO Xiudong ,
  • ZHANG Liyang ,
  • HUANG Liang ,
  • YE Xiaomeng ,
  • ZHAO Feng ,
  • XIE Jingjing ,
  • FENG Jinghai ,
  • SA Renna ,
  • LYU Lin , **
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  • National Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Nutrition and Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
**professor, E-mail:

* Contributed equally

Received date: 2025-03-28

  Online published: 2025-11-14

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Abstract

This experiment was conducted to investigate the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of 18 amino acids (AA) in 10 cottonseed meals from different sources for broilers at different days of ages, to provide reference data for rational formulation of diets in broiler production. A total of 858 one-day-old Arbor Acres male broilers were selected, a completely randomized design was adopted, and the experiment was divided into two stages. During 10 to 13 days of age stage, a total of 528 broilers were randomly divided into 11 groups with 6 replicates per group and 8 broilers per replicate, broilers in 11 groups were fed 10 different sources of cottonseed meal diet and 1 nitrogen-free diet, respectively. During 25 to 28 days of age stage, a total of 330 broilers were randomly divided into 11 groups with 6 replicates per group and 5 broilers per replicate, broilers in 11 groups were fed 10 different sources of cottonseed meal diet and 1 nitrogen-free diet, respectively. The results showed as follows: 1) the cottonseed meal source and day of age had significant interaction effects on methionine and proline AID (P<0.05). Except for methionine, isoleucine, arginine, cysteine and glycine AID, the cottonseed meal source had significant effects on other amino acids AID (P<0.05). Except for cystine AID, the day of age had significant effects on other amino acids AID (P<0.05), and the amino acids AID at 13 days of age were significantly higher than those at 28 days of age (P<0.05). 2) The cottonseed meal source and day of age had significant interaction effects on tyrosine and proline SID (P<0.05). The cottonseed meal source had significant effects on amino acids SID (P<0.05). The day of age had significant effects on other amino acids SID (P<0.05), and the amino acids SID at 13 days of age were significantly higher than those at 28 days of age (P<0.05). In conclusion, the cottonseed meal source and day of age have significant interaction effects on methionine, proline AID and tyrosine, proline SID, there are differences in amino acids AID and SID of cottonseed meal from different sources, and the most amino acids AID and SID of cottonseed meal are decrease with day of age increase.

Key words： broilers; cottonseed meal; day of age; amino acids; apparent ileal digestibility; standardized ileal digestibility

Cite this article

SUN Zheng , SUN Jiupeng , LIAO Xiudong , ZHANG Liyang , HUANG Liang , YE Xiaomeng , ZHAO Feng , XIE Jingjing , FENG Jinghai , SA Renna , LYU Lin . A Study of Apparent Ileal Digestibility and Standardized Ileal Digestibility of Amino Acids of Cottonseed Meals from Different Sources for Broilers[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2025 , 37(11) : 7518 -7533 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2025.612

蛋白质饲料资源短缺及环境污染问题仍然是阻碍我国畜牧业健康可持续发展的重要原因。目前,国家及行业内将低蛋白质饲粮方案的推广及应用作为政策导向和技术研发的方向,此外,蛋白质和氨基酸作为肉鸡饲粮中最昂贵的营养成分,是养殖总成本中的一项重要组成部分[1-2]。在此背景下,准确评估肉鸡常用蛋白质饲料中氨基酸的消化率对于低蛋白质饲粮体系的推广及缓解我国蛋白质饲料资源短缺问题十分必要,且在提高肉鸡养殖效率与可持续性、降低成本、优化资源利用等方面均具有重要的价值[3]。棉籽粕是棉籽提取油后的工业副产品,是家禽常用的蛋白质来源之一,不同地区棉籽粕的营养物质含量差异较大,可能与品种和地理位置的差异、不同的种植方法、不同的剥皮程度、不同的壳比例、不同的榨油工艺等因素有关。棉籽粕的蛋白质含量在37.15%~46.91%[4],与豆粕相比,棉籽粕中含硫氨基酸(约17%)和有效磷含量较高[5],且精氨酸、谷氨酸、天冬氨酸含量也较高[6];赖氨酸含量较低,是棉籽粕中的第一限制性氨基酸,由于提取油脂过程中棉酚会与赖氨酸的氨基结合,降低了赖氨酸的可用性[7-8],极大限制了蛋白质品质;但棉籽粕中粗纤维、钙及大多数的B族维生素含量较高[9],在家禽饲粮中能以一种经济有效的方式部分替代豆粕[10]。
测定动物对蛋白质饲料原料利用率的方法包括体内法和体外法,常用且较为准确的是体内法[11]。体内法包括收粪法和回肠法[12]。回肠法是在自由采食状态下采集回肠末端食糜并测定其中氨基酸含量,屠宰肉鸡后取出样品或固定回肠瘘管采集样本,可克服畜禽后段盲肠微生物对氨基酸的潜在影响以及羽毛、皮表层脱落物和溅出的饲料等对收集样品的污染[13]。回肠法中采用氨基酸标准回肠消化率(standardized ileal digestibility,SID)来衡量氨基酸的消化程度,有助于实现精准的消化率测定[14]。前人研究中测定了肉鸡对豆粕[15]、菜籽粕[16]、玉米[17]和小麦[18]等蛋白质饲料原料的氨基酸SID。虽然已有关于棉籽粕的营养成分相关研究[19-20]及棉籽粕在动物体内的氨基酸消化率的相关研究[21-22],但对于棉籽粕在肉鸡体内的氨基酸SID的研究鲜有报道。因此,本试验以13和28日龄爱拔益加(AA)肉鸡为研究对象,旨在研究不同来源棉籽粕的肉鸡氨基酸表观回肠消化率(apparent ileal digestibility,AID)和SID,为肉鸡对棉籽粕的高效利用提供数据参考,为降低饲料成本及减少对环境的氮污染提供理论与技术指导。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

从我国2个地区(山东和新疆)、10个不同饲料企业采集10种不同来源的棉籽粕样品(样品编号1~10,游离棉酚含量均<1 200 mg/kg)。采样过程中遵循随机性、分层抽样的原则,分别从原料仓库中的不同位置(上层、中层、下层)用取样器取样,并混合均匀。棉籽粕样品经锤式粉碎机(型号9FO-235,北京市平谷万青机械厂)粉碎过40目网筛后常温保存以备分析。

1.2 试验设计

本试验方案已通过中国农业科学院北京畜牧兽医研究所动物实验福利伦理委员会的审查(批准号:IAS2024-189)。从孵化场购进1日龄健康状况良好、体重均一的雄性AA肉鸡858只。试验采用完全随机设计,1~10日龄,所有肉鸡统一饲喂同一种商品饲粮。试验分为2个阶段,阶段划分依据肉鸡生长发育规律,10~13日龄(前期)和25~28日龄(后期)分别代表肉鸡发育关键期和快速生长期,评估棉籽粕在不同生理阶段的营养价值。10~13日龄阶段,选取528只鸡,随机分为11个组,每组6个重复,每个重复8只鸡,各组分别饲喂10种不同来源棉籽粕饲粮和1种无氮饲粮;非试验期鸡只继续饲喂同一种商品饲粮,至下一阶段;25~28日龄阶段,选取330只鸡,随机分为11个组,每组6个重复,每个重复5只鸡,各组分别饲喂10种不同来源棉籽粕饲粮和1种无氮饲粮。每种饲粮均添加0.5%二氧化钛(TiO2)作为外源指示剂。

1.3 试验饲粮与饲养管理

非试验期内,试验鸡饲喂营养成分满足NRC(1994)肉鸡需要量的商品饲粮;试验期内,饲粮按照《鸡饲养标准》(NY/T 33—2004)及《蛋鸡、肉鸡配合饲料》(TCFIAS 002—2018)的要求进行配制,包括棉籽粕饲粮和无氮饲粮。以10种不同来源的棉籽粕作为唯一的饲粮蛋白质来源配制棉籽粕饲粮,确保饲粮中除蛋白质和氨基酸外,其他营养成分的含量与肉鸡商品饲粮一致。棉籽粕饲粮组成及营养水平见表1,无氮饲粮组成及营养水平见表2。肉鸡饲养于3层鸡笼中,鸡舍内的温度、通风、光照、密度和免疫均符合《AA肉鸡饲养管理手册》常规饲养管理要求,非试验期饲喂商业饲粮,自由采食饮水。
表1 棉籽粕饲粮组成及营养水平(饲喂基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of cottonseed meal diets (as-fed basis)%

项目
Items		 棉籽粕饲粮Cottonseed meal diets
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
原料Ingredients
棉籽粕Cottonseed meal 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00
葡萄糖Glucose 42.10 42.10 42.10 42.10 42.10 42.10 42.10 42.10 42.10 42.10
豆油Soybean oil 3.30 3.30 3.30 3.30 3.30 3.30 3.30 3.30 3.30 3.30
磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.90
石粉Limestone 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30
氯化钠NaCl 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30
氯化胆碱Choline chloride 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
维生素预混料Vitamin premix1) 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
微量元素预混料Trace mineral premix1) 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
二氧化钛TiO2 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
合计Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels2)
代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) 10.83 10.83 10.83 10.83 10.83 10.83 10.83 10.83 10.83 10.83
粗蛋白质CP 24.88 23.07 22.51 23.44 23.80 25.04 24.03 24.36 23.57 24.70
钙Ca 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05
非植酸磷NPP 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46
赖氨酸Lys 0.81 0.79 0.73 0.79 0.78 0.82 0.79 0.79 0.80 0.78
蛋氨酸Met 0.31 0.30 0.28 0.31 0.30 0.31 0.30 0.29 0.30 0.30
色氨酸Trp 0.27 0.27 0.30 0.24 0.27 0.25 0.24 0.27 0.22 0.32
苏氨酸Thr 0.71 0.68 0.63 0.69 0.67 0.70 0.67 0.67 0.69 0.68

1)维生素预混料和微量元素预混料为每千克饲粮提供 Vitamin premix and trace mineral premix provided the following per kilogram of diets: VA 8 000 IU,VD3 1 000 IU,VE 20 IU,VK3 0.8 mg,VB1 3 mg,VB2 8 mg,VB6 5 mg,VB12 0.02 mg,烟酸 niacin 40 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.6 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 10 mg,生物素 biotin 0.2 mg,Cu (CuSO4·5H2O) 8 mg,Fe (FeSO4·H2O) 100 mg,Zn (ZnSO4·H2O) 100 mg,Mn (MnSO4·H2O) 120 mg,Se (Na2SeO3) 0.3 mg,I (KI) 0.7 mg。

2)粗蛋白质和氨基酸为实测值,其余为计算值。CP and amino acids were measured values, while the others were calculated values.

表2 无氮饲粮组成及营养水平(饲喂基础)

Table 2 Composition and nutrient levels of nitrogen-free diet (as-fed basis)%

项目Items 含量Content
原料Ingredients
玉米淀粉Corn starch 59.70
蔗糖Sucrose 31.50
纤维素Cellulose 4.20
磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 1.90
石粉Limestone 1.30
二氧化钛TiO2 0.50
氯化钠NaCl 0.30
氯化胆碱Choline chloride 0.20
维生素预混料Vitamin premix1) 0.20
微量元素预混料Trace mineral premix1) 0.20
合计Total 100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels2)
代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) 13.91
粗蛋白质CP 0.18
钙Ca 0.92
非植酸磷NPP 0.33

1)维生素预混料和微量元素预混料为每千克饲粮提供 Vitamin premix and trace mineral premix provided the following per kilogram of the diet: VA 8 000 IU,VD3 1 000 IU,VE 20 IU,VK3 0.8 mg,VB1 3 mg,VB2 8 mg,VB6 5 mg,VB12 0.02 mg,烟酸 niacin 40 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.6 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 10 mg,生物素 biotin 0.2 mg,Cu (CuSO4·5H2O) 8 mg,Fe (FeSO4·H2O) 100 mg,Zn (ZnSO4·H2O) 100 mg,Mn (MnSO4·H2O) 120 mg,Se (Na2SeO3) 0.3 mg,I (KI) 0.7 mg。

2)粗蛋白质为实测值,其余为计算值。CP was a measured value, while the others were calculated values.

1.4 样品采集

肉鸡饲养至13或28日龄时,以重复为单位,10~13日龄阶段屠宰10只鸡,14~28日龄阶段屠宰5只鸡,进行食糜样品采集。在自由采食状态下使用二氧化碳屠宰,然后取出回肠并对折取后半段(去除后2 cm),用超纯水冲洗回肠内容物到培养皿中,每个重复的肉鸡食糜装入1个培养皿容器内,收集后的食糜立即置于-20 ℃冰箱,食糜冷冻为固体后放入冷冻干燥机中冻干,冻干后的样品在室温下回潮24 h,研磨粉碎后过40目筛备用。

1.5 试验样品分析

样品中水分含量参照国标《饲料中水分和其他挥发性物质含量的测定》(GB/T 6435—2014)的方法测定,并计算干物质含量;粗蛋白质含量参照国标《饲料中粗蛋白的测定 凯氏定氮法》(GB/T 6432—2018)的方法,使用凯氏定氮仪测定;二氧化钛含量参照国标《食品中二氧化钛的测定》(GB/T 5009.246—2016)的方法,使用分光光度仪测定。样品中17种氨基酸含量参照AOAC(1994)的方法,使用全自动氨基酸分析仪(日立L-8900,日本)测定;色氨酸含量参照国标《饲料中色氨酸的测定》(GB/T 15400—2018)的方法,使用高效液相色谱(1290 Infinity Ⅱ,安捷伦,德国)测定。代谢能和钙、非植酸磷含量计算方法参考《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2023年第35版)》。

1.6 结果计算

氨基酸AID和SID计算公式如下:
AID(%)=100-[(AAi×TDCd)/(AAd×TDCi)]×100;
IAAend(mg/kg)=(AAi×TDCd)/TDCi;
SID(%)=AID+(IAAend/AAd)×100。
式中:AAi为食糜氨基酸含量(mg/kg);TDCd为饲粮指示剂含量(mg/kg);AAd为饲粮氨基酸含量(mg/kg);TDCi为食糜指示剂含量(mg/kg);IAAend为无氮饲粮内源氨基酸流量(mg/kg)。

1.7 数据统计与分析

采用SAS 9.4 Proc MEANS程序计算基本统计量,采用GLM模型进行双因素方差分析,统计模型中包括棉籽粕来源、日龄及二者的互作。每个重复为1个试验单元。方差分析差异显著者,以LSD法比较平均值间的差异显著性。结果以平均值和标准差(SD)或均值标准误(SEM)表示,以P<0.05作为差异显著性判定标准。

2 结果

2.1 不同来源棉籽粕中粗蛋白质及氨基酸含量

如表3所示,本试验所测定的10种不同来源棉籽粕中粗蛋白质含量在48.33%~55.83%,平均值为52.04%,其中棉籽粕6中粗蛋白质含量最高,棉籽粕4中粗蛋白质含量最低。不同来源棉籽粕的同一种氨基酸之间的含量差异不大。18种氨基酸含量的平均值在0.61%~9.97%,以谷氨酸含量的平均值最高,色氨酸和蛋氨酸含量的平均值较低。
表3 不同来源棉籽粕中粗蛋白质及氨基酸含量(干物质基础)

Table 3 Contents of crude protein and amino acids in cottonseed meal from different sources (DM basis)%

项目
Items		 不同来源棉籽粕Cottonseed meal from different sources 平均值
Mean		 标准差
SD		 变异系数
CV
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
粗蛋白质CP 50.45 51.16 49.90 48.33 49.61 55.83 53.44 53.87 52.77 55.02 52.04 2.51 4.82
苏氨酸Thr 1.58 1.49 1.43 1.51 1.56 1.60 1.51 1.47 1.51 1.56 1.52 0.05 3.46
缬氨酸Val 2.19 2.11 2.03 2.11 2.18 2.24 2.14 2.10 2.16 2.29 2.16 0.07 3.47
蛋氨酸Met 0.69 0.65 0.63 0.67 0.68 0.70 0.65 0.63 0.64 0.68 0.66 0.03 3.82
异亮氨酸Ile 1.50 1.50 1.41 1.48 1.50 1.55 1.49 1.44 1.49 1.57 1.49 0.05 3.09
亮氨酸Leu 2.85 2.71 2.59 2.72 2.79 2.88 2.79 2.69 2.79 2.91 2.77 0.10 3.49
苯丙氨酸Phe 2.97 2.62 2.49 2.62 2.69 2.81 2.66 2.58 2.68 2.79 2.69 0.14 5.04
赖氨酸Lys 2.16 1.99 1.93 2.01 2.06 2.12 2.04 1.98 2.03 2.13 2.05 0.07 3.58
组氨酸His 1.45 1.32 1.27 1.34 1.37 1.42 1.36 1.31 1.36 1.42 1.36 0.06 4.09
精氨酸Arg 6.10 5.96 5.54 5.93 6.04 6.24 6.01 5.85 5.99 6.27 5.99 0.21 3.44
色氨酸Trp 0.61 0.57 0.60 0.62 0.61 0.63 0.60 0.57 0.59 0.65 0.61 0.03 4.14
天冬氨酸Asp 4.65 4.46 4.20 4.44 4.56 4.77 4.48 4.36 4.47 4.66 4.51 0.16 3.63
丝氨酸Ser 2.13 2.01 1.91 2.05 2.10 2.16 2.04 1.98 2.04 2.09 2.05 0.07 3.59
谷氨酸Glu 10.16 9.74 9.28 9.86 10.11 10.47 10.01 9.66 9.98 10.45 9.97 0.36 3.62
丙氨酸Ala 1.90 1.83 1.74 1.83 1.91 1.96 1.85 1.82 1.88 1.96 1.87 0.07 3.65
胱氨酸Cys 0.80 0.73 0.75 0.77 0.78 0.80 0.78 0.73 0.74 0.80 0.77 0.03 3.72
酪氨酸Tyr 1.43 1.17 1.09 1.17 1.20 1.25 1.18 1.14 1.18 1.24 1.21 0.09 7.58
脯氨酸Pro 1.76 1.66 1.57 1.68 1.72 1.75 1.56 1.50 1.62 1.56 1.64 0.09 5.48
甘氨酸Gly 2.01 1.95 1.85 1.95 2.02 2.08 1.98 1.93 2.00 2.08 1.99 0.07 3.52

2.2 棉籽粕来源和日龄对肉鸡氨基酸AID的影响

如表4和表5所示,棉籽粕来源和日龄对蛋氨酸和脯氨酸AID存在显著的互作效应(P<0.05)。13日龄时,棉籽粕10的蛋氨酸AID显著高于棉籽粕3和8(P<0.05),棉籽粕1和10的脯氨酸AID显著高于棉籽粕3(P<0.05);28日龄时,棉籽粕1和10的蛋氨酸AID显著高于棉籽粕5、6和7(P<0.05),棉籽粕1和10的脯氨酸AID显著高于棉籽粕3、6和7(P<0.05)。
表4 13和28日龄肉鸡棉籽粕的必需氨基酸AID

Table 4 AID of essential amino acids in cottonseed meals for broilers at 13 and 28 days of age%

项目
Items		 表观回肠消化率AID
苏氨酸
Thr		 缬氨酸
Val		 蛋氨酸
Met		 异亮氨酸
Ile		 亮氨酸
Leu		 苯丙氨酸
Phe		 赖氨酸
Lys		 组氨酸
His		 精氨酸
Arg		 色氨酸
Trp
来源Source 日龄Days of age

1		 13 70.95 72.15 75.64ab 73.70 75.69 84.61 63.68 80.29 89.07 80.01
28 65.33 66.94 71.08abc 68.52 71.40 81.66 56.06 77.57 87.13 78.50

2		 13 67.66 68.46 72.36abcd 68.80 72.63 82.11 59.18 77.87 88.07 79.99
28 63.26 64.23 69.01bcde 64.96 68.82 79.74 53.59 75.69 86.55 76.25

3		 13 58.61 62.07 67.10cde 61.65 63.87 77.48 48.85 74.28 86.07 82.23
28 60.14 63.02 67.58cde 64.80 67.08 78.98 51.91 75.00 85.99 80.04

4		 13 68.02 70.14 73.34abc 70.89 77.90 83.07 61.83 78.27 88.37 83.63
28 61.66 63.69 67.80cde 65.11 68.24 79.68 54.20 75.56 86.62 79.37

5		 13 68.06 70.61 72.09abcd 71.01 73.08 82.92 59.38 78.94 88.18 71.45
28 60.29 63.25 65.62de 63.90 66.60 78.78 49.11 74.57 85.70 73.17

6		 13 68.19 71.25 72.97abc 71.47 73.66 83.22 61.05 79.01 88.08 71.69
28 60.15 66.32 65.37de 63.03 66.27 78.57 53.85 75.19 85.38 75.49

7		 13 65.59 67.60 69.18bcde 67.71 70.30 81.12 57.17 76.84 86.90 72.48
28 58.52 63.19 63.49e 61.66 64.79 77.52 52.84 74.16 85.03 71.15

8		 13 65.13 68.47 68.14cde 67.62 70.00 81.19 55.72 77.60 87.14 72.64
28 65.62 68.46 70.22abcde 70.31 72.08 82.20 59.98 78.97 87.95 73.37

9		 13 65.84 68.79 73.52abc 69.73 72.15 82.35 61.67 78.11 88.09 80.64
28 64.01 66.60 68.42cde 68.92 71.24 81.37 56.90 76.96 86.78 76.60

10		 13 71.31 73.47 76.72a 73.82 75.93 84.67 66.89 81.02 89.03 77.77
28 66.36 68.48 71.03abc 69.57 72.46 82.42 60.82 79.00 87.70 71.00
SEM 2.570 2.340 2.570 2.640 2.530 1.440 3.470 1.460 0.860 1.780
来源Source
1 68.14a 69.54ab 73.36 71.11 73.55a 83.13a 59.87ab 78.93ab 88.10 79.25a
2 65.46ab 66.35abc 70.68 66.88 70.73ab 80.93abc 56.38bc 76.78bcd 87.31 78.12a
3 59.38c 62.55c 67.34 63.23 65.47c 78.23c 50.38c 74.64d 86.03 81.13a
4 64.84ab 66.91abc 70.57 68.00 73.07a 81.38ab 58.01ab 76.92bcd 87.49 81.50a
5 64.17abc 66.93abc 68.85 67.45 69.84ab 80.85abc 54.25bc 76.76bcd 86.94 72.31b
6 64.17abc 68.79ab 69.17 67.25 69.97ab 80.90abc 57.45ab 77.10bcd 86.73 73.59b
7 62.05bc 65.39bc 66.33 64.68 67.54b 79.32bc 55.00bc 75.50cd 85.96 71.81b
8 65.37ab 68.46ab 69.18 68.97 71.04ab 81.70ab 57.85ab 78.28abc 87.54 73.00b
9 64.93ab 67.69ab 70.97 69.33 71.70ab 81.86ab 59.28ab 77.53abc 87.44 78.62a
10 68.83a 70.98a 73.88 71.70 74.19a 83.55a 63.86a 80.01a 88.36 74.39b
SEM 1.810 1.660 1.820 1.860 1.790 1.020 2.460 1.030 0.610 1.260
日龄Days of age
13 66.93a 69.30a 72.11a 69.64a 72.52a 82.27a 59.54a 78.22a 87.90a 77.25a
28 62.53b 65.42b 67.96b 66.08b 68.90b 80.09b 54.93b 76.27b 86.48b 75.49b
SEM 0.810 0.740 0.810 0.830 0.800 0.460 1.100 0.460 0.270 0.560
P值P-value
来源Source 0.029 0.048 0.102 0.055 0.025 0.017 0.032 0.022 0.112 <0.001
日龄Days of age <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.003 0.002 0.001 0.004 0.004 <0.001 0.030
来源×日龄Source×days of age 0.556 0.752 <0.001 0.344 0.251 0.409 0.523 0.633 0.661 0.131

同列数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。

In the same column, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below.

表5 13和28日龄肉鸡棉籽粕的非必需氨基酸AID

Table 5 AID of non-essential amino acids in cottonseed meals for broilers at 13 and 28 days of age

项目
Items		 表观回肠消化率AID
天冬氨酸Asp 丝氨酸Ser 谷氨酸Glu 丙氨酸Ala 胱氨酸Cys 酪氨酸Tyr 脯氨酸Pro 甘氨酸Gly
来源Source 日龄Days of age

1		 13 79.47 74.55 87.11 74.18 69.81 71.65 66.23a 72.80
28 75.61 69.74 84.52 69.83 69.75 62.22 60.47abc 68.74

2		 13 75.64 71.02 85.26 70.88 66.03 39.43 57.39bcd 69.34
28 72.55 67.33 83.09 67.32 65.01 24.73 52.92cdef 66.37

3		 13 70.04 63.01 81.53 63.03 64.26 59.94 45.09f 63.76
28 72.02 64.47 82.63 64.68 68.32 58.46 48.55ef 65.03

4		 13 75.56 71.09 85.58 71.66 64.86 62.67 58.10abcd 69.85
28 71.58 65.81 82.86 66.41 65.34 47.16 52.26cdef 65.91

5		 13 76.91 70.93 85.71 71.14 68.36 69.90 59.90abc 70.74
28 70.78 63.83 81.92 64.51 63.84 54.54 50.55def 64.06

6		 13 76.10 70.85 85.83 72.25 67.23 64.47 60.07abc 70.79
28 71.10 63.94 82.26 65.10 63.79 45.87 47.35f 64.79

7		 13 73.78 69.57 84.25 68.98 64.84 40.67 56.44bcde 67.97
28 69.45 63.90 81.32 63.37 58.42 38.34 46.24f 63.09

8		 13 75.61 68.50 84.64 68.77 66.49 58.27 57.61abcd 68.56
28 75.55 69.16 85.01 70.37 66.57 65.85 57.74abcd 69.91

9		 13 74.16 69.61 84.64 71.20 65.05 68.93 58.48abcd 68.80
28 71.29 68.92 83.63 69.40 64.00 61.00 58.99abcd 67.29

10		 13 78.43 74.10 87.08 74.45 69.62 67.46 62.07ab 72.57
28 75.20 70.87 85.12 70.95 65.51 62.59 60.10abc 69.37
SEM 1.900 2.250 1.180 2.300 2.200 4.820 3.090 2.060
来源Source
1 77.54a 72.15a 85.81a 72.01ab 69.78 66.94a 63.35a 70.77
2 74.09abcd 69.17ab 84.17abc 69.10abc 65.52 32.08c 55.16bcd 67.85
3 71.03d 63.74c 82.08c 63.85d 66.29 59.20ab 46.82e 64.39
4 73.57bcd 68.45ab 84.22abc 69.04abc 65.10 54.91b 55.18bcd 67.88
5 73.85abcd 67.38bc 83.81abc 67.83bcd 66.10 62.22ab 55.23bcd 67.40
6 73.60bcd 67.39bc 84.05abc 68.68abc 65.51 55.17b 53.71cd 67.79
7 71.61d 66.73bc 82.78bc 66.18cd 61.63 39.50c 51.34de 65.53
8 75.58abc 68.83ab 84.82ab 69.57abc 66.53 62.06ab 57.67abc 69.24
9 72.72cd 69.26ab 84.13abc 70.30abc 64.53 64.96a 58.74abc 68.05
10 76.81ab 72.48a 86.10a 72.70a 67.57 65.02a 61.08ab 70.97
SEM 1.340 1.590 0.840 1.630 1.560 3.410 2.180 1.460
日龄Days of age
13 75.57a 70.32a 85.16a 70.65a 66.65 60.34a 58.14a 69.52a
28 72.51b 66.80b 83.23b 67.19b 65.06 52.07b 53.52b 66.45b
SEM 0.600 0.710 0.380 0.730 0.700 1.520 0.980 0.650
P值P-value
来源Source 0.018 0.012 0.039 0.013 0.090 <0.001 <0.001 0.056
日龄Days of age <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.110 <0.001 0.001 <0.001
来源×日龄Source×days of age 0.635 0.507 0.497 0.522 0.483 0.186 <0.001 0.542
除了蛋氨酸、异亮氨酸、精氨酸、胱氨酸和甘氨酸AID外,棉籽粕来源对其余氨基酸AID均有显著影响(P<0.05)。棉籽粕1和10的苏氨酸、苯丙氨酸、天冬氨酸、丝氨酸、谷氨酸、丙氨酸和脯氨酸AID显著高于棉籽粕3和7(P<0.05),棉籽粕10的缬氨酸、赖氨酸、组氨酸AID显著高于棉籽粕3(P<0.05),棉籽粕1、4和10的亮氨酸AID显著高于棉籽粕3(P<0.05),棉籽粕1、2、3、4和9的色氨酸AID显著高于棉籽粕5、6、7、8和10(P<0.05),棉籽粕1、9和10的酪氨酸AID显著高于棉籽粕2、4、6和7(P<0.05)。
除了胱氨酸AID外,日龄对其余氨基酸AID均有显著影响(P<0.05)。13日龄的氨基酸AID显著高于28日龄(P<0.05)。

2.3 棉籽粕来源和日龄对肉鸡氨基酸SID的影响

如表6和表7所示,棉籽粕来源和日龄对酪氨酸和脯氨酸SID存在显著的互作效应(P<0.05)。13日龄时,棉籽粕4的酪氨酸SID显著高于棉籽粕2、6和7(P<0.05),棉籽粕1的脯氨酸SID显著高于棉籽粕3和6(P<0.05)。28日龄时,棉籽粕7的酪氨酸SID显著高于棉籽粕2、3、5、6和10(P<0.05),棉籽粕9的脯氨酸SID显著高于棉籽粕2、3、4、5和6(P<0.05)。
表6 13和28日龄肉鸡棉籽粕的必需氨基酸SID

Table 6 SID of essential amino acids in cottonseed meals for broilers at 13 and 28 days of age

项目
Items		 标准回肠消化率SID
苏氨酸
Thr		 缬氨酸
Val		 蛋氨酸
Met		 异亮氨酸
Ile		 亮氨酸
Leu		 苯丙氨酸
Phe		 赖氨酸
Lys		 组氨酸
His		 精氨酸
Arg		 色氨酸
Trp
来源Source 日龄Days of age

1		 13 78.22 78.86 78.80 78.41 79.67 86.78 68.28 82.94 90.32 83.27
28 71.30 72.24 73.79 72.12 75.03 83.40 59.67 79.68 88.14 80.30

2		 13 75.45 75.66 75.74 73.93 76.91 84.43 64.01 80.72 89.37 83.32
28 69.66 69.92 71.90 68.89 72.73 81.61 57.38 77.96 87.60 79.41

3		 13 70.64 73.05 70.57 71.29 72.19 82.47 54.00 77.24 87.48 85.20
28 66.90 68.88 70.54 68.82 71.15 80.95 55.96 77.37 87.13 82.60

4		 13 75.66 77.35 75.31 75.76 77.14 85.14 64.15 81.66 89.46 75.27
28 66.53 68.57 68.38 67.53 70.30 80.56 54.70 76.74 86.73 75.28

5		 13 76.09 78.14 76.31 76.34 77.84 85.49 65.90 81.81 89.39 74.94
28 66.63 71.76 68.23 66.76 70.09 80.39 57.66 77.42 86.44 77.28

6		 13 73.09 74.43 72.43 72.49 74.36 83.31 61.79 79.53 88.17 75.96
28 64.67 68.58 66.27 65.32 68.50 79.28 56.46 76.31 86.06 73.07

7		 13 74.79 77.07 73.74 74.44 75.97 84.54 63.14 81.48 89.04 76.37
28 74.68 76.18 75.83 76.57 78.20 85.40 66.78 82.70 89.92 75.43

8		 13 75.40 77.30 74.49 76.04 76.34 84.62 69.13 82.11 88.54 83.91
28 70.44 72.16 71.37 72.71 75.06 83.19 60.67 79.22 87.82 78.40

9		 13 78.68 80.22 80.09 78.76 80.14 86.92 71.34 82.59 90.19 81.79
28 75.26 76.34 76.71 76.28 78.84 85.71 67.98 82.82 89.71 73.22

10		 13 75.69 77.02 76.65 75.81 78.22 85.34 66.59 81.07 89.67 86.43
28 71.41 72.26 73.90 72.33 72.03 83.20 60.39 79.58 87.66 80.91
SEM 2.140 1.960 2.270 2.170 2.120 1.200 3.090 1.300 0.800 1.780
来源Source
1 75.07ab 75.85abc 76.52ab 75.55ab 77.56ab 85.24ab 64.37ab 81.46ab 89.33ab 81.92a
2 72.56abc 72.79bcd 73.82abcd 71.41bcd 74.82abc 83.02bc 60.70bc 79.34bcd 88.48abc 81.54a
3 68.60c 70.78d 70.56cd 69.94cd 71.62c 81.64c 54.98c 77.30d 87.30c 84.02a
4 71.09bc 72.96bcd 71.85bcd 71.64bcd 73.72bc 82.85bc 60.37bc 79.20bcd 88.10abc 75.27b
5 71.36bc 74.95abcd 72.27bcd 71.55bcd 73.97bc 82.94bc 61.78bc 79.61bcd 87.91bc 76.11b
6 68.88c 71.50cd 69.35d 68.90d 71.43c 81.29c 59.12bc 77.92cd 87.11c 74.51b
7 74.74ab 76.63ab 74.79abc 75.51ab 77.09ab 84.97ab 64.96ab 82.09ab 89.48ab 75.90b
8 72.693abc 74.49abcd 72.78bcd 74.22abc 75.70abc 83.91abc 64.52ab 80.53abc 88.15abc 81.16a
9 76.78a 78.07a 78.21a 77.38a 79.42a 86.25a 69.47a 82.70a 89.92a 77.50b
10 73.75ab 74.85abcd 75.40abc 74.23abc 74.85abc 84.37ab 64.11ab 80.39abc 88.66abc 83.67a
SEM 1.510 1.390 1.610 1.540 1.500 0.850 2.190 0.920 0.570 1.260
日龄Days of age
13 75.35a 76.85a 75.29a 75.28a 76.84a 84.88a 64.55a 81.06a 89.14a 80.64a
28 69.50b 71.50b 71.45b 70.47b 72.97b 82.22b 59.65b 78.82b 87.64b 77.42b
SEM 0.680 0.620 0.720 0.690 0.670 0.380 0.980 0.410 0.250 0.560
P值P-value
来源Source 0.005 0.013 0.007 0.003 0.009 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.014 <0.001
日龄Days of age <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
来源×日龄Source×days of age 0.501 0.840 0.507 0.294 0.362 0.362 0.389 0.272 0.360 0.141
表7 13和28日龄肉鸡棉籽粕的非必需氨基酸SID

Table 7 SID of non-essential amino acids in cottonseed meals for broilers at 13 and 28 days of age

项目
Items		 标准回肠消化率SID
天冬氨酸Asp 丝氨酸Ser 谷氨酸Glu 丙氨酸Ala 胱氨酸Cys 酪氨酸Tyr 脯氨酸Pro 甘氨酸Gly
来源Source 日龄Days of age

1		 13 82.76 79.90 88.99 78.45 76.14 73.12ab 73.50a 77.04
28 78.29 74.06 86.03 73.14 74.69 63.98abcd 66.26abcde 72.09

2		 13 79.15 76.77 87.26 75.43 73.08 42.39f 66.01abcde 73.84
28 75.41 71.97 84.71 70.85 70.50 28.57g 59.79defgh 69.93

3		 13 77.74 72.55 85.80 70.65 75.14 64.52abcd 60.58cdefg 71.18
28 75.06 69.48 84.33 68.40 73.64 56.58de 56.08fgh 68.78

4		 13 80.33 76.72 87.63 75.52 74.93 74.92a 68.10abc 75.08
28 73.57 68.51 83.47 67.91 68.97 59.10cde 59.10efgh 67.48

5		 13 79.62 76.87 87.82 76.67 74.06 66.00abcd 68.52ab 75.21
28 73.96 68.80 83.86 68.53 69.13 46.93ef 54.08gh 68.28

6		 13 77.14 75.11 86.16 73.34 71.61 42.73f 64.64bcde 72.28
28 72.18 68.37 82.86 66.75 63.71 38.21fg 52.77h 66.49

7		 13 79.88 76.13 87.47 75.04 74.84 59.85bcd 68.16abc 74.51
28 80.37 76.55 87.85 76.32 73.99 72.28abc 67.27abcd 75.71

8		 13 77.63 76.76 87.36 77.30 73.79 70.44abc 66.06abcde 74.58
28 74.12 73.51 85.22 72.85 69.33 62.11abcd 65.02bcde 70.79

9		 13 80.58 79.64 88.84 78.78 76.24 66.64abcd 69.49ab 75.41
28 79.97 77.79 88.00 77.02 73.46 63.70abcd 69.24ab 75.29

10		 13 79.03 76.88 87.54 76.10 71.80 64.71abcd 66.41abcde 74.23
28 76.54 73.29 85.76 72.81 70.76 56.42de 62.90bcdef 71.97
SEM 1.510 1.870 0.960 1.950 1.820 4.050 2.300 1.720
来源Source
1 80.73a 77.25ab 87.65ab 76.03ab 75.48a 70.07a 70.21a 74.79ab
2 77.28bc 74.37bcde 85.99bcd 73.14bc 71.79a 36.11d 62.90c 71.88abc
3 76.28c 70.88e 85.00cd 69.43c 74.32a 60.55bc 58.12d 69.87c
4 76.95bc 72.61cde 85.55bcd 71.71bc 71.95a 67.89a 64.50bc 71.28bc
5 76.79c 72.83cde 85.84bcd 72.60bc 71.59ab 58.37c 61.30c 71.75abc
6 74.66c 71.74de 84.51d 70.05c 67.66b 40.92d 58.70d 69.38c
7 80.15ab 76.34abc 87.66ab 75.68ab 74.42a 65.50ab 67.72ab 75.11ab
8 75.87c 74.99abcde 86.19bcd 74.87ab 71.36ab 66.27ab 65.54bc 72.51abc
9 80.27ab 78.61a 88.37a 77.80a 74.98a 65.04ab 69.35a 75.35a
10 77.90abc 75.25abcd 86.73abc 74.60ab 71.28ab 60.95bc 64.82bc 73.20abc
SEM 1.070 1.320 0.680 1.380 1.290 2.870 1.630 1.210
日龄Days of age
13 79.38a 76.71a 87.47a 75.69a 74.14a 62.21a 67.16a 74.36a
28 75.74b 72.00b 85.09b 71.22b 70.65b 55.17b 60.95b 70.46b
SEM 0.480 0.590 0.300 0.620 0.580 1.290 0.730 0.540
P值P-value
来源Source 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.001 0.002 <0.001 <0.001 0.006
日龄Days of age <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
来源×日龄Source×days of age 0.436 0.382 0.402 0.394 0.560 0.021 0.027 0.233
棉籽粕来源对氨基酸SID均具有显著影响(P<0.05)。棉籽粕9的苏氨酸、蛋氨酸、赖氨酸SID均最高,棉籽粕3的色氨酸SID(84.02%)最高;棉籽粕3的苏氨酸和赖氨酸SID最低,棉籽粕6的蛋氨酸和色氨酸SID最低。棉籽粕9的苏氨酸SID(76.78%)显著高于棉籽粕3、4、5和6(P<0.05),棉籽粕9的蛋氨酸SID(78.21%)显著高于棉籽粕3、4、5、6和8(P<0.05),棉籽粕9的赖氨酸SID显著高于棉籽粕2、3、4、5和6(P<0.05),棉籽粕1、2、3、8和10的色氨酸SID显著高于棉籽粕4、5、6、7和9(P<0.05)。
日龄对氨基酸SID均具有显著影响(P<0.05)。13日龄的氨基酸SID显著高于28日龄(P<0.05)。

3 讨论

3.1 不同来源棉籽粕的粗蛋白质及氨基酸含量

本研究中,不同来源棉籽粕的粗蛋白质及18种氨基酸含量之间存在一定差异,除赖氨酸和酪氨酸外,不同来源棉籽粕的粗蛋白质及其他氨基酸含量与《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2023年第35版)》[23]参考数据(饲喂基础)相比略高。本研究中,不同来源棉籽粕的粗蛋白质及氨基酸含量平均值结果与邓雪娟等[24]的干物质基础的结果相比略低。造成上述差异的原因可能与棉籽粕的来源、品种和加工工艺等因素有关[25-27]。本研究在氨基酸组成方面,棉籽粕必需氨基酸中精氨酸含量最高,而非必需氨基酸中谷氨酸含量最高,这与前人研究结果[28]一致。张铖铖[29]测定了我国不同地区的10种棉籽粕的干物质基础粗蛋白质及氨基酸含量,结果中棉籽粕中粗蛋白质含量与本研究结果相似;其研究中棉籽粕酪氨酸含量的平均值为2.28%,高于本研究结果酪氨酸含量的平均值(1.21%);除酪氨酸外,本研究结果中棉籽粕氨基酸含量与其研究结果基本一致,造成结果不同可能是由于样品来源不同以及试验误差所致[24]。

3.2 棉籽粕来源和日龄对肉鸡氨基酸AID和SID的影响

在家禽营养中,SID是合理配制肉鸡饲粮、满足其营养需要的重要参考指标,氨基酸消化率因饲料原料营养价值及氨基酸组成的不同而不同,准确测定肉鸡对蛋白质饲料原料氨基酸的消化率有助于优化蛋白质饲料原料的利用[30]。
从本研究结果看,13和28日龄肉鸡对10种不同来源棉籽粕的氨基酸AID均低于SID。AID较高的氨基酸有苯丙氨酸、精氨酸、色氨酸、谷氨酸,大部分氨基酸的AID在70%~80%,这与邓雪娟[31]的研究结果一致。在本研究中,苯丙氨酸、组氨酸、精氨酸、谷氨酸、酪氨酸的AID与SID差值相对较小,约为2%,其余氨基酸的AID与SID差值相对较大,约为6%。在邓雪娟[31]的研究中,苯丙氨酸、精氨酸、谷氨酸的AID与SID差值约为2%,与本研究结果相似;而在汪子怡等[18]的研究中,氨基酸AID与SID的差值相对高于本研究,约为8%,这与本研究结果不同,分析原因可能是因为基础内源损失的测定受到测定方法的影响,导致内源氨基酸损失不同,以及不同试验条件所产生的误差。在评价蛋白质饲料原料对肉鸡的氨基酸消化率时,AID和SID是2个重要的指标,表观消化率没有考虑内源氨基酸损失,而标准消化率则考虑了内源氨基酸的损失,提供了更准确的消化率评估值。
本研究结果显示,棉籽粕来源对肉鸡的氨基酸AID和SID存在显著影响。本试验的结果中的棉籽粕氨基酸SID与Ullah等[32]测定的棉籽粕氨基酸SID结果相比略高,与《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(第35版)》[23]中的肉鸡棉籽粕回肠氨基酸消化率参考值接近。产生上述差异的原因可能是棉籽粕的原料品种、生长环境、加工方法和饲料形态等的不同[25,33]。样品的加工工艺和相关的热损伤是氨基酸回肠消化率变化的重要原因,过度的热处理过程会引起氨基酸中氨基与还原糖的美拉德反应,进而造成原料氨基酸利用率的下降,反之,加热不足会造成原料中某些抗营养因子含量较高,从而降低蛋白质及氨基酸的消化率[34]。
目前,关于家禽日龄对蛋白质饲料原料中氨基酸消化率的影响已有一些文献报道,不同日龄肉鸡对氨基酸的消化率可能会随肠道发育、消化酶活性[35]、饲料成分[36]及肌肉代谢需求[37]的不同而发生变化。研究表明,肉鸡14~28日龄阶段可消化赖氨酸需要量为1.0%~1.1%[38],而肉鸡28~42日龄阶段则为0.995%~1.001%[39],这也说明了不同日龄肉鸡对同种氨基酸的消化率可能存在不同。本研究结果表明,肉鸡日龄对棉籽粕氨基酸AID和SID具有显著影响,棉籽粕的氨基酸AID和SID随着年龄的增加表现为28日龄小于13日龄。原因可能是肉鸡在后期时胃肠中的pH高于前期,随着肉鸡日龄的增长,肌胃pH呈上升趋势,大量中性饲料的摄入可能稀释了腺胃分泌的胃酸,从而削弱了胃内酸化能力,这一变化可能对蛋白质的消化效率产生重要影响,因为胃内酸性环境是蛋白质消化的关键因素[40]。Huang等[41]在研究肉鸡对小麦的消化率时发现,肉鸡14、28和42日龄3种原料的氨基酸表观消化率具有差异,大多数氨基酸表观消化率在14日龄高于28和42日龄,即低日龄肉鸡的氨基酸表观消化率高于高日龄肉鸡,这与本研究结果一致。

4 结论

棉籽粕来源和日龄对肉鸡蛋氨酸、脯氨酸AID及酪氨酸、脯氨酸SID存在显著的互作效应,不同来源棉籽粕的氨基酸AID和SID存在差异,日龄对棉籽粕的氨基酸AID和SID存在影响,肉鸡13日龄棉籽粕氨基酸AID和SID高于28日龄。

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