Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2025 , Vol. 37 >Issue 11: 7563 - 7576

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2025.615

RESEARCH PAPER

Evaluation of Standardized Ileal Digestibility of Amino Acids of Wheat Middings in Laying Hens during Late Laying Period and Establishment of Their Prediction Equations

  • ZHANG Lu ,
  • DING Xuemei ,
  • ZENG Qiufeng ,
  • BAI Shiping ,
  • LIU Yan ,
  • ZHANG Ruinan ,
  • ZHANG Keying ,
  • WANG Jianping , *
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  • Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
*professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2025-04-10

  Online published: 2025-11-14

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Abstract

This experiment was conducted to analyze the amino acids apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of 10 wheat middlings from different sources in laying hens during late laying period, and to establish prediction equations of amino acids SID based on physical characteristic and chemical component contents of wheat middlings. A single-factor experimental design was adopted, a total of 396 healthy 75-week-old Roman pink laying hens during late laying period with similar body weight and egg production rate were selected and randomly divided into 11 groups with 6 replicates per group and 6 hens per replicate. Each group was fed one type of nitrogen-free diet or 10 semi-purified experimental diets formulated with different sources of wheat middlings. All nitrogen-free and experimental diets were supplemented with 0.50% titanium dioxide (TiO2) as an exogenous indicator, and the experimental period was 3 days. After the experiment, all hens were stunned with carbon dioxide gas and slaughtered. Ileal digesta were collected to determine amino acids and TiO2 contents, and calculate amino acids SID. The results showed as follows: 1) under the air-dry basis, the average contents of crude protein (CP), dry matter (DM), crude ash (Ash), ether extract (EE), crude fiber (CF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), gross energy (GE), calcium (Ca), total phosphorus (TP) and total starch (TS) of 10 wheat middlings from different sources were 16.26% (14.16% to 17.96%), 88.56% (86.86% to 89.37%), 3.24% (2.28% to 4.52%), 3.49% (2.54% to 4.97%), 4.61% (2.43% to 10.68%), 5.53% (2.65% to 12.65%), 21.93% (13.50% to 36.30%), 12.92 MJ/kg (12.08 to 13.92 MJ/kg), 0.08% (0.06% to 0.10%), 0.61% (0.44% to 0.75%) and 29.48% (18.21% to 40.53%), respectively; the average bulk density (BD) was 487.94 g/L (429.72 to 563.09 g/L). Among amino acids of wheat middlings, methionine had the lowest content with an average of 0.23% (0.21% to 0.26%), while glutamic acid had the highest content with an average of 3.17% (2.94% to 3.55%), and the average total amino acid content was 13.59% (12.23% to 14.43%). 2) The average amino acids SID of wheat middlings in laying hens during late laying period ranged from 67.36% to 90.19%; the coefficient of variation (CV) of methionine SID was the largest (22.70%), and the CV of SID for other amino acids did not exceed 15%. 3) In this experiment, prediction equations for SID of 9 essential amino acids (except tryptophan) were established. The coefficients of determination (R2) of prediction equations for SID of lysine, methionine, leucine, histidine and phenylalanine were all higher than 0.900. Among them, the prediction equation for lysine SID (Lys SID=-36.50-9.91ADF+5.83NDF+1.23TS) had the highest fitting degree (R2=0.965, P<0.01). The relative deviation between predicted and measured values of amino acid SID prediction equations ranged from 0.10% to 3.60%. In conclusion, the chemical composition contents of 10 wheat middlings from different sources vary greatly. The established prediction equations of amino acid SID based on physical characteristic and chemical composition of wheat middlings have good fitting degrees, among which the lysine SID prediction equation performs the best.

Key words： laying hens during late laying period; wheat middings; amino acid standardized ileal digestibility; predictive equations

Cite this article

ZHANG Lu , DING Xuemei , ZENG Qiufeng , BAI Shiping , LIU Yan , ZHANG Ruinan , ZHANG Keying , WANG Jianping . Evaluation of Standardized Ileal Digestibility of Amino Acids of Wheat Middings in Laying Hens during Late Laying Period and Establishment of Their Prediction Equations[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2025 , 37(11) : 7563 -7576 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2025.615

小麦次粉作为小麦加工的副产物,是一种非常规能量饲料原料,它含有畜禽生长所需的13种必需氨基酸,其中蛋氨酸、赖氨酸、苏氨酸的含量均高于玉米和小麦[1],能够在提供能量的同时补充氨基酸。然而,小麦次粉中含有丰富的非淀粉多糖(如β-葡聚糖、阿拉伯木聚糖),这些成分会增加食糜黏度,导致小肠绒毛缩短萎缩及肠壁变厚[2-3],进而降低氨基酸的消化率。目前我国在家禽饲养中所使用的氨基酸标准回肠消化率(SID)数据,主要来源于以肉鸡为试验对象建立的数据库,但实际上,不同种类鸡之间数据库不宜混用。有研究表明,公鸡的可消化氨基酸水平比雏鸡高14%[4];而且不同饲料原料的氨基酸SID在蛋鸡中也存在差异[5]。
在生产中,蛋鸡通常会饲养至产蛋后期乃至延养期。随着产蛋周期的延长,蛋鸡肝脏生理功能逐渐恶化,导致蛋白质利用效率下降[6]。为避免氨基酸浪费,生产中多采用可消化氨基酸体系,通过测定氨基酸SID实现精准饲养。然而,氨基酸SID的测定过程较为复杂,且其结果受多重因素影响,包括饲料原料的来源、品种、收割季节、加工方式[7-8],以及动物的生理阶段、采样方法和时间等[9-10]。这些因素导致实测值常与数据库信息存在偏差,增加了精准饲养的难度。为此,有学者提出可以利用原料的化学成分来预测氨基酸SID[11],以减少工作量并提高准确性。因此,本试验以10种不同来源的小麦次粉作为研究对象,首先对其物理特性、化学成分和氨基酸含量进行测定分析,进而探究其在产蛋后期蛋鸡中的氨基酸SID,并基于小麦次粉的物理特性和化学成分含量构建氨基酸SID预测方程,以期为我国饲料数据库的完善提供有力的数据支撑。

1 材料与方法

1.1 小麦次粉样品

本试验收集了全国各地的小麦次粉原料样本,经分类整理后,对其进行近红外分析,并对分析数据开展主成分分析与聚类分析。基于总能(GE)和粗蛋白质(CP)等主要因子,筛选出10种(WM1~WM10)小麦次粉原料样品用于后续试验,原料来源分别为:WM1(陕西杨凌)、WM2(江苏扬州)、WM3(四川成都)、WM4(山西襄汾)、WM5(山西襄汾)、WM6(四川成都)、WM7(江苏南京)、WM8(安徽淮南)、WM9(河南驻马店)、WM10(北京南口)。采用四分法收集10种小麦次粉原料样品,粉碎后过40目筛,保存待分析其物理特性和化学成分。

1.2 试验饲粮

试验饲粮是以10种不同来源的小麦次粉作为饲粮唯一的蛋白质来源,添加大豆油、矿物质、维生素等配制成的半纯合饲粮;无氮饲粮为参照《鸡饲养标准》(NY/T 33—2004),以葡萄糖、玉米淀粉为基础原料,补充矿物质、维生素等配制而成,确保除蛋白质外,其他营养成分均满足蛋鸡需要。试验饲粮和无氮饲粮组成见表1。饲粮经冷压制粒(粒径为4 mm)后自然风干,用于饲喂蛋鸡。
表1 试验饲粮和无氮饲粮组成(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition of experimental diet and nitrogen-free diet (air-dry basis)%

原料
Ingredients		 试验饲粮
Experimental
diet		 无氮饲粮
Nitrogen-free
diet
小麦次粉Wheat middings 87.81
葡萄糖Glucose 65.50
玉米淀粉Corn starch 22.04
碳酸氢钠NaHCO3 1.20
大豆油Soybean oil 2.00
石粉Limestone 8.00 8.00
磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 1.00 1.90
氯化钠NaCl 0.30
氯化钾KCl 0.40
氧化镁MgO 0.07
氯化胆碱
Choline chloride (50%)		 0.25 0.25
维生素预混料
Vitamin premix1)		 0.02 0.02
微量元素预混料
Mineral premix2)		 0.12 0.12
二氧化钛TiO2 0.50 0.50
合计Total 100.00 100.00

1)维生素预混料为每千克饲粮提供 Vitamin premix provided the following per kilogram of diets:VA 8 000 IU,VD 2 000 IU,VE 20 IU,VK 3.2 mg,VB1 2.0 mg,VB2 6.4 mg,VB6 4.0 mg,VB12 0.2 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 40 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 12 mg,VB6 4 mg,生物素 biotin 1.11 mg,叶酸 folic acid 1 mg。

2)矿物质预混料为每千克饲粮提供 Mineral premix provided the following per kilogram of diets:Fe (FeSO4·H2O) 40 mg,Cu (CuSO4·5H2O) 8 mg,Mn (MnSO4·H2O) 90 mg,Zn (ZnSO4·H2O) 80 mg,I (KI) 1.2 mg,Se (Na2SeO3) 0.2 mg。

1.3 试验动物及试验设计

动物试验程序经四川农业大学实验动物伦理与福利委员会批准(批准号:2023214068)。采用单因素试验设计,选用396只健康、体重和产蛋率相近的产蛋后期(75周龄)罗曼粉蛋鸡,随机分为11个组,每组6个重复,每个重复6只鸡。各组分别饲喂1种无氮饲粮和10种不同来源小麦次粉配制的半纯合试验饲粮,无氮饲粮和试验饲粮中均添加0.50%的二氧化钛(TiO2)作为外源指示剂,试验周期为3 d。蛋鸡饲养条件均按照常规饲养管理和免疫程序要求进行,试验期间蛋鸡自由采食和饮水。

1.4 样品采集

饲养试验结束后,在试验鸡自由采食状态下,使用二氧化碳气体将所有鸡只致晕,随后经颈动脉放血处死。迅速打开腹腔,分离回肠,对折后取回肠后段1/2(弃去最后2 cm),使用装有蒸馏水的25 mL注射器将回肠食糜冲入铝盒中,每个重复所有鸡只的食糜合并装入同一铝盒。收集的食糜样品于-20 ℃储存,随后放入冷冻干燥机中冻干,置室温下回潮24 h,粉碎备用。

1.5 指标测定及方法

小麦次粉原料GE采用氧弹测热法(GB/T 45104—2024)进行测定,干物质(DM)、粗灰分(Ash)、CP、粗脂肪(EE)、粗纤维(CF)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、钙(Ca)、总磷(TP)含量和容重(BD)分别参照GB/T 6435—2014、GB/T 6438—2007、GB/T 6432—2018、GB/T 6433—2006、GB/T 6434—2022、GB/T 20806—2022、NY/T 1459—2022、GB/T 6436—2018、GB/T 6437—2018和GB/T 54988—2013的方法进行测定,总淀粉(TS)含量使用南京建成生物工程研究所生产的试剂盒进行测定。小麦次粉原料、饲粮及回肠食糜的氨基酸含量使用全自动氨基酸分析仪(日立L-8900,日本)及高效液相色谱仪(Agilent HP-1100,美国)测定,具体操作步骤参照GB/T 18246—2019进行,TiO2含量参考邓雪娟等[12]的方法测定。

1.6 计算公式

相关指标计算公式如下:
氨基酸表观回肠消化率(AID,%)=100-100×[回肠食糜中氨基酸含量(mg/kg DM)×饲粮中TiO2含量(mg/kg DM)]/[饲粮中氨基酸含量(mg/kg DM)×回肠食糜中TiO2含量(mg/kg DM)];
回肠末端内源氨基酸损失量(mg/kg DM)=[无氮饲粮组回肠食糜中氨基酸含量(mg/kg DM)×无氮饲粮中TiO2含量(mg/kg DM)]/无氮饲粮组回肠食糜中TiO2含量(mg/kg DM);
氨基酸SID(%)=AID+100×回肠末端内源氨基酸损失量(mg/kg DM)/饲粮中氨基酸含量(mg/kg DM)。

1.7 数据分析

采用SAS 9.4软件中的一般线性模型(GLM)程序对试验数据进行单因素方差分析,并用Duncan氏法进行多重比较;利用Pearson程序对10种小麦次粉的物理特性、化学成分含量与氨基酸SID之间的相关性进行分析,并利用REG程序进行逐步回归分析,建立氨基酸SID的预测方程。P<0.05为差异显著,P<0.01为差异极显著。

2 结果与分析

2.1 不同来源小麦次粉的物理特性和化学成分含量

由表2可知,10种小麦次粉的CP、DM、Ash、EE、CF、ADF、NDF、GE、Ca、TP和TS含量分别为14.16%~17.96%[变异系数(CV)=9.25%]、86.86%~89.37%(CV=0.77%)、2.28%~4.52%(CV=20.25%)、2.54%~4.97%(CV=21.20%)、2.43%~10.68%(CV=48.14%)、2.65%~12.65%(CV=46.77%)、13.50%~36.30%(CV=27.47%)、12.08~13.92 MJ/kg(CV=5.07%)、0.06%~0.10%(CV=16.56%)、0.44%~0.75%(CV=18.20%)和18.21%~40.53%(CV=20.44%),BD为429.72~563.09 g/L(CV=7.49%)。
表2 不同来源小麦次粉的物理特性和化学成分含量(风干基础)

Table 2 Physical characteristic and chemical component contents of wheat middlings from different sources (air-dry basis)

项目
Items		 小麦次粉编号Wheat middings numbers 最大值
Max		 最小值
Min		 平均值
Mean		 均值
标准误
SEM		 变异系数
CV/%
WM1 WM2 WM3 WM4 WM5 WM6 WM7 WM8 WM9 WM10
粗蛋白质CP/% 14.18 15.21 17.52 17.79 17.96 14.93 17.52 17.74 15.59 14.16 17.96 14.16 16.26 1.503 9.25
干物质DM/% 89.17 86.86 89.37 89.06 88.56 88.40 88.05 88.95 88.40 88.75 89.37 86.86 88.56 0.684 0.77
粗灰分Ash/% 4.52 2.64 3.87 3.58 2.86 3.00 3.85 3.13 2.28 2.69 4.52 2.28 3.24 0.656 20.25
粗脂肪EE/% 2.86 2.90 4.97 3.63 4.04 3.33 3.41 4.38 2.54 2.81 4.97 2.54 3.49 0.739 21.20
粗纤维CF/% 10.68 3.06 5.35 4.75 2.56 4.19 4.66 4.19 2.43 4.24 10.68 2.43 4.61 2.220 48.14
酸性洗涤纤维ADF/% 12.65 4.18 6.34 5.10 3.32 5.28 5.31 5.26 2.65 5.18 12.65 2.65 5.53 2.585 46.77
中性洗涤纤维NDF/% 36.30 17.38 25.34 23.21 15.16 20.34 23.58 21.98 13.50 22.49 36.30 13.50 21.93 6.024 27.47
总能GE/(MJ/kg) 12.33 12.08 13.33 12.58 13.37 13.08 13.92 13.84 12.37 12.21 13.92 12.08 12.92 0.654 5.07
钙Ca/% 0.10 0.07 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.06 0.08 0.013 16.56
总磷TP/% 0.72 0.49 0.68 0.66 0.59 0.49 0.75 0.74 0.44 0.52 0.75 0.44 0.61 0.111 18.20
总淀粉TS/% 18.21 40.53 25.17 24.75 31.04 29.78 28.06 28.17 37.31 31.75 40.53 18.21 29.48 6.023 20.44
容重BD/(g/L) 478.62 528.76 474.91 454.27 488.92 507.99 458.97 494.16 563.09 429.72 563.09 429.72 487.94 36.570 7.49

2.2 不同来源小麦次粉中氨基酸含量

由表3可知,不同来源小麦次粉中氨基酸含量存在差异,其中精氨酸的变异程度最大,CV为12.92%;苯丙氨酸的变异程度最小,CV为4.76%。不同来源小麦次粉中蛋氨酸、赖氨酸、苏氨酸和色氨酸含量分别为0.21%~0.26%(CV=8.24%)、0.48%~0.69%(CV=11.34%)、0.42%~0.53%(CV=7.86%)和0.28%~0.38%(CV=10.61%),必需氨基酸含量平均值为5.59%,非必需氨基酸含量平均值为8.00%,总氨基酸含量平均值为13.59%。
表3 不同来源小麦次粉中氨基酸含量(风干基础)

Table 3 Amino acid contents of wheat middings from different sources (air-dry basis)%

项目
Items		 小麦次粉编号Wheat middings numbers 最大值
Max		 最小值
Min		 平均值
Mean		 均值
标准误
SEM		 变异系数
CV
WM1 WM2 WM3 WM4 WM5 WM6 WM7 WM8 WM9 WM10
蛋氨酸Met 0.21 0.23 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.22 0.24 0.23 0.21 0.22 0.26 0.21 0.23 0.019 8.24
赖氨酸Lys 0.60 0.49 0.66 0.69 0.62 0.54 0.61 0.66 0.48 0.58 0.69 0.48 0.59 0.067 11.34
苏氨酸Thr 0.48 0.42 0.53 0.52 0.50 0.45 0.49 0.52 0.43 0.45 0.53 0.42 0.48 0.038 7.86
色氨酸Trp 0.31 0.31 0.38 0.36 0.31 0.28 0.30 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.38 0.28 0.34 0.036 10.61
精氨酸Arg 1.08 0.89 1.15 1.19 1.08 0.94 1.13 1.02 0.77 0.87 1.19 0.77 1.01 0.131 12.92
异亮氨酸Ile 0.44 0.40 0.47 0.46 0.46 0.42 0.45 0.47 0.44 0.43 0.47 0.40 0.44 0.022 5.02
亮氨酸Leu 0.87 0.80 0.94 0.93 0.94 0.86 0.90 0.96 0.89 0.87 0.96 0.80 0.90 0.046 5.17
缬氨酸Val 0.65 0.55 0.69 0.69 0.67 0.61 0.66 0.69 0.59 0.62 0.69 0.55 0.64 0.046 7.19
组氨酸His 0.39 0.33 0.42 0.42 0.39 0.36 0.39 0.41 0.36 0.37 0.42 0.33 0.38 0.027 7.07
苯丙氨酸Phe 0.56 0.51 0.59 0.58 0.60 0.55 0.58 0.60 0.58 0.55 0.60 0.51 0.57 0.027 4.76
必需氨基酸EAA 5.59 4.93 6.09 6.10 5.83 5.23 5.75 5.93 5.12 5.33 6.10 4.93 5.59 0.417 7.45
甘氨酸Gly 0.71 0.59 0.76 0.76 0.70 0.64 0.73 0.78 0.62 0.66 0.78 0.59 0.70 0.063 9.06
丝氨酸Ser 0.62 0.57 0.67 0.66 0.67 0.62 0.66 0.69 0.62 0.61 0.69 0.57 0.64 0.034 5.27
脯氨酸Pro 0.92 0.95 0.97 0.96 1.13 1.03 0.98 0.92 1.08 0.89 1.13 0.89 0.98 0.071 7.22
丙氨酸Ala 0.70 0.57 0.77 0.78 0.72 0.64 0.71 0.74 0.56 0.66 0.78 0.56 0.68 0.073 10.61
天冬氨酸Asp 1.00 0.79 1.07 1.11 1.00 0.87 0.98 1.03 0.82 0.94 1.11 0.79 0.96 0.101 10.48
谷氨酸Glu 2.94 3.03 3.05 3.04 3.48 3.20 3.15 3.27 3.55 3.02 3.55 2.94 3.17 0.193 6.09
半胱氨酸Cys 0.34 0.38 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.41 0.40 0.39 0.43 0.42 0.43 0.34 0.41 0.028 6.87
酪氨酸Tyr 0.45 0.42 0.48 0.48 0.47 0.45 0.48 0.49 0.46 0.44 0.49 0.42 0.46 0.022 4.85
非必需氨基酸NEAA 7.68 7.30 8.20 8.22 8.60 7.86 8.09 8.31 8.14 7.64 8.60 7.30 8.00 0.362 4.77
总氨基酸TAA 13.27 12.23 14.29 14.32 14.43 13.09 13.84 14.24 13.26 12.97 14.43 12.23 13.59 0.701 5.43

2.3 不同来源小麦次粉对产蛋后期蛋鸡氨基酸AID和SID的影响

由表4可知,不同来源小麦次粉对产蛋后期蛋鸡除色氨酸外的17种氨基酸AID有显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)影响。必需氨基酸中,精氨酸AID平均值最高,为77.89%(69.20%~83.50%),其中WM10组精氨酸AID极显著高于WM5和WM6组(P<0.01);苏氨酸AID平均值最低,为52.55%(34.56%~61.81%),其中WM3和WM10组苏氨酸AID极显著高于WM2、WM5、WM6和WM9组(P<0.01)。非必需氨基酸中,谷氨酸AID平均值最高,为83.04%(77.49%~87.07%),其中WM10组谷氨酸AID显著高于WM4、WM5和WM6组(P<0.05);天冬氨酸AID平均值最低,为60.12%(48.37%~68.92%),其中WM3、WM4和WM10组天冬氨酸AID极显著高于WM2、WM5、WM6和WM9组(P<0.01)。
表4 产蛋后期蛋鸡对不同来源小麦次粉的氨基酸AID

Table 4 Amino acids AID of wheat middings from different sources in laying hens during late laying period%

项目
Items		 小麦次粉编号Wheat middings numbers 最大值
Max		 最小值
Min		 平均值
Mean		 均值
标准误
SEM		 变异
系数
CV		 P值
P-value
WM1 WM2 WM3 WM4 WM5 WM6 WM7 WM8 WM9 WM10
必需氨基酸EAA
蛋氨酸Met 57.89Aab 57.14Aab 60.04Aab 63.27Aa 30.77Bc 43.82ABbc 56.66Aab 63.75Aa 49.01ABab 60.67Aab 63.75 30.77 54.30 1.776 24.54 0.002
赖氨酸Lys 56.31ABCbcd 58.49ABCbc 73.09Aa 66.94Aab 43.57Cd 48.33BCcd 69.57Aab 64.99ABab 48.55BCcd 69.01Aab 73.09 43.57 59.88 1.146 17.88 <0.001
苏氨酸Thr 53.40ABCab 48.62BCDbc 61.81Aa 60.43ABa 34.56Ed 44.25CDEbc 59.48ABa 61.16ABa 40.22DEcd 61.60Aa 61.81 34.56 52.55 0.563 14.27 <0.001
色氨酸Trp 88.81 89.37 91.33 91.12 86.59 88.75 86.63 92.48 87.67 88.81 92.48 86.59 89.15 0.201 5.03 0.334
精氨酸Arg 76.63ABCabc 79.05ABab 81.32ABa 81.43ABa 69.20Cd 71.92BCcd 80.47ABab 81.66ABa 73.73ABCbcd 83.50Aa 83.50 69.20 77.89 0.310 7.15 <0.001
异亮氨酸Ile 64.34ABCabc 66.16ABCabc 73.96Aa 68.70ABab 52.21Cd 56.53Ccd 66.26ABCabc 70.32a 58.94ABbcd 71.99ABa 73.96 52.21 64.94 0.704 12.92 <0.001
亮氨酸Leu 69.66ABabcd 72.10ABabc 74.75Aab 74.32Aab 61.22Bd 64.56ABcd 71.12ABabc 75.07ABAab 66.27ABbcd 77.10Aa 77.10 61.22 70.61 0.550 10.50 0.008
缬氨酸Val 69.17ABCab 69.77ABCab 77.12Aa 73.54ABa 58.45Dc 61.20CDc 69.60ABCab 74.83Aa 62.80BCDbc 75.49Aa 77.12 58.45 69.20 0.410 9.25 <0.001
组氨酸His 75.29ABCabc 77.62ABCab 79.19ABa 79.50ABa 65.97Dd 68.71CDcd 77.17ABCab 79.75ABa 71.26BCDbcd 81.09Aa 81.09 65.97 75.55 0.299 7.24 <0.001
苯丙氨酸Phe 70.32abc 73.73ab 75.51ab 75.27ab 64.24c 66.45bc 71.88abc 76.04a 68.96abc 77.95a 77.95 64.24 72.03 0.473 9.54 0.017
非必需氨基酸NEAA
甘氨酸Gly 68.23ABa 69.25ABa 73.76Aa 72.97Aa 60.85Bb 60.90Bb 71.46Aa 73.98Aa 60.82Bb 74.25Aa 74.25 60.82 68.65 0.291 7.86 <0.001
丝氨酸Ser 65.55ABab 64.37ABab 71.61Aa 64.59ABab 53.75Bc 53.48Bc 70.73Aab 71.72Aa 59.98ABbc 73.25Aa 73.25 53.48 64.90 0.709 12.97 <0.001
脯氨酸Pro 79.37abc 84.18ab 83.91ab 79.44abc 75.61c 77.64bc 82.11abc 85.92a 82.29abc 86.07a 86.07 75.61 81.65 0.273 6.40 0.011
丙氨酸Ala 67.97ABa 65.81ABCab 73.16Aa 73.69Aa 57.20BCc 58.80BCbc 68.62ABa 72.89Aa 55.72Cc 72.93Aa 73.69 55.72 66.68 0.470 10.28 <0.001
天冬氨酸Asp 62.97ABab 55.27BCbc 68.85Aa 68.81Aa 48.53Cc 50.02Cc 62.64ABab 66.80ABa 48.37Cc 68.92Aa 68.92 48.37 60.12 0.575 12.61 <0.001
谷氨酸Glu 82.57abcd 85.41abc 85.30abc 79.83bcd 77.49d 79.40cd 84.11abc 86.39ab 82.79abcd 87.07a 87.07 77.49 83.04 0.246 5.98 0.017
半胱氨酸Cys 75.98ABCab 77.13ABab 78.26ABa 73.33ABCabc 66.75Cc 69.74BCbc 74.52ABCab 81.15Aa 75.18ABCab 80.19Aa 81.15 66.75 75.22 0.355 7.92 0.003
酪氨酸Tyr 70.21ab 70.46ab 74.39a 69.28ab 61.14b 64.75ab 70.56ab 74.13a 62.25b 75.25a 75.25 61.14 69.24 0.600 11.60 0.028

同行数据肩标无字母或相同小写字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。表6同。

In the same row, values with no letter or the same small letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), and with different capital letter superscripts mean extremely significant difference (P<0.01). The same as table 6.

由表5可知,产蛋后期罗曼粉蛋鸡的回肠末端内源氨基酸损失量为97.04~1 295.22 mg/kg DM。必需氨基酸内源损失量为97.04~758.26 mg/kg DM,其中色氨酸内源损失量最低,亮氨酸内源损失量最高;非必需氨基酸内源损失量为109.40~1 295.22 mg/kg DM,其中半胱氨酸内源损失量最低,谷氨酸内源损失量最高。
表5 产蛋后期蛋鸡的回肠末端内源氨基酸损失量

Table 5 Endogenous amino acid losses at the end of ileum in laying hens during late laying periodmg/kg DM

项目
Items		 回肠末端内源氨基酸损失量
Endogenous amino acid
losses at the end of ileum
必需氨基酸EAA
蛋氨酸Met 266.91
赖氨酸Lys 668.93
苏氨酸Thr 609.97
色氨酸Trp 97.04
精氨酸Arg 646.13
异亮氨酸Ile 449.74
亮氨酸Leu 758.26
缬氨酸Val 556.23
组氨酸His 241.35
苯丙氨酸Phe 436.98
非必需氨基酸NEAA
甘氨酸Gly 486.16
丝氨酸Ser 621.19
脯氨酸Pro 483.20
丙氨酸Ala 524.69
天冬氨酸Asp 898.59
谷氨酸Glu 1 295.22
半胱氨酸Cys 109.43
酪氨酸Tyr 407.77
由表6可知,不同来源小麦次粉对产蛋后期蛋鸡除色氨酸外的17种氨基酸SID有显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)影响。必需氨基酸中,赖氨酸SID平均值为78.82%(55.33%~82.48%),其中WM7和WM10组赖氨酸SID极显著高于WM5和WM9组(P<0.01);苏氨酸SID平均值最低,为67.36%(48.14%~77.24%),其中WM5、WM6和WM9组苏氨酸SID极显著低于其他7组(P<0.01)。非必需氨基酸中,谷氨酸SID平均值最高,为87.98%(81.69%~92.17%),其中WM8和WM10组谷氨酸SID显著高于WM5和WM6组(P<0.05);天冬氨酸SID平均值最低,为71.29%(58.42%~80.02%),其中WM5和WM6组天冬氨酸SID极显著低于WM10组(P<0.01)。蛋氨酸SID的CV最大,为22.70%,其余氨基酸SID的CV均不超过15%。
表6 产蛋后期蛋鸡对不同来源小麦次粉的氨基酸SID

Table 6 Amino acids SID of wheat middings from different sources in laying hens during late laying period%

项目
Items		 小麦次粉编号Wheat middings numbers 最大值
Max		 最小值
Min		 平均值
Mean		 均值
标准误
SEM		 变异系数
CV		 P值
P-Value
WM1 WM2 WM3 WM4 WM5 WM6 WM7 WM8 WM9 WM10
必需氨基酸EAA
蛋氨酸Met 83.16Aa 75.08ABa 79.53ABa 71.42ABab 42.73Cc 53.84BCbc 74.26ABa 82.40Aa 66.19ABCab 82.37Aa 83.16 42.73 71.10 2.606 22.70 <0.001
赖氨酸Lys 71.69ABCab 72.51ABCab 79.17ABa 77.67ABa 55.33Cc 68.15ABCabc 81.35Aa 77.97ABa 61.86BCbc 82.48Aa 82.48 55.33 78.82 1.100 14.89 <0.001
苏氨酸Thr 71.40Aa 68.42Aa 75.64Aa 73.32Aa 48.14Bb 55.67Bb 73.02Aa 76.15Aa 54.59Bb 77.24Aa 77.24 48.14 67.36 0.700 12.80 <0.001
色氨酸Trp 92.05 92.27 75.69 93.71 89.39 91.46 89.66 95.25 90.71 91.71 95.25 75.69 90.19 1.535 13.74 0.357
精氨酸Arg 85.34ABCabc 86.86ABCab 88.25ABab 83.27ABCabcd 76.11Cd 77.26BCcd 87.01ABCab 88.92ABab 81.15ABCbcd 91.29Aa 91.29 76.11 84.55 0.458 8.01 0.003
异亮氨酸Ile 78.56ABabc 78.23ABabc 81.27ABab 79.52ABabc 62.89Cd 68.38BCcd 77.18ABCabc 82.26ABa 69.94ABCbcd 84.45Aa 84.45 62.89 76.27 0.806 11.77 0.002
亮氨酸Leu 81.49ABab 82.10ABab 84.20Aab 83.21ABab 70.08Bc 70.26Bc 80.18ABabc 85.06Aab 75.37ABbc 87.51Aa 87.51 70.08 79.95 0.644 10.04 0.002
缬氨酸Val 80.87ABCa 79.95ABCab 83.28ABa 82.20ABCa 67.50Dd 71.16CDcd 78.58ABCDabc 84.43Aa 72.01BCDbcd 85.77Aa 85.77 67.50 78.58 0.467 8.69 <0.001
组氨酸His 83.67ABCabc 84.83ABab 85.95ABab 81.51ABCabc 72.59Cd 75.67BCcd 70.73ABCabcd 86.90ABab 78.01ABCbcd 88.72Aa 88.72 72.59 81.86 0.451 8.21 0.002
苯丙氨酸Phe 81.32abc 82.86ab 84.30a 78.11abc 69.28c 71.54bc 80.15abc 85.24a 81.44abc 87.46a 87.46 69.28 80.17 0.898 11.82 0.033
非必需氨基酸NEAA
甘氨酸Gly 77.63ABa 77.75ABa 81.13Aa 79.88Aa 68.39Bb 69.07Bb 75.66ABab 82.05Aa 68.63Bb 82.83Aa 82.83 68.39 76.30 0.343 7.67 <0.001
丝氨酸Ser 79.46ABCa 78.80ABCab 82.51ABa 80.28ABCa 64.04Dd 69.57CDcd 77.38ABCabc 83.18Aa 70.32BCDbcd 85.07Aa 85.07 64.04 77.06 0.511 9.27 <0.001
脯氨酸Pro 86.95ABabc 89.61Aab 89.67Aab 84.94ABabc 80.49Bc 82.79ABbc 87.29ABabc 91.30Aa 86.65ABabc 91.77Aa 91.77 80.49 87.15 0.273 6.00 0.007
丙氨酸Ala 78.50ABa 75.43ABCDab 81.30Aa 81.19Aa 65.37CDc 67.88BCDbc 76.65ABCa 81.83Aa 64.59Dc 82.25Aa 82.25 64.59 75.50 0.470 9.08 <0.001
天冬氨酸Asp 75.47ABCa 70.78ABCa 78.71ABa 78.32ABCa 58.42Cb 61.25BCb 72.60ABCa 77.97ABa 59.31ABCb 80.02Aa 80.02 58.42 71.29 0.007 11.33 <0.001
谷氨酸Glu 88.72ab 90.06ab 90.29ab 86.26abc 81.69c 83.93bc 88.57ab 91.27a 86.85abc 92.17a 92.17 81.69 87.98 0.264 5.84 0.019
半胱氨酸Cys 85.10ABa 85.34ABa 85.72ABa 80.51ABCabc 73.32Cc 77.13BCbc 81.22ABCab 88.21Aa 82.00ABCab 87.65Aa 88.21 73.32 82.62 0.355 7.21 0.001
酪氨酸Tyr 83.48Aa 81.54ABa 85.05Aa 84.90Aa 71.18Bb 71.46Bb 84.55Aa 85.51Aa 72.59Bb 86.78Aa 86.78 71.18 80.70 0.427 8.10 <0.001

2.4 小麦次粉物理特性和化学成分含量与产蛋后期蛋鸡氨基酸SID的相关性分析

由表7可知,小麦次粉BD与赖氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和酪氨酸SID呈显著负相关(P<0.05),与苏氨酸和缬氨酸SID呈负相关趋势(0.05<P<0.10);小麦次粉NDF含量与天冬氨酸SID呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。
表7 小麦次粉物理特性和化学成分含量与产蛋后期蛋鸡氨基酸SID的相关性分析(干物质基础)

Table 7 Correlation analysis between physical characteristic and chemical component contents of wheat middlings in laying hens during late laying period (DM basis)

项目
Items		 粗蛋
白质
CP		 干物质
DM		 粗灰分
Ash		 粗脂肪
EE		 粗纤维
CF		 酸性洗
涤纤维
ADF		 中性洗
涤纤维
NDF		 总能
GE		 钙
Ca		 总磷
TP		 总淀粉
TS		 容重
BD
蛋氨酸SID Met SID -0.225 0.184 0.389 -0.037 0.497 0.488 0.596* -0.177 0.309 0.414 -0.275 -0.343
赖氨酸SID Lys SID -0.001 0.163 0.399 0.158 0.297 0.277 0.496 0.100 0.322 0.470 -0.301 -0.657**
苏氨酸SID Thr SID 0.006 0.244 0.475 0.190 0.428 0.413 0.600* 0.017 0.438 0.562* -0.380 -0.627*
色氨酸SID Trp SID -0.243 -0.290 -0.269 -0.557* -0.043 -0.035 -0.092 -0.225 -0.288 -0.117 0.158 0.107
精氨酸SID Arg SID -0.116 0.072 0.225 0.065 0.258 0.261 0.408 -0.064 0.210 0.366 -0.101 -0.458
异亮氨酸SID Ile SID -0.109 0.211 0.336 0.101 0.372 0.362 0.527 -0.127 0.342 0.413 -0.265 -0.539
亮氨酸SID Leu SID -0.046 0.202 0.274 0.103 0.305 0.292 0.452 -0.164 0.339 0.397 -0.206 -0.531
缬氨酸SID Val SID -0.065 0.262 0.360 0.157 0.387 0.379 0.545 -0.110 0.391 0.450 -0.310 -0.576*
组氨酸SID His SID -0.315 0.239 0.015 0.076 0.259 0.287 0.326 -0.423 0.181 0.023 -0.070 -0.215
苯丙氨酸SID Phe SID -0.228 0.080 0.060 -0.068 0.196 0.193 0.292 -0.229 0.043 0.169 0.027 -0.211
甘氨酸SID Gly SID 0.032 0.278 0.356 0.271 0.343 0.342 0.512 -0.053 0.432 0.486 -0.318 -0.634**
丝氨酸SID Ser SID -0.103 0.238 0.349 0.133 0.384 0.377 0.541 -0.118 0.360 0.421 -0.287 -0.548
脯氨酸SID Pro SID -0.210 -0.007 0.011 0.006 0.126 0.142 0.245 -0.133 -0.034 0.166 0.088 -0.210
丙氨酸SID Ala SID 0.067 0.344 0.502 0.296 0.448 0.437 0.622 0.023 0.539 0.596 -0.461 -0.712**
天冬氨酸SID Asp SID 0.038 0.363 0.504 0.259 0.464 0.448 0.632** -0.021 0.551 0.577 -0.463 -0.707**
谷氨酸SID Glu SID -0.236 0.025 0.131 -0.010 0.242 0.255 0.363 -0.144 0.084 0.243 -0.014 -0.287
半胱氨酸SID Cys SID -0.287 0.103 0.135 -0.026 0.313 0.327 0.401 -0.219 0.085 0.218 -0.060 -0.186
酪氨酸SID Tyr SID 0.066 0.237 0.489 0.193 0.422 0.404 0.590* 0.014 0.497 0.604* -0.386 -0.673**

*表示有相关趋势(0.05<P<0.10),**表示显著相关(P<0.05)。

* indicated a trendence correction (0.05<P<0.10), ** indicated significant correction (P<0.05).

2.5 基于小麦次粉物理特性和化学成分含量的产蛋后期蛋鸡氨基酸SID预测方程

通过逐步回归分析,建立了小麦次粉物理特性及化学成分含量对产蛋后期蛋鸡氨基酸SID)的预测方程(表8)。结果显示,除色氨酸外,其余9种必需氨基酸SID均能利用相关性较高的预测因子进行预测,且各个氨基酸SID的预测方程效果都较好。赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、亮氨酸、组氨酸和苯丙氨酸SID预测方程的决定系数(R2)均高于0.900。其中,赖氨酸SID预测方程(Lys SID=-36.50-9.91ADF+5.83NDF+1.23TS)的拟合程度最高(R2=0.965,P<0.01)。
表8 基于小麦次粉物理特性和化学成分含量的产蛋后期蛋鸡氨基酸SID预测方程(干物质基础)

Table 8 Predicting equations of amino acids SID based on physical characteristic and chemical component contents of wheat middlings in laying hens during late laying period (DM basis)

预测方程Prediction equations 决定系数R2 P值P-value
Lys SID=-36.50-9.91ADF+5.83NDF+1.23TS 0.965 <0.001
His SID=-107.50+10.32CP-29.00Ash+5.97NDF-90.14TP+1.30TS 0.927 0.005
Leu SID=-816.95+2.77CP+8.36DM+2.49NDF+3.00TS-64.48BD 0.915 0.029
Phe SID=-1 073.67+2.58CP+10.75DM+2.71NDF+3.39TS 0.912 0.008
Met SID=-1 863.02+18.29DM+4.15NDF+86.01TP+5.80TS 0.903 0.001
Thr SID=-57.64-9.89ADF+6.29NDF+1.42TS 0.894 0.003
Val SID=-491.95+5.35DM-6.51CF+3.81NDF+1.46TS 0.866 0.021
Arg SID=-720.93+2.65CP+7.14DM+2.35NDF+2.667TS 0.848 0.028
Ile SID=-1.88-12.22Ash-9.09ADF+5.78NDF+84.52BD 0.837 0.033

Lys:赖氨酸 lysine;His:组氨酸 histidine;Leu:亮氨酸 leucine;Phe:苯丙氨酸 phenylalanine;Met:蛋氨酸 methionine;Thr:苏氨酸 threonine;Val:缬氨酸 valine;Arg:精氨酸 arginine;Ile:异亮氨酸 isoleucine;SID:标准回肠消化率 standardized ileal digestibility;ADF:酸性洗涤纤维 acid detergent fiber;NDF:中性洗涤纤维 neutral detergent fiber;TS:总淀粉 total starch;CP:粗蛋白质 crude protein;Ash:粗灰分 crude ash;TP:总磷 total phosphorus;DM:干物质 dry matter;BD:容重 bulk density;CF:粗纤维 crude fiber。

2.6 小麦次粉对产蛋后期蛋鸡氨基酸SID预测方程的验证

利用SAS 9.4软件随机抽取样本WM1对上述预测方程的有效性进行验证。将WM1小麦次粉的化学成分代入预测方程,得到氨基酸SID的预测值,并与实测值进行对比,以预测值与实测值的相对偏差作为评价指标,结果见表9。验证结果表明,所有氨基酸SID预测值的相对偏差为0.10%~3.60%。其中,苏氨酸的相对偏差最小,蛋氨酸的相对偏差最大。
表9 小麦次粉WM1对产蛋后期蛋鸡氨基酸SID预测方程的验证

Table 9 Validation of amino acids SID prediction equations of laying hens during late laying period with wheat middling WM1%

项目Items 预测值Predicted value 实测值Measured value 相对偏差Relative deviation
蛋氨酸SID Met SID 86.21 83.16 3.60
赖氨酸SID Lys SID 72.22 71.69 0.69
苏氨酸SID Thr SID 71.33 71.40 0.10
精氨酸SID Arg SID 87.26 85.34 2.22
异亮氨酸SID Ile SID 78.45 78.56 0.13
亮氨酸SID Leu SID 81.69 81.49 0.24
缬氨酸SID Val SID 80.60 80.87 0.33
组氨酸SID His SID 83.39 83.67 0.33
苯丙氨酸SID Phe SID 82.16 81.32 1.03

3 讨论

3.1 不同来源小麦次粉的物理特性、化学成分和氨基酸含量

本试验中,10种不同来源的小麦次粉在化学成分含量上存在差异,其中EE、Ash、CF、NDF和ADF含量的CV较大,这与Tahir等[13]的研究结果类似。他们发现EE含量的CV为18.05%,且ADF、NDF和Ash含量的CV也较大,这一规律在玉米、小麦等饲料原料中同样存在[8,14]。
本试验测得的DM、GE、Ca和TP含量与《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2024年第35版)》[15]中的数值相近,但CP含量(平均值为16.26%)略高于该表给出的范围(12.90%~14.90%),不过Cromwell等[16]测得的小麦次粉CP含量(16.20%)与本试验结果相似。Cromwell等[16]还测定了小麦次粉的BD,结果为289.00~365.00 g/L,与本试验测得结果(429.72~563.09 g/L)存在差异,其原因可能是:1)小麦次粉原料中面粉附着在麸皮上的比例不同;2)本试验所用样品在储存、运输过程中受到挤压,导致密度和BD增加;3)产地及小麦次粉加工工艺等不同。本试验测得的小麦次粉TS含量平均值比《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2024年第35版)》[15]中数值低7.22%,且TS含量的CV较大,为20.44%,这可能是因为原料中的化学成分含量取决于小麦麸皮和糊粉层的含量,外表层含量越多,氨基酸和纤维含量越高,淀粉含量则越低[17]。作为小麦的副产物,小麦次粉的化学成分含量与小麦来源、品种、生长及储存环境,以及小麦制粉时终端面粉产品的需求等因素有关[18]。
本试验中,不同来源小麦次粉的18种氨基酸含量也存在差异,但氨基酸含量均在《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2024年第35版)》[15]给出的范围内。在必需氨基酸中,本试验测得的精氨酸含量最高(平均值为1.01%),其CV也最大,为12.92%,蛋氨酸含量最少(平均值为0.23%)。与之相似,有研究通过近红外光谱(NIRS)测得小麦次粉的氨基酸含量,其中蛋氨酸、半胱氨酸、赖氨酸、苏氨酸、色氨酸、精氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸和缬氨酸含量分别为0.24%、0.34%、0.64%、0.51%、0.26%、1.07%、0.50%、0.98%和0.73%[19]。

3.2 不同来源小麦次粉对产蛋后期蛋鸡氨基酸AID和SID的影响

本试验结果表明,不同来源小麦次粉对产蛋后期蛋鸡的大部分氨基酸AID存在显著影响。其中,谷氨酸AID平均值最高,为83.04%,这与小麦次粉在肉鸡[20]上的AID研究结果一致。谷氨酸AID较高的原因可能在于,其作为肠道能量的重要来源,能够在动物体内通过转氨作用转化为更多氨基酸[21]。在AID的基础上,通过估算内源损失可获得SID,进而准确估算氨基酸消化率。产蛋后期蛋鸡的氨基酸内源损失中谷氨酸损失量最高,为1 295.22 mg/kg DM,其次是天冬氨酸,为898.59 mg/kg DM,这一规律与Mohamed等[22]在16周龄蛋鸡上的研究结果一致。另有研究表明,30与50周龄蛋鸡的氨基酸内源损失量没有显著差异[23],说明该规律适用于蛋鸡大部分生理阶段,但需注意其仅体现不同氨基酸内源损失量的高低排序而非具体含量。黏蛋白是影响氨基酸内源损失的重要因素,其不断分泌与更新,且消化速度常低于分泌速度,导致在回肠末端堆积,进而影响某些氨基酸(如苏氨酸)的表观消化率。这也是本试验中苏氨酸AID较低的原因[24]。本试验中谷氨酸内源损失量较高,可能是因为蛋鸡采食无氮饲粮时,正常的蛋白质代谢受到干扰,导致谷氨酰胺代谢生成谷氨酸,最终使回肠末端测得的谷氨酸损失量偏高[25-26]。
本试验结果表明,不同来源小麦次粉对产蛋后期蛋鸡除色氨酸外的其他氨基酸SID均存在显著影响。其中,必需氨基酸蛋氨酸、赖氨酸、苏氨酸SID平均值分别为71.10%、78.82%、67.36%,这与《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2024年第35版)》中给出的数值(85.00%、82.00%、77.00%)及Adedokun等[27]测得的50周龄蛋鸡对小麦次粉中蛋氨酸、赖氨酸、苏氨酸的SID分别为68.2%、64.6%、52.2%的结果存在一定差异,推测这可能与动物品种及小麦次粉来源不同有关。此外,采样部位也会影响氨基酸SID。Hamstreet[28]研究发现,在全肠道测得的消化率通常高于小肠末端。黄强[29]研究表明,小麦次粉的氨基酸含量及其与化学成分的结构关系,尤其是与纤维之间的相互空间结构,是影响氨基酸消化率的重要因素之一。从本试验来看,小麦次粉来源对氨基酸SID的影响尚未呈现明确规律,WM10(北京南口)的大多数氨基酸SID较高,WM5(山西襄汾)的大多数氨基酸SID较低,而与WM5同一产地的WM4,其氨基酸SID则大多高于各产地平均值。这似乎表明,氨基酸SID不仅与小麦次粉产地相关,还可能受其他因素影响,但由于相同产地样本量较少,暂无法得出确切结论。

3.3 产蛋后期蛋鸡小麦次粉氨基酸SID预测方程的构建及验证

利用原料的物理特性及化学成分含量来预测氨基酸SID,能够节省一定的人力物力。本试验结果表明,针对产蛋后期蛋鸡对小麦次粉的氨基酸SID,可利用DM、CF、ADF、NDF、TS和BD等作为预测因子构建预测模型。这与黄强[29]研究中猪对小麦次粉氨基酸SID的主要预测因子(CP、CF)不同,但与孙久鹏等[30]及潘泳霖等[31]的研究结果存在相似性。孙久鹏等[30]发现CF、NDF、ADF可作为肉鸡菜籽粕氨基酸SID方程的预测因子;潘泳霖等[31]则利用ADF、NDF、EE、TS等成功预测了育雏期蛋鸡对玉米的氨基酸SID。本试验基于小麦次粉的物理特性和化学成分含量,构建了除色氨酸外的9种必需氨基酸SID的预测方程。其中,赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、亮氨酸、组氨酸和苯丙氨酸SID预测方程的R2均高于0.900,采用实测值与预测值的相对偏差验证模型可行性[32],结果显示9种必需氨基酸的相对偏差均小于10%。

4 结论

① 10种不同来源小麦次粉的物理特性及化学成分含量变异较大,其中Ash、EE、CF、NDF、ADF和TS含量CV均在20%以上。小麦次粉氨基酸中蛋氨酸含量最少,平均值为0.23%(0.21%~0.26%),谷氨酸含量最多,平均值为3.17%(2.94%~3.55%),总氨基酸含量平均值为13.59%(12.23%~14.43%)。
② 产蛋后期蛋鸡对小麦次粉中氨基酸SID的平均值为67.36%~90.19%,其中苏氨酸SID(48.14%~77.24%)最低,色氨酸SID(75.69%~95.25%)最高。蛋氨酸SID的CV最大,为22.70%,其余氨基酸SID的CV均不超过15%。
③ 本试验中建立的预测方程中赖氨酸SID预测方程(Lys SID=-36.50-9.91ADF+5.83NDF+1.23TS)的拟合程度最高(R2=0.965,P<0.01),预测值与实际值相对偏差为0.69%,其余氨基酸R2在0.800以上,相对偏差为0.10%~3.60%。

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