1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
1.2 试验方法
1.2.1 发酵海藻饲料生产工艺
1.2.2 单因素试验
1.2.3 响应面试验
表1 响应面试验的因素与水平设计Table 1 Factor and level design of response surface test |
| 水平 Levels | 因素Factors | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EM复合菌添加量 EM complex bacteria addition amount (A)/% | 纤维素酶添加量 Cellulase addition amount (B)/% | 发酵温度 Fermentation temperature (C)/℃ | 发酵时间 Fermentation time (D)/d | |
| 1 | 20 | 5 | 40 | 9 |
| 0 | 15 | 4 | 35 | 7 |
| -1 | 10 | 3 | 30 | 5 |
1.2.4 海藻饲料质量评价
1.2.4.1 营养成分测定
1.2.4.2 发酵海藻饲料微生物指标测定
1.2.4.3 发酵海藻饲料的感官评价
表2 发酵海藻饲料的感官评价标准Table 2 Sensory evaluation criteria of fermented seaweed feed[17] |
| 项目Items | 评分标准Scoring standard | 得分Score |
|---|---|---|
外观Appearance (20) | 与原料相似,呈褐色,颗粒大小适度,具有饲料应有的形状 | 16~20 |
| 略有变色,呈深褐色或淡黄色,颗粒较大或较小,形状尚可 | 10~15 | |
| 变色严重,呈墨色或浅黄色,颗粒太大或太小,形状很差 | <10 | |
气味Smell (30) | 有典型的碘味,散发干草味,具有发酵后的酸香气,微带腥味 | 26~30 |
| 微弱的碘味和干草味,发酵酸香气较弱,腥味较重 | 20~25 | |
| 无明显碘味,微弱的干草味,发酵酸香气很弱,腥味很重 | <20 | |
质地Texture (35) | 松散均匀,无结块,略带黏性,紧握成团 | 31~35 |
| 松散较均匀,黏性较大或稍有结块,紧握很难成团或紧握成团用力可散开 | 25~30 | |
| 质地不均匀,黏性很大或有较多结块,紧握无法成团或成团后无法散开 | <25 | |
杂质Impurity (15) | 无霉变、虫蛀或异物 | 11~15 |
| 有少量霉变、虫蛀或异物 | 5~10 | |
| 有较多霉变、虫蛀或异物 | <5 |
1.3 数据统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 单因素试验
2.1.1 物料含水量的影响
2.1.2 EM复合菌添加量的影响
2.1.3 纤维素酶添加量的影响
2.1.4 发酵温度的影响
2.1.5 发酵时间的影响
2.2 响应面试验
2.2.1 响应面试验结果
表3 响应面试验结果Table 3 Results of response surface test |
| 序号 Serial numbers | EM复合菌添加量 EM complex bacteria addition amount (A)/% | 纤维素酶添加量 Cellulase addition amount (B)/% | 发酵温度 Fermentation temperature (C)/℃ | 发酵时间 Fermentation time (D)/d | 粗纤维含量 Crude fiber content (Y1)/% | 粗蛋白质含量 Crude protein content (Y2)/% | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10 | 3 | 35 | 7 | 16.71 | 13.82 | |||||||
| 2 | 15 | 3 | 40 | 7 | 16.66 | 12.31 | |||||||
| 3 | 15 | 4 | 35 | 7 | 14.92 | 16.17 | |||||||
| 4 | 15 | 5 | 35 | 5 | 16.30 | 13.33 | |||||||
| 5 | 20 | 4 | 30 | 7 | 15.98 | 11.52 | |||||||
| 6 | 15 | 3 | 30 | 7 | 16.51 | 11.51 | |||||||
| 7 | 15 | 4 | 40 | 9 | 16.27 | 14.65 | |||||||
| 8 | 15 | 4 | 35 | 7 | 14.62 | 16.72 | |||||||
| 9 | 20 | 3 | 35 | 7 | 16.01 | 12.08 | |||||||
| 10 | 20 | 4 | 35 | 9 | 15.28 | 13.84 | |||||||
| 11 | 20 | 4 | 35 | 5 | 15.93 | 13.33 | |||||||
| 12 | 10 | 4 | 35 | 5 | 16.07 | 13.52 | |||||||
| 13 | 15 | 4 | 35 | 7 | 14.74 | 16.21 | |||||||
| 14 | 10 | 4 | 35 | 9 | 16.29 | 15.29 | |||||||
| 15 | 15 | 4 | 30 | 9 | 15.78 | 13.95 | |||||||
| 16 | 15 | 5 | 40 | 7 | 15.97 | 14.41 | |||||||
| 17 | 15 | 4 | 35 | 7 | 14.41 | 16.23 | |||||||
| 18 | 15 | 4 | 35 | 7 | 14.82 | 16.85 | |||||||
| 19 | 10 | 4 | 30 | 7 | 16.52 | 14.31 | |||||||
| 20 | 15 | 4 | 40 | 5 | 15.88 | 14.62 | |||||||
| 21 | 20 | 5 | 35 | 7 | 15.83 | 13.21 | |||||||
| 22 | 15 | 3 | 35 | 5 | 16.22 | 13.23 | |||||||
| 23 | 10 | 4 | 40 | 7 | 15.97 | 14.96 | |||||||
| 24 | 10 | 5 | 35 | 7 | 16.11 | 14.63 | |||||||
| 25 | 15 | 3 | 35 | 9 | 16.05 | 12.47 | |||||||
| 26 | 15 | 4 | 30 | 5 | 16.95 | 13.07 | |||||||
| 27 | 15 | 5 | 30 | 7 | 16.80 | 10.81 | |||||||
| 28 | 20 | 4 | 40 | 7 | 16.24 | 14.42 | |||||||
| 29 | 15 | 5 | 35 | 9 | 15.84 | 14.70 |
2.2.2 回归模型及方差分析
表4 回归模型方差分析Table 4 Regression model variance analysis |
| 项目 Items | 自由度 Degree of freedom | 粗纤维含量Crude fiber content | 粗蛋白质含量Crude protein content | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 平方和 Sum of squares | 均方 Mean square | F值 F-value | P值 P-value | 平方和 Sum of squares | 均方 Mean square | F值 F-value | P值 P-value | |||||||||||||
| 模型Model | 14 | 12.050 0 | 0.861 0 | 32.860 0 | <0.000 1** | 66.140 0 | 4.720 0 | 18.610 0 | < 0.000 1** | |||||||||||
| A | 1 | 0.480 0 | 0.480 0 | 18.320 0 | 0.000 8** | 5.510 0 | 5.510 0 | 21.700 0 | 0.000 4** | |||||||||||
| B | 1 | 0.143 0 | 0.143 0 | 5.460 0 | 0.034 9* | 2.600 0 | 2.600 0 | 10.260 0 | 0.006 4* | |||||||||||
| C | 1 | 0.200 2 | 0.200 2 | 7.640 0 | 0.015 2* | 8.760 0 | 8.760 0 | 34.490 0 | <0.000 1** | |||||||||||
| D | 1 | 0.282 1 | 0.282 1 | 10.770 0 | 0.005 5** | 1.290 0 | 1.290 0 | 5.070 0 | 0.040 9* | |||||||||||
| AB | 1 | 0.044 1 | 0.044 1 | 1.680 0 | 0.215 5 | 0.025 6 | 0.025 6 | 0.100 9 | 0.755 5 | |||||||||||
| AC | 1 | 0.164 0 | 0.164 0 | 6.260 0 | 0.025 4* | 1.270 0 | 1.270 0 | 4.990 0 | 0.042 4* | |||||||||||
| AD | 1 | 0.189 2 | 0.189 2 | 7.220 0 | 0.017 7* | 0.396 9 | 0.396 9 | 1.560 0 | 0.231 6 | |||||||||||
| BC | 1 | 0.240 1 | 0.240 1 | 9.16 00 | 0.009 0** | 1.960 0 | 1.960 0 | 7.720 0 | 0.014 8* | |||||||||||
| BD | 1 | 0.021 0 | 0.021 0 | 0.802 5 | 0.385 5 | 1.220 0 | 1.220 0 | 4.810 0 | 0.045 7* | |||||||||||
| CD | 1 | 0.608 4 | 0.608 4 | 23.220 0 | 0.000 3** | 0.202 5 | 0.202 5 | 0.797 8 | 0.386 8 | |||||||||||
| A2 | 1 | 2.280 0 | 2.280 0 | 86.990 0 | <0.000 1** | 7.790 0 | 7.790 0 | 30.690 0 | < 0.000 1** | |||||||||||
| B2 | 1 | 4.700 0 | 4.700 0 | 179.500 0 | <0.000 1** | 30.220 0 | 30.220 0 | 119.060 0 | < 0.000 1** | |||||||||||
| C2 | 1 | 5.450 0 | 5.450 0 | 207.950 0 | <0.000 1** | 17.680 0 | 17.680 0 | 69.650 0 | < 0.000 1** | |||||||||||
| D2 | 1 | 2.200 0 | 2.200 0 | 84.070 0 | <0.000 1** | 6.210 0 | 6.210 0 | 24.460 0 | 0.000 2** | |||||||||||
| 残差 Residual error | 14 | 0.366 8 | 0.026 2 | 3.550 0 | 0.253 8 | |||||||||||||||
| 失拟项 Missing fit | 10 | 0.211 9 | 0.021 2 | 0.547 3 | 0.799 7 | 3.140 0 | 0.313 7 | 3.010 0 | 0.149 5 | |||||||||||
| 纯误差 Pure error | 4 | 0.154 9 | 0.038 7 | 0.416 3 | 0.104 1 | |||||||||||||||
| 总方差 Total variance | 28 | 12.420 0 | 69.700 0 | |||||||||||||||||
“*”代表显著(P<0.05),“**”代表极显著(P<0.01)。 | |
“*” means significant (P<0.05), and “**” means extremely significant (P<0.01). |
表5 模型可信度分析Table 5 Model reliability analysis |
| 项目 Items | 标准差 SD | 决定系数 R2 | 均值 Mean | 调整决定系数 | 变异系数 CV/% | 信噪比 AP |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 粗纤维含量Crude fiber content | 0.161 9 | 0.970 5 | 15.92 | 0.940 9 | 1.02 | 18.655 6 |
| 粗蛋白质含量Crude protein content | 0.503 8 | 0.949 0 | 14.00 | 0.898 0 | 3.60 | 13.517 2 |
图7 各因素交互作用对粗纤维含量影响的响应曲面和等高线A:EM复合菌添加量与发酵温度的交互作用;B:EM复合菌添加量与发酵时间的交互作用;C:纤维素酶添加量与发酵温度的交互作用;D:发酵温度与发酵时间的交互作用。 Fig.7 Response surfaces and contours of interactions of various factors on influence of crude fiber content A: the interaction effect of EM complex bacteria addition amount and fermentation temperature; B: the interaction effect of EM complex bacteria addition amount and fermentation time; C: the interaction effect of cellulase addition amount and fermentation temperature; D: the interaction effect of fermentation temperature and fermentation time. |
图8 各因素交互作用对粗蛋白质含量影响的响应曲面和等高线A:EM复合菌添加量与发酵温度的交互作用;B:纤维素酶添加量与发酵温度的交互作用;C:纤维素酶添加量与发酵时间的交互作用。 Fig.8 Response surfaces and contours of interactions of various factors on influence of crude protein content A: the interaction effect of EM complex bacteria addition amount and fermentation temperature; B: the interaction effect of cellulase addition amount and fermentation temperature; C: the interaction effect of cellulase addition amount and fermentation time. |
2.2.3 模型验证
2.3 发酵海藻饲料的质量评价
2.3.1 海藻残渣发酵前后营养成分含量
表6 海藻残渣发酵前后营养成分含量Table 6 Nutritional component contents of seaweed residue before and after fermentation% |
| 项目 Items | 粗蛋白质 Crude protein | 粗脂肪 Crude lipid | 粗纤维 Crude fiber | 粗灰分 Crude ash | 水分 Moisture |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 发酵前Before fermentation | 8.78±0.35b | 0.47±0.08 | 27.63±1.57a | 47.34±1.44 | 9.28±0.75b |
| 发酵后After fermentation | 16.17±1.28a | 0.51±0.11 | 14.28±0.86b | 45.75±1.37 | 34.65±1.69a |
同列数据不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。 | |
In the same column, values with different letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). |
2.3.2 发酵海藻饲料的微生物指标
表7 海藻饲料微生物指标Table 7 Microbiological indexes of seaweed feedCFU/g |
| 项目Items | 标准限值Standard limit | 检测结果Detection results |
|---|---|---|
| 总菌Total bacteria | <2×106 | <1×106 |
| 大肠杆菌Escherichia coli | 无明确规定 | 未检出 |
| 沙门氏菌Salmonella | 不得检出 | 未检出 |
| 志贺氏菌Shigella | 无明确规定 | 未检出 |
| 霉菌Mold | <2×104 | 未检出 |
| 枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis | 无明确规定 | 2.68×109 |
2.3.3 发酵海藻饲料的感官评价
表8 发酵海藻饲料的感官评价Table 8 Sensory evaluation of fermented seaweed feed |
| 项目 Items | 要求标准 Requirement standard | 感官品质 Sensory quality | 得分 Score |
|---|---|---|---|
| 外观Appearance (20) | 与原料相似,呈褐色,颗粒大小适度, 具有饲料应有的形状 | 略有变色,颜色稍微变深, 颗粒大小适度,具有饲料应有的形状 | 17 |
| 气味Smell (30) | 有典型的碘味,散发干草味,具有 发酵后的酸香气,微带腥味 | 有典型的碘味,散发浓郁的干草味, 有较浓的发酵酸香气,略微带有腥味 | 26 |
| 质地Texture (35) | 松散均匀,无结块,略带黏性, 紧握成团 | 结构完好,较松散均匀,有黏性, 紧握后成团 | 32 |
| 杂质Impurity (15) | 无霉变、虫蛀或异物 | 无霉变、虫蛀,无异物 | 14 |
| 总分Total score (100) | 89 |
