Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2025 , Vol. 37 >Issue 12: 8275 - 8290

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2025.674

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Different Forms of Plant Essential Oils on Performance,Egg Quality and Body Health of Laying Hens in Later Laying Stage

  • DING Lu , 1 ,
  • TAN Quan 2 ,
  • DING Xuemei 1 ,
  • ZENG Qiufeng 1 ,
  • BAI Shiping 1 ,
  • WANG Jianping 1 ,
  • LIU Yan 1 ,
  • XUAN Yue 1 ,
  • LI Shanshan 1 ,
  • ZHANG Keying , 1, *
Expand
  • 1 Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
  • 2 EW Nutrition Biotechnology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201101, China
* professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2025-05-13

  Online published: 2025-12-13

Fold

Abstract

This experiment aimed to compare and study the effects of supplementation of solid essential oil (SEO) in diet or liquid essential oil (LEO) in drinking water, as well as their combination, on performance, egg quality and body health of laying hens in the later laying stage, in order to determine the feeding effects of using them alone and in combination on laying hens. A total of 560 57-week-old Roman pink laying hens were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups according to the principle of consistent laying rate, with 7 replicates in each group and 20 hens in each replicate. The control group was fed the basal diet, the SEO group was fed the basal diet+100 g/t SEO, the LEO group was fed the basal diet and 250 mL/t LEO was added to the drinking water (fed for 4 days every 2 weeks), and the SEO+LEO group was fed the basal diet+100 g/t SEO and 250 mL/t LEO was added to the drinking water (fed for 4 days every 2 weeks). The pre-experiment lasted for 2 weeks and the formal experiment lasted for 16 weeks. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with the control group, the combination of SEO and LEO significantly increased the laying rate from weeks 1 to 16 (P<0.05), while the single supplementation of SEO or LEO and both significantly increased the laying rate from weeks 9 to 12 and 13 to 16 (P<0.05); the supplementation of LEO significantly reduced the feed to egg ratio from weeks 9 to 12 (P<0.05), the supplementation of SEO significantly reduced the feed to egg ratio from weeks 13 to 16 (P<0.05), and the combination of SEO and LEO significantly reduced the feed to egg ratio from weeks 9 to 12 and 13 to 16 (P<0.05). 2) Compared with the control group, the supplementation of SEO significantly increased the eggshell ratio in week 4 (P<0.05), and the combination of SEO and LEO significantly increased the eggshell thickness in week 4 (P<0.05). 3) Compared with the control group, the supplementation of SEO significantly increased the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity in serum (P<0.05), significantly increased the T-AOC and activities of catalase (CAT) and T-SOD in ovary (P<0.05), and significantly reduced the malondialdehyde (MDA) content in serum (P<0.05); the supplementation of LEO or its combination with SEO significantly increased the T-AOC and T-SOD activity in serum, liver and ovary (P<0.05), significantly increased the CAT activity in jejunum (P<0.05), and significantly reduced the MDA content in serum, liver and ovary (P<0.05). 4) Compared with the control group, the supplementation of LEO or its combination with SEO significantly increased the Claudin-1 mRNA relative expression level in jejunum (P<0.05), and significantly decreased the mRNA relative expression levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in jejunum (P<0.05). In conclusion, the supplementation SEO in diet or LEO in drinking water, as well as their combination, can enhance the antioxidant capacity, improve the intestinal barrier function, and inhibit the intestinal inflammation, thereby increasing the laying rate of laying hens in the later laying stage and reducing the feed to egg ratio. Moreover, it has a time-dependent effect, and the combination of the two has a better effect.

Key words： laying hens; plant essential oils; performance; antioxidant capacity; gut health

Cite this article

DING Lu , TAN Quan , DING Xuemei , ZENG Qiufeng , BAI Shiping , WANG Jianping , LIU Yan , XUAN Yue , LI Shanshan , ZHANG Keying . Effects of Different Forms of Plant Essential Oils on Performance,Egg Quality and Body Health of Laying Hens in Later Laying Stage[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2025 , 37(12) : 8275 -8290 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2025.674

中国是全球最大的蛋鸡养殖和鸡蛋产销国[1],但在集约化养殖过程中,蛋鸡经过产蛋高峰期的高强度代谢后,会出现严重代谢性障碍,机体抗氧化功能和生殖系统功能减退,对蛋鸡的机体健康、生产性能和蛋品质产生较大的负面影响,制约着我国蛋鸡行业的发展。植物精油因其对畜禽的生产性能和健康有积极作用而受到关注,其中主要活性成分包括肉桂醛、香芹醛和百里香酚等[2]。已有研究表明,植物精油在改善蛋鸡生产性能[3]、蛋品质[4]以及提高肠道健康水平[5]等方面具有积极的作用。Ramirez等[3]研究发现,饲粮添加150 mg/kg植物精油(百里香酚、香芹酚)可以显著提高70周龄蛋鸡产蛋率和平均日采食量,改善蛋品质并保持肠道健康;还有研究发现,饮水中添加0.2和0.4 mL/L大蒜精油均可提高蛋鸡产蛋率,并降低料蛋比[6]。目前,关于家禽饲粮中植物精油的应有研究主要集中在单一添加方式对蛋鸡生产性能的影响,而针对不同添加方式对蛋鸡生产性能和蛋品质的影响研究较少。因此,本试验拟比较2种形态植物精油在饲粮或饮水中单一或联合添加对产蛋后期蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质和机体健康的影响,旨在为其在蛋鸡生产中的合理应用提供依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 伦理声明

本试验方案已通过四川农业大学实验动物伦理与福利委员会的批准(批准编号:20220201)。

1.2 试验材料

本试验所用固态精油(solid essential oil,SEO)和液态精油(liquid essential oil,LEO)均为市购产品,其中SEO中百里香酚含量≥6.3%、水分含量≤10%,采用创新包被工艺和递送系统,具有良好的稳定性并能在肠道中定点释放;LEO中香芹酚含量≥7.5%、肉桂醛含量≥0.2%,经过乳化处理,水溶性强。

1.3 试验设计和饲粮

试验采用单因素随机试验设计,选取560只57周龄罗曼粉蛋鸡,根据产蛋率一致原则随机分为4组,每组7个重复,每个重复20只鸡。对照组饲喂基础饲粮;SEO组饲喂基础饲粮+100 g/t SEO;LEO组饲喂基础饲粮,并在饮水中添加250 mL/t LEO(每2周饲喂4 d),SEO+LEO组饲喂基础饲粮+100 g/t SEO,并在饮水中添加250 mL/t LEO(每2周饲喂4 d)。预试期2周,正试期16周。
基础饲粮采用玉米-豆粕型,参照NY/T 33—2004蛋鸡营养需要并结合生产实践配制。基础饲粮组成及营养水平见表1。
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis) %

项目Items 含量Content
原料Ingredients
玉米Corn 57.23
豆粕Soybean meal (43% CP) 26.80
麦麸Wheat bran 3.40
大豆油Soybean oil 2.00
氯化钠NaCl 0.40
碳酸钙CaCO3 8.00
磷酸二氢钙Ca(H2PO4)2 1.40
DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met 0.10
氯化胆碱Choline chloride (50%) 0.15
维生素预混料Vitamin premix1) 0.02
矿物质预混料Mineral premix2) 0.50
合计Total 100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels3)
代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) 11.30
粗蛋白质CP 16.34
钙Ca 3.45
总磷TP 0.53
有效磷AP 0.33
可消化赖氨酸DLys 0.78
可消化蛋氨酸DMet 0.34
可消化色氨酸DTrp 0.17
可消化苏氨酸DThr 0.54

1)维生素预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The vitamin premix provided the following per kg of the diet:VA 8 000 IU,VD3 1 600 IU,VE 5 IU,VB1 0.8 mg,VB2 2.5 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 2.2 mg,VB6 3.0 mg,VB12 0.004 mg,VK3 0.5 mg,生物素 biotin 0.10 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 20.0 mg。

2)矿物质预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The mineral premix provided the following per kg of the diet:Cu (CuSO4·5H2O) 8.0 mg,Fe (FeSO4) 60 mg,Mn (MnSO4·H2O) 60 mg,Zn (ZnSO4·H2O) 80 mg,I (KI) 0.35 mg,Se (Na2SeO3) 0.30 mg。

3)代谢能、有效磷和可消化氨基酸为参考《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2020年第31版)》所得计算值,粗蛋白质(GB/T 6432—2018)、钙(GB/T 6436—2018)和总磷(GB/T 6437—2018)为实测值。ME, AP and digestible amino acids were calculated with reference to Tables of Feed Composition and Nutritive Values in China (31st edition, 2020), while CP (GB/T 6432—2018), Ca (GB/T 6436—2018), and TP (GB/T 6437—2018) were measured values.

1.4 饲养管理

所有蛋鸡饲养在环境可控的鸡舍内(四川农业大学教学试验基地),保持室温在20~22 ℃,采用光照程序为16 h(光亮)∶8 h(黑暗)。各组蛋鸡均匀分布在鸡舍内,以减小环境的影响。预试期饲喂基础饲粮,确保产蛋率一致(P>0.05)后开始试验。试验期间所有试验鸡自由采食和饮水。

1.5 样品采集

试验结束时,每个重复随机选择1只健康状况良好的蛋鸡,翅静脉采血10 mL,1 300×g离心10 min分离血清,保存于-20 ℃备测。蛋鸡采血后处死,分离部分空肠(1 cm)用4%多聚甲醛固定进行石蜡包埋;切取肝脏左叶中部,用无菌载玻片仔细刮取空肠中段黏膜,分离卵巢(去除所有卵泡和结缔组织),置于冻存管中,立即液氮冷冻,于-80 ℃保存备测。

1.6 测定指标及方法

1.6.1 生产性能

试验期间,每天以重复为单位记录试验蛋鸡死淘数、产蛋数、总蛋重和合格蛋数;每周统计采食量,料蛋比、产蛋率、平均蛋重及合格蛋率等参照《家禽生产性能名词术语和度量计算方法》(NY/T 823—2020)计算。相关计算公式如下:
死淘率(%)=(死亡和淘汰鸡只数/鸡只数)×100;
产蛋率(%)=(产蛋数/鸡只数)×100;
平均日采食量(g/d)=耗料量(g)/实际饲养日蛋鸡只数的累加只数;
平均蛋重(g)=总蛋重/产蛋数;
料蛋比=采食量/总蛋重;
合格蛋率(%)=(合格蛋数/产蛋数)×100。

1.6.2 蛋品质

正试期第4、8、12和16周末,每个重复选择与平均蛋重接近的3枚鸡蛋(21枚/组)进行蛋品质测定,包括蛋壳比例、蛋黄比例、蛋白比例、蛋黄颜色、哈氏单位、蛋壳强度和蛋壳厚度。采用全自动蛋品质测定仪(BLDETP-01,布拉德)测定蛋黄颜色和哈氏单位;采用千分尺测量蛋壳尖端、钝端以及中部的厚度,然后取平均值得出蛋壳厚度;采用蛋壳强度仪(BLDEFR-01,布拉德)测定蛋壳强度;采用电子秤测量蛋重、蛋壳重、蛋白重和蛋黄重,然后计算与蛋重的比值得到蛋壳、蛋白和蛋黄比例。

1.6.3 抗氧化能力

组织匀浆:肝脏、空肠黏膜和卵巢组织采用生理盐水按1∶9(g∶mL)比例制备组织匀浆,然后在4 ℃、1 300×g离心沉淀10 min,收集上清液,用于检测肝脏、空肠黏膜和卵巢的抗氧化指标。
血清、肝脏、空肠黏膜和卵巢总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性以及丙二醛(MDA)含量采用南京建成生物工程研究所生产的试剂盒测定,具体检测方法参考试剂盒说明书。

1.6.4 空肠组织形态

将在4%多聚甲醛固定24 h的空肠组织样品进行修块、脱水、透明、浸蜡、包埋和切片后,苏木素-伊红染色封片,采用光学显微镜并结合Image-Pro Plus图像分析软件进行观察、测量和取图。每个样品选取10根完整绒毛,测定绒毛高度和隐窝深度,并计算绒毛高度/隐窝深度(V/C)值。

1.6.5 空肠屏障功能和炎性因子相关基因表达

采用TaKaRa RNAiso Plus试剂从空肠黏膜中提取总RNA,通过NanoDrop ND-2000分光光度计(Thermo Scientific,美国)测定RNA的完整性、浓度和纯度;采用SuperScriptTM Ⅱ逆转录酶试剂盒(Invitrogen,美国)合成cDNA,随后将cDNA稀释至10 ng/μL用于实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)分析;将合成的cDNA用作模板,并按照制造商的说明使用SYBR Premix Ex TaqTM Ⅱ试剂盒(Thermo Fisher Scientific,美国)在PCR仪器上进行。以β-肌动蛋白(β-actin)作为内参基因,采用2-ΔΔCt法分析每个目的基因的mRNA相对表达量,目的基因包括闭合蛋白(Occludin)、密封蛋白-1(Claudin-1)、闭锁小带蛋白-1(ZO-1)、黏蛋白2(MUC2)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、核因子-κB(NF-κB)和Toll样受体4(TLR4),引物由生工生物工程(成都)有限公司合成,引物序列见表2。
表2 引物序列

Table 2 Primer sequences

基因
Genes		 引物序列
Primer sequences (5'—3')		 登录号
Accession No.		 产物大小
Product size/bp
β-肌动蛋白β-actin F:ATCCGGACCCTCCATTGTC
R:AGCCATGCCAATCTCGTCTT		 NM_205518.1 152
白细胞介素-6 IL-6 F:CAGGACGAGATGTGCAAGAA
R:GAGAGCTTCGTCAGGCATTT		 NM_204628.1 100
白细胞介素-10 IL-10 F:CAATCCAGGGACGATGAACT
R:ATCTGTGTAGAAGCGCAGCA		 NM_001004414.2 114
白细胞介素-1β IL-1β F:ACTGGGCATCAAGGGCTA
R:GGTAGAAGATGAAGCGGGTC		 NM_204524 117
肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α F:AGATGGGAAGGGAATGAACC
R:GGAAGGGCAACTCATCTGAA		 XM_015294125.2 139
Toll样受体4 TLR4 F:CTGACCTACCCATCGGACAC
R:GCCTGAGAGAGGTCAGGTTG		 NM_001030693.2 146
核因子-κB NF-κB F:GCTGCTTTGCACAGATGGA
R:CCTTTGCAAAACTGGTTGGT		 NM_205134.1 130
闭合蛋白Occludin F:GCTGAGATGGACAGCATCAA
R:TGCCACATCCTGGTATTGAG		 NM_205128.1 97
密封蛋白-1 Claudin-1 F:GTCTTTGGTGGCGTGATCTT
R:TCTGGTGTTAACGGGGTGTGA		 NM_001013611.2 117
闭锁小带蛋白-1 ZO-1 F:GGCAAGTTGAAGATGGTGGT
R:ATGCCAGCGACTGAATTTCT		 XM_015278981.2 135
黏蛋白2 MUC2 F:ACCAAGCAGAAAAGCTGGAA
R:AAATGGGCCCTCTGAGTTTT		 NM_001318434.1 80

1.7 数据统计分析

试验数据采用SPSS 20.0软件进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),并采用Duncan氏法进行多重比较,结果数据用平均值和均值标准误(SEM)表示,P<0.05表示差异显著,0.05≤P<0.10表示差异有显著趋势。

2 结果

2.1 饲粮或饮水用植物精油对产蛋后期蛋鸡生产性能的影响

本试验中,试验全期共死亡7只蛋鸡和淘汰7只蛋鸡,其中对照组死亡2只,无淘汰;SEO组死亡3只,淘汰3只;LEO组死亡2只,淘汰2只;SEO+LEO组淘汰2只,无死亡。由表3可知,试验各阶段,各组间蛋鸡死淘率无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表3 饲粮或饮水用植物精油对产蛋后期蛋鸡生产性能的影响

Table 3 Effects of plant essential oils in diet or drinking water on performance of laying hens in later laying stage

项目
Items		 第1~4周
Weeks 1 to 4		 第5~8周
Weeks 5 to 8		 第9~12周
Weeks 9 to 12		 第13~16周
Weeks 13 to 16		 第1~16周
Weeks 1 to 16
死淘率Mortality/%
对照组Control group 0.00 0.00 0.71 0.71 1.43
SEO组SEO group 0.00 0.71 1.43 2.14 4.29
LEO组LEO group 0.00 0.71 1.43 0.71 2.86
SEO+LEO组SEO+LEO group 0.00 0.00 0.71 0.71 1.43
均值标准误SEM 0.000 0.247 0.395 0.395 0.656
P值P-value 1.000 0.461 0.861 0.506 0.368
产蛋率Laying rate/%
对照组Control group 91.07 92.32 88.32b 87.47b 89.80b
SEO组SEO group 91.02 92.07 91.79a 91.02a 91.48ab
LEO组LEO group 90.71 93.10 92.88a 91.66a 92.09ab
SEO+LEO组SEO+LEO group 91.61 94.87 93.27a 92.58a 93.09a
均值标准误SEM 0.480 0.472 0.628 0.649 0.430
P值P-value 0.853 0.533 0.013 0.020 0.042
平均日采食量ADFI/g
对照组Control group 124.69 124.38 118.37 115.16 120.66
SEO组SEO group 127.39 125.24 118.99 114.72 121.64
LEO组LEO group 129.42 126.08 119.00 116.77 122.88
SEO+LEO组SEO+LEO group 126.84 126.67 117.33 114.93 121.47
均值标准误SEM 0.949 0.616 0.432 0.510 0.444
P值P-value 0.354 0.994 0.499 0.493 0.378
料蛋比Feed to egg ratio
对照组Control group 2.14 2.06 2.06a 2.04a 2.07
SEO组SEO group 2.19 2.06 2.00ab 1.96b 2.05
LEO组LEO group 2.23 2.07 1.99b 1.99ab 2.07
SEO+LEO组SEO+LEO group 2.17 2.02 1.95b 1.93b 2.02
均值标准误SEM 0.017 0.106 0.013 0.013 0.010
P值P-value 0.291 0.390 0.013 0.009 0.196
平均蛋重Average egg weight/g
对照组Control group 64.00 65.56 65.10 64.50 64.79
SEO组SEO group 63.81 66.05 64.79 64.41 64.77
LEO组LEO group 64.15 65.55 64.61 64.12 64.62
SEO+LEO组SEO+LEO group 63.79 66.17 64.61 64.31 64.73
均值标准误SEM 0.156 0.197 0.010 0.136 0.127
P值P-value 0.680 0.505 0.561 0.771 0.972
合格蛋率Qualified egg rate/%
对照组Control group 96.79 94.26 90.96 87.43 92.44
SEO组SEO group 96.37 94.01 92.39 89.67 93.14
LEO组LEO group 96.68 92.43 89.56 87.13 91.47
SEO+LEO组SEO+LEO group 96.08 94.34 90.08 88.35 92.23
均值标准误SEM 0.328 0.558 0.570 0.633 0.453
P值P-value 0.963 0.411 0.331 0.509 0.656

相同指标同列数据肩标不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。

In the same column, values of the same index with different letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same letter or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below.

从试验全期(第1~16周)来看,与对照组相比,单一添加SEO或LEO均可提高蛋鸡产蛋率,分别提高了1.87%和2.55%,但差异不显著(P>0.05);而SEO和LEO合用则显著提高产蛋率(P<0.05),提高了3.66%。不过,各组间蛋鸡试验全期平均日采食量、料蛋比、平均蛋重和合格蛋率均无显著差异(P>0.05)。
进一步分析试验各阶段生产性能发现,与对照组相比,单一添加SEO或LEO及二者合用均显著提高蛋鸡第9~12周和第13~16周产蛋率(P<0.05);添加LEO可显著降低第9~12周料蛋比(P<0.05),添加SEO可显著降低第13~16周料蛋比(P<0.05),SEO和LEO合用可显著降低第9~12周和第13~16周料蛋比(P<0.05)。各组间试验各阶段平均日采食量、平均蛋重和合格蛋率均无显著差异(P>0.05)。

2.2 饲粮或饮水用植物精油对产蛋后期蛋鸡蛋品质的影响

由表4可知,与对照组相比,添加SEO显著提高第4周蛋壳比例(P<0.05);与添加SEO相比,添加LEO以及SEO和LEO合用显著降低第16周哈氏单位(P<0.05);与对照组相比,SEO和LEO合用显著提高第4周蛋壳厚度(P<0.05)。植物精油对蛋白比例、蛋黄比例、蛋黄颜色和蛋壳强度均无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表4 饲粮或饮水用植物精油对产蛋后期蛋鸡蛋品质的影响

Table 4 Effects of plant essential oils in diet or drinking water on egg quality of laying hens in later laying stage

项目
Items		 第4周
Week 4		 第8周
Week 8		 第12周
Week 12		 第16周
Week 16
蛋壳比例Eggshell ratio/%
对照组Control group 10.40bc 9.81 10.18 9.73
SEO组SEO group 10.80a 9.89 10.28 10.30
LEO组LEO group 10.33c 10.00 10.17 10.23
SEO+LEO组SEO+LEO group 10.74ab 9.95 10.27 9.75
均值标准误SEM 0.066 0.085 0.083 0.101
P值P-value 0.019 0.872 0.948 0.074
蛋黄比例Egg yolk ratio/%
对照组Control group 28.76 29.43 27.42 26.78
SEO组SEO group 29.68 29.14 28.20 27.90
LEO组LEO group 29.15 28.33 27.75 27.22
SEO+LEO组SEO+LEO group 28.36 28.99 28.04 27.83
均值标准误SEM 0.191 0.188 0.195 0.219
P值P-value 0.092 0.193 0.535 0.224
蛋白比例Albumen ratio/%
对照组Control group 60.84 60.76 62.40 63.49
SEO组SEO group 59.52 60.97 61.52 61.79
LEO组LEO group 60.52 61.67 62.08 62.55
SEO+LEO组SEO+LEO group 60.90 61.06 61.68 62.41
均值标准误SEM 0.207 0.206 0.216 0.239
P值P-value 0.075 0.435 0.500 0.092
蛋黄颜色Egg yolk color
对照组Control group 10.45 10.42 10.42 10.42
SEO组SEO group 9.94 10.55 10.79 10.90
LEO组LEO group 10.60 10.52 10.62 10.47
SEO+LEO组SEO+LEO group 10.38 10.39 10.05 10.71
均值标准误SEM 0.144 0.142 0.133 0.159
P值P-value 0.448 0.975 0.259 0.702
哈氏单位Haugh unit
对照组Control group 81.85 81.41 81.52 85.50ab
SEO组SEO group 81.35 77.47 85.60 87.89a
LEO组LEO group 82.04 79.36 80.55 80.15b
SEO+LEO组SEO+LEO group 85.23 75.54 79.83 78.41b
均值标准误SEM 0.823 1.123 1.021 1.324
P值P-value 0.317 0.310 0.206 0.032
蛋壳强度Eggshell strength/(kg/cm2)
对照组Control group 4.38 3.75 4.48 4.27
SEO组SEO group 4.40 3.92 4.47 4.44
LEO组LEO group 3.97 3.22 4.54 4.53
SEO+LEO组SEO+LEO group 4.53 3.73 4.63 4.29
均值标准误SEM 0.092 0.119 0.086 0.089
P值P-value 0.154 0.162 0.914 0.701
蛋壳厚度Eggshell thickness/mm
对照组Control group 0.38b 0.35 0.36 0.34
SEO组SEO group 0.39ab 0.36 0.36 0.34
LEO组LEO group 0.37b 0.36 0.36 0.35
SEO+LEO组SEO+LEO group 0.40a 0.36 0.36 0.35
均值标准误SEM 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003
P值P-value 0.017 0.649 0.987 0.549

2.3 饲粮或饮水用植物精油对产蛋后期蛋鸡抗氧化能力的影响

由表5可知,与对照组相比,添加SEO或与LEO合用均显著提高蛋鸡血清T-AOC和T-SOD活性(P<0.05),显著降低血清MDA含量(P<0.05),且合用效果更好,表现在对血清T-AOC和MDA含量的影响比添加SEO显著(P<0.05);添加LEO显著提高血清T-AOC以及T-SOD和GSH-Px活性(P<0.05),显著降低血清MDA含量(P<0.05);此外,与对照组和SEO组相比,SEO和LEO合用还显著提高血清CAT和GSH-Px活性(P<0.05)。
表5 饲粮或饮水用植物精油对产蛋后期蛋鸡血清抗氧化指标的影响

Table 5 Effects of plant essential oils in diet or drinking water on serum antioxidant indices of laying hens in later laying stage

项目
Items		 总抗氧化能力
T-AOC/
(U/mL)		 过氧化氢酶
CAT/(U/mL)		 总超氧化物歧化酶
T-SOD/
(U/mL)		 谷胱甘肽
过氧化物酶
GSH-Px/(U/mL)		 丙二醛
MDA/
(nmol/mL)
对照组Control group 5.94c 50.01b 177.21b 3 595.30b 9.58a
SEO组SEO group 8.19b 59.43b 187.96a 3 623.38b 8.11b
LEO组LEO group 8.90ab 67.62ab 192.43a 3 908.57a 7.65b
SEO+LEO组SEO+LEO group 9.85a 85.69a 196.08a 3 974.03a 5.79c
均值标准误SEM 0.360 4.414 2.075 44.954 0.332
P值P-value <0.001 0.021 0.003 <0.001 <0.001
由表6可知,与对照组相比,添加LEO或与SEO合用均显著提高肝脏T-AOC和T-SOD活性(P<0.05),显著降低肝脏MDA含量(P<0.05),且合用效果更好,表现在与LEO组相比差异显著(P<0.05);此外,SEO+LEO组肝脏CAT活性显著高于其他组(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,添加LEO或与SEO合用均显著提高空肠黏膜CAT活性(P<0.05),SEO和LEO合用有提高空肠黏膜T-AOC的趋势(P=0.052),添加SEO或LEO及二者合用有降低空肠黏膜MDA含量的趋势(P=0.075)。与对照组相比,添加SEO或LEO及二者合用均显著提高卵巢T-AOC以及CAT和T-SOD活性(P<0.05),且合用效果最好,表现在对卵巢T-AOC影响比添加SEO显著(P<0.05),以及对卵巢CAT和T-SOD活性的影响均比添加SEO或LEO显著(P<0.05);与对照组和SEO组相比,添加LEO或与SEO合用均显著降低卵巢MDA含量(P<0.05)。
表6 饲粮或饮水用植物精油对产蛋后期蛋鸡肝脏、空肠黏膜和卵巢抗氧化指标的影响

Table 6 Effects of plant essential oils in diet or drinking water on antioxidant indices in liver, jejunal mucosa and ovary of laying hens in later laying stage

项目
Items		 总抗氧化能力
T-AOC/
(U/mg prot)		 过氧化氢酶
CAT/
(U/mg prot)		 总超氧化
物歧化酶
T-SOD/
(U/mg prot)		 谷胱甘肽
过氧化物酶
GSH-Px/
(U/mg prot)		 丙二醛
MDA/
(nmol/mg prot)
肝脏Liver
对照组Control group 1.46c 112.32b 159.00c 16.89 1.10a
SEO组SEO group 1.84c 119.94b 167.01bc 17.35 0.93ab
LEO组LEO group 2.36b 121.83b 177.52b 17.46 0.85b
SEO+LEO组SEO+LEO group 2.98a 142.53a 196.96a 19.91 0.49c
均值标准误SEM 0.133 2.736 3.490 0.439 0.054
P值P-value <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.055 <0.001
空肠黏膜Jejunal mucosa
对照组Control group 1.93 69.60b 133.47 16.68 0.33
SEO组SEO group 1.98 78.55ab 134.87 17.08 0.24
LEO组LEO group 1.84 87.45a 135.68 17.52 0.26
SEO+LEO组SEO+LEO group 2.40 87.46a 136.96 17.55 0.25
均值标准误SEM 0.079 2.367 1.309 0.186 0.013
P值P-value 0.052 0.012 0.834 0.315 0.075
卵巢Ovary
对照组Control group 0.65c 9.07c 22.17c 19.35 0.85a
SEO组SEO group 0.97b 11.34b 24.52b 19.57 0.75a
LEO组LEO group 1.07ab 11.37b 24.55b 20.88 0.57b
SEO+LEO组SEO+LEO group 1.17a 14.03a 27.31a 22.44 0.56b
均值标准误SEM 0.046 0.470 0.476 0.497 0.037
P值P-value <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.096 0.004

2.4 饲粮或饮水用植物精油对产蛋后期蛋鸡空肠组织形态的影响

由表7可知,饲粮和饮水中添加不同形态植物精油对蛋鸡空肠组织形态(绒毛高度、隐窝深度和V/C值)无显著影响(P>0.05)。
表7 饲粮或饮水用植物精油对产蛋后期蛋鸡空肠组织形态的影响

Table 7 Effects of plant essential oils in diet or drinking water on jejunal tissue morphology of laying hens in later laying stage

项目
Items		 绒毛高度
Villus height/μm		 隐窝深度
Crypt depth/μm		 绒毛高度/隐窝深度
V/C
对照组Control group 1 095.21 179.41 6.22
SEO组SEO group 1 161.24 209.24 5.74
LEO组LEO group 1 053.53 199.36 5.58
SEO+LEO组SEO+LEO group 1 076.91 179.31 6.35
均值标准误SEM 41.597 7.816 0.828
P值P-value 0.836 0.453 0.811

2.5 饲粮或饮水用植物精油对产蛋后期蛋鸡空肠屏障功能和炎性因子相关基因表达的影响

如图1所示,与对照组相比,添加SEO或LEO及二者合用对蛋鸡空肠ZO-1、Occludin和MUC2 mRNA相对表达量无显著影响(P>0.05),添加LEO或与SEO合用显著提高空肠Claudin-1 mRNA相对表达量(P<0.05)。
图1 饲粮或饮水用植物精油对产蛋后期蛋鸡空肠屏障功能相关基因表达的影响

数据柱标注相同字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。图2同。

Fig.1 Effects of plant essential oils in diet or drinking water on expression of genes related to jejunal barrier function of laying hens in later laying stage

Value columns with the same letters or no letters mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different letters mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as Fig.2.

如图2所示,与对照组相比,添加SEO或LEO及二者合用对蛋鸡空肠IL-10和TNF-α mRNA相对表达量无显著影响(P>0.05),但均显著降低空肠TLR4 mRNA相对表达量(P<0.05);添加LEO或与SEO合用均显著降低空肠IL-1β mRNA相对表达量(P<0.05);SEO和LEO合用还显著降低空肠IL-6和NF-κB mRNA相对表达量(P<0.05)。
图2 饲粮或饮水用植物精油对产蛋后期蛋鸡空肠炎性因子相关基因表达的影响

Fig.2 Effects of plant essential oils in diet or drinking water on expression of genes related to jejunal inflammatory factors of laying hens in later laying stage

3 讨论

3.1 饲粮或饮水用植物精油对蛋鸡生产性能的影响

在集约化养殖过程中,蛋鸡经过产蛋高峰期的高强度生产后,其机体逐渐进入衰老阶段,导致生产性能下降,经济效益也随之降低[7]。杨建平等[8]研究发现,饲粮添加150 mg/kg复合植物精油可显著提高产蛋后期(58~65周龄)蛋鸡产蛋率,并显著降低料蛋比;Mousavi等[9]研究发现,饲粮添加200 mg/kg植物精油混合物可显著提高蛋鸡产蛋率,并有降低料蛋比的趋势,但对平均日采食量和平均蛋重无显著差异。董雯雯等[10]研究发现,在产蛋后期(50~57周龄),饮水中添加精油复合酸化剂显著提高蛋鸡产蛋率。徐静等[6]研究发现,饮水中添加0.2和0.4 mL/L大蒜精油可以显著降低产蛋后期蛋鸡平均日采食量和料蛋比,分别降低了10.15%和7.2%以及10.4%和10.72%,还可以提高蛋鸡产蛋率,分别提高了l3.64%和6.75%。
本试验发现,试验全期(第1~16周),添加SEO或LEO后蛋鸡产蛋率均有所提高,但未达到显著差异;而二者合用则显著提高了蛋鸡产蛋率。同时,2种精油的作用效果具有时间效应,添加SEO或LEO及二者合用均显著提高产蛋率的效应发生在第9~12周和第13~16周。2种植物精油对不同阶段蛋鸡平均日采食量、平均蛋重和合格蛋率均无显著影响,但与对照组相比,添加LEO或与SEO合用显著降低第9~12周料蛋比,添加SEO或与LEO合用显著降低第13~16周料蛋比,表明2种精油主要是通过降低料蛋比而提高蛋鸡产蛋率;且与单一添加方式相比,2种植物精油合用的效果更加明显。

3.2 饲粮或饮水用植物精油对蛋鸡蛋品质的影响

蛋品质是衡量商品蛋鸡生产效益的重要指标,主要包括蛋壳强度、哈氏单位和蛋黄颜色等方面[11]。而在蛋鸡的产蛋后期,由于肠道吸收功能退化,抗氧化能力和免疫功能下降,导致蛋品质下降,进而影响养殖效益[8]。Bozkurt等[12]研究发现,饲粮添加植物精油混合物能显著提高蛋壳重量,改善蛋壳质量。Çufadar[13]研究发现,在蛋鸡饲粮中添加250 mg/kg迷迭香精油能显著提高蛋壳强度和蛋壳厚度。Ding等[14]研究发现,在产蛋后期蛋鸡饲粮中添加植物精油显著提高蛋壳厚度。植物精油可以提高蛋壳厚度和蛋壳比例,这可能因为植物精油能够增强蛋鸡对镁离子(Mg2+)和钙离子(Ca2+)的代谢,从而提高蛋壳质量[15]。Torki等[16]研究了不同植物精油对缓解蛋鸡热应激的影响,发现植物精油可以改善蛋黄颜色和蛋黄比例。Abo Ghanima等[17]研究发现,在蛋鸡饲粮中添加0.3 g/kg迷迭香和肉桂精油降低了蛋鸡的蛋黄比例。张安等[18]研究发现,75和150 mg/kg植物精油混合物添加组哈氏单位显著高于225 mg/kg植物精油混合物添加组。
本试验除发现添加SEO显著提高第4周蛋壳比例以及SEO和LEO合用显著提高第4周蛋壳厚度外,单独添加SEO或LEO以及二者合用对其他蛋品质指标均无显著影响,出现这样不同结果可能是由于精油种类和添加比例不同。

3.3 饲粮或饮水用植物精油对蛋鸡生产性能影响的作用机理

植物精油能够改善蛋鸡生产性能可能与其具有抗炎、抗氧化[19]的特性,有助于肠道健康[20-21],从而促进营养物质的消化吸收[15]有关。

3.3.1 植物精油改善蛋鸡的抗氧化能力

随着周龄的增长,蛋鸡机体活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)自由基逐渐积累,体内抗氧化剂减少,ROS生成和清除的平衡被破坏,使得氧化应激加剧,老年蛋鸡机体抗氧化能力退化更容易受到ROS的攻击,导致生产性能降低,蛋品质下降[22]。MDA是二次脂质氧化产物,被认为是评价脂质过氧化的主要产物[23],CAT、T-SOD和GSH-Px的活性反映了机体的抗氧化状态[24]。有研究表明,植物精油具有较强的抗氧化能力,能够有效清除自由基,减少氧化应激对细胞的损伤,并抑制因氧化应激引起的细胞凋亡[25]。饲粮添加300 mg/kg迷迭香精油或肉桂精油可提高蛋鸡血清SOD活性[17];饲粮添加200~600 mg/kg八角茴香油显著提高蛋鸡肝脏抗氧化指标如T-AOC和GSH-Px活性[26];与对照组相比,饲粮添加100~150 mg/kg大蒜精油均可降低蛋鸡血清MDA含量[27];Placha等[28]发现,在肉鸡饲粮中添加植物精油可显著降低肝脏和肾脏中的MDA含量。王冲等[29]研究发现,在白羽肉鸡饮水中添加200 mL/t植物精油可以显著提高肉鸡血清抗氧化酶(T-SOD和GSH-Px)活性,饮水中添加100 mL/t植物精油也可以显著提高血清T-SOD活性;Ashayerizadeh等[30]研究发现,饮水中添加植物精油显著提高了肉鸡血清GSH-Px和T-SOD活性,并降低了血清MDA含量。Abubakar等[31]研究发现,在肉鸡饮水中添加生姜和姜黄精油可以显著提高肉鸡脾脏和和肾脏中的抗氧化指标(如T-AOC和GSH-Px活性)。
本试验发现,添加SEO或LEO及二者合用提高了蛋鸡血清、肝脏和卵巢T-AOC、T-SOD和CAT活性,并降低了血清、肝脏、空肠黏膜和卵巢MDA含量,与前人研究结果一致。由此可见,植物精油具有显著的抗氧化作用,能够通过增强机体内的抗氧化酶活性来改善蛋鸡的抗氧化能力,进而改善蛋鸡的生产性能,且植物精油发挥抗氧化作用不受添加方式的影响。

3.3.2 植物精油对蛋鸡空肠组织形态的影响

肠道绒毛作为肠道的重要组成部分,其形态结构的变化直接影响着机体对营养物质的消化和吸收,肠道绒毛高度越高,隐窝深度越小,V/C值越大,说明肠道对营养物质的吸收能力越强[32]。Mousavi等[9]研究发现,饲粮添加100和200 mg/kg精油混合物会促进蛋鸡空肠绒毛高度和V/C值的提高。Su等[33]研究发现,饲粮添加植物精油显著提高21日龄肉鸡空肠V/C值,并降低42日龄肉鸡空肠隐窝深度。徐静等[34]也研究发现,在蛋鸡饮水中添加0.06 mL/L大蒜精油能够降低蛋鸡空肠隐窝深度,从而提高饲粮营养物质的吸收利用效率。然而,本试验发现,添加SEO或LEO以及二者合用对蛋鸡空肠绒毛高度、隐窝深度和V/C值均无显著影响。这可能与本试验中添加的植物精油与前人研究中添加的植物精油之间成分和添加量存在差异有关,也可能是由于本试验的饲养环境条件限制,未能完全发挥植物精油对肠道组织形态改善的潜在作用。

3.3.3 植物精油对蛋鸡空肠屏障功能和炎性因子相关基因表达的影响

随着动物机体的衰老,肠道功能逐渐衰退,表现为消化吸收能力下降、屏障功能受损及免疫调节紊乱[35]。产蛋后期蛋鸡生产性能下降与其肠道功能退化密切相关[36]。
肠道上皮细胞间的紧密连接结构是肠道屏障的重要基础,其主要功能是保护肠道免受管腔内有害物质的侵害。这种保护作用依赖于肠上皮细胞与黏膜层之间的紧密连接蛋白的相互作用,这些蛋白通过调节肠上皮细胞的通透性来维持肠道屏障的完整性[37]。紧密连接由Occludin、密封蛋白(Claudin)和ZO-1等多种紧密连接蛋白组成,肠上皮细胞分泌的MUC2也是一道天然的保护屏障,可有效阻止毒素和致病菌的侵入[38]。Ge等[39]研究发现,在番鸭饲粮中添加植物精油能够显著提高番鸭空肠Claudin-1和ZO-1 mRNA相对表达量。Liu等[40]研究发现,饲粮添加200、300和400 mg/kg香芹酚精油可显著上调肠道Occludin、Claudin-1和ZO-1 mRNA相对表达量。本试验中,饲粮和饮水中添加植物精油可显著提高蛋鸡空肠Claudin-1 mRNA相对表达量,表明植物精油能调控肠道屏障功能相关基因的表达,从而改善肠道黏膜完整性。
细胞因子在免疫反应中起着重要作用,它们通过调节免疫细胞的活性、促进炎症反应以及维持肠道黏膜屏障的完整性来维持机体的免疫平衡。然而,当肠道内环境紊乱时,会导致促炎细胞因子和抗炎细胞因子之间的平衡失调,从而引发炎性因子的异常表达[41],这会直接破坏肠道上皮屏障结构的完整性,影响其屏障功能[42]。NF-κB是一种转录因子,控制多种炎性因子,包括IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α,炎性因子的产生直接受磷酸化NF-κB表达的调节[43]。TLR4是一种模式识别受体,在识别病原体和启动免疫反应中起着至关重要的作用[44]。当发生感染或损伤时,TLR4的激活可导致IL-1β和TNF-α等促炎因子的产生,进一步放大炎症反应[45]。因此,减少NF-κB和TLR4的激活可能有益于蛋鸡肠道健康。刘娇等[46]研究发现,饲粮添加200 mg/kg植物精油能抑制肉鸭空肠TLR4以及炎性细胞因子(IL-1β、IL-6)的表达。杜恩存[47]研究发现,肉鸡饲粮添加活性成分为百里香酚和香芹酚的植物精油具有显著的免疫调节作用,能够抑制肠道上皮炎性因子(IL-1β)的表达,缓解产气荚膜梭菌诱导的肉仔鸡坏死性肠炎。Liu等[48]研究发现,当肉鸡口服香芹酚精油15 d后再受脂多糖攻毒时,香芹酚可以抑制炎性因子(IL-1β和IL-6)的表达,下调TLR4和NF-κB p65 mRNA相对表达量。本试验结果表明,SEO和LEO合用显著降低了蛋鸡空肠TLR4和NF-κB mRNA相对表达量,进而抑制了炎性因子(IL-1β和IL-6)的表达。这表明植物精油提高了蛋鸡的免疫应答,减少了炎症的发生。此外,本试验中蛋鸡空肠黏膜抗氧化指标(T-AOC和CAT活性)的提高也进一步验证了饲粮和饮水中添加植物精油可能会改善肠道健康。

4 结论

① 饲粮添加SEO或饮水中添加LEO以及二者合用均可提高产蛋后期蛋鸡产蛋率,并降低料蛋比,且具有时间效应,其中二者合用效果更佳。
② 植物精油的作用机理可能与提高机体抗氧化能力、改善肠道屏障功能以及抑制肠道炎症有关。

References

Publishing order | Descend order by publishing year | Descend order by cited within
[1]
王秋霞. 兽药减抗背景下的蛋鸡生态健康养殖[J]. 中国畜牧业, 2023(10):93-94.

WANG Q X. Ecological healthy breeding of laying hens under the background of veterinary drug antibiotic reduction[J]. China Animal Industry, 2023(10):93-94. (in Chinese)

[2]
STEVANOVIĆ Z D, BOŠNJAK-NEUMÜLLER J, PAJIĆ-LIJAKOVIĆ I, et al. Essential oils as feed additives-future perspectives[J]. Molecules, 2018, 23(7):1717.

DOI

[3]
RAMIREZ S Y, PEÑUELA-SIERRA L M, OSPINA M A. Effects of oregano (Lippia origanoides) essential oil supplementation on the performance,egg quality,and intestinal morphometry of Isa brown laying hens[J]. Veterinary World, 2021, 14(3): 595-602.

DOI

[4]
XIAO G S, ZHENG L W, YAN X, et al. Effects of dietary essential oils supplementation on egg quality,biochemical parameters,and gut microbiota of late-laying hens[J]. Animals, 2022, 12(19):2561.

DOI

[5]
WANG Y S, WANG Y L, SU C C, et al. Dietary cinnamaldehyde with carvacrol or thymol improves the egg quality and intestinal health independent of gut microbiota in post-peak laying hens[J]. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 2022, 9:994089.

DOI

[6]
徐静, 杨书展, 胡边文, 等. 大蒜精油对产蛋后期蛋鸡生产性能及鸡肉风味物质的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2020, 32(1):199-205.

DOI

XU J, YANG S Z, HU B W, et al. Effects of garlic essential oil on performance and chicken flavor substance of laying hens during later period of laying[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2020, 32(1):199-205. (in Chinese)

[7]
XU Q Q, AZZAM M M M, ZOU X T, et al. Effects of chitooligosaccharide supplementation on laying performance,egg quality,blood biochemistry,antioxidant capacity and immunity of laying hens during the late laying period[J]. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 2020, 19(1):1180-1187.

DOI

[8]
杨建平, 王笑笑, 李新锋, 等. 饲粮中添加复合植物精油对58周龄海兰褐壳蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质和肠道菌群结构的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2020, 32(6):2869-2879.

DOI

YANG J P, WANG X X, LI X F, et al. Effects of compound plant essential oils on performance,egg quality and cecal microflora of 58-week-old Hy-Line brown laying hens[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2020, 32(6):2869-2879. (in Chinese)

[9]
MOUSAVI A, MAHDAVI A H, RIASI A, et al. Efficacy of essential oils combination on performance,ileal bacterial counts,intestinal histology and immunocompetence of laying hens fed alternative lipid sources[J]. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 2018, 102(5):1245-1256.

DOI

[10]
董雯雯, 黄铁军, 于海燕, 等. 饮水型精油复合酸化剂对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质及抑菌效果的影响[J]. 饲料研究, 2023, 46(1):45-50.

DONG W W, HUANG T J, YU H Y, et al. Effect of essential oil and complex acidifier supplementation by drinking water on production performance,egg quality and bacteriostatic of laying hens[J]. Feed Research, 2023, 46(1):45-50. (in Chinese)

[11]
张珊, 肖蕴祺, 陈傲, 等. 甜叶菊绿原酸对产蛋后期蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质、血浆生化指标和肠道组织形态的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2024, 36(2):946-955.

DOI

ZHANG S, XIAO Y Q, CHEN A, et al. Effects of stevia chlorogenic acid on performance, egg quality, plasma biochemical indexes and intestinal morphology of laying hens during late laying period[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2024, 36(2):946-955. (in Chinese)

DOI

[12]
BOZKURT M, KÜÇÜKYILMAZ K, PAMUKÇU M, et al. Long-term effects of dietary supplementation with an essential oil mixture on the growth and laying performance of two layer strains[J]. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 2012, 11(1):e5.

DOI

[13]
ÇUFADAR Y. Effects of dietary different levels of rosemary essential oil on performance and eggshell quality parameters in laying hens[J]. Selcuk Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 2018, 32(3):454-457.

[14]
DING X M, YU Y, SU Z W, et al. Effects of essential oils on performance,egg quality,nutrient digestibility and yolk fatty acid profile in laying hens[J]. Animal Nutrition, 2017, 3(2):127-131.

DOI

[15]
RAZA Q S, SALEEMI M K, GUL S T, et al. Role of essential oils/volatile oils in poultry production-a review on present,past and future contemplations[J]. Agrobiological Records, 2022, 7:40-56.

[16]
TORKI M, SEDGH-GOOYA S, MOHAMMADI H. Effects of adding essential oils of rosemary,dill and chicory extract to diets on performance,egg quality and some blood parameters of laying hens subjected to heat stress[J]. Journal of Applied Animal Research, 2018, 46(1):1118-1126.

DOI

[17]
ABO GHANIMA M M, ELSADEK M F, TAHA A E, et al. Effect of housing system and rosemary and cinnamon essential oils on layers performance,egg quality,haematological traits,blood chemistry,immunity,and antioxidant[J]. Animals, 2020, 10(2):245.

DOI

[18]
张安, 王来娣, 彭艳, 等. 植物精油混合物对海兰褐蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质、卵泡发育及血清生殖激素指标的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2018, 30(4):1489-1494.

ZHANG A, WANG L D, PENG Y, et al. Effects of essential oil mixture on performance,egg quality,follicular development and serum reproductive hormone indices of laying hens[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2018, 30(4):1489-1494. (in Chinese)

[19]
RUAN D, FAN Q L, FOUAD A M, et al. Effects of dietary oregano essential oil supplementation on growth performance,intestinal antioxidative capacity,immunity,and intestinal microbiota in yellow-feathered chickens[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2021, 99(2):skab033.

[20]
ZHANG H Y, WANG Y S, WANG Y L, et al. Combination of cinnamaldehyde with carvacrol or thymol improves the mechanical properties of tibia in post-peak laying hens[J]. Animals, 2022, 12(22):3108.

DOI

[21]
ELBAZ A M, ASHMAWY E S, SALAMA A A, et al. Effects of garlic and lemon essential oils on performance,digestibility,plasma metabolite,and intestinal health in broilers under environmental heat stress[J]. BMC Veterinary Research, 2022, 18(1):430.

DOI

[22]
陈炳旭, 宋丹, 段涛, 等. 蛋鸡产蛋高峰至后期生产性能和抗氧化能力的变化特征研究[J]. 动物营养学报, 2023, 35(5):2981-2989.

DOI

CHEN B X, SONG D, DUAN T, et al. Variation characteristics of performance and antioxidant capacity of laying hens from peak to late laying period[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023, 35(5):2981-2989. (in Chinese)

DOI

[23]
BOTSOGLOU E, GOVARIS A, FLETOURIS D, et al. Effect of supplementation of the laying hen diet with olive leaves (Olea europea L.) on lipid oxidation and fatty acid profile of α-linolenic acid enriched eggs during storage[J]. British Poultry Science, 2012, 53(4):508-519.

DOI

[24]
WANG H B, WANG L F, TIAN C Y, et al. Effects of methyl sulfonyl methane and selenium yeast on fatty liver syndrome in laying hens and their biological mechanisms[J]. Animals, 2023, 13(15):2466.

DOI

[25]
JEONG J B, HONG S C, JEONG H J. 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde purified from the barley seeds (Hordeum vulgare) inhibits oxidative DNA damage and apoptosis via its antioxidant activity[J]. Phytomedicine, 2009, 16(1):85-94.

DOI PMID

[26]
YU C Y, WEI J D, YANG C W, et al. Effects of star anise (Illicium verum Hook.f.) essential oil on laying performance and antioxidant status of laying hens[J]. Poultry Science, 2018, 97(11):3957-3966.

DOI

[27]
秦晓庆, 崔志伟. 包被植物精油对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质及血液生化指标的影响[J]. 中国饲料, 2022(6):37-40.

QIN X Q, CUI Z W. Effects of coated plant essential oil on performance,egg quality and blood biochemical indices of laying hens[J]. China Feed,2022(6):37-40. (in Chinese)

[28]
PLACHA I, TAKACOVA J, RYZNER M, et al. Effect of thyme essential oil and selenium on intestine integrity and antioxidant status of broilers[J]. British Poultry Science, 2014, 55(1):105-114.

DOI PMID

[29]
王冲, 黄金昌, 许毅. 水剂型植物精油对肉鸡生长性能、抗氧化能力、免疫机能与消化酶的影响[J]. 中国家禽, 2023, 45(3):59-65.

WANG C, HUANG J C, XU Y. Effects of water dosage essential oils on growth performance,antioxidant capacity,immune function and intestinal digestive enzymes of broilers[J]. China Poultry, 2023, 45(3):59-65. (in Chinese)

[30]
ASHAYERIZADEH A, SHIRAZI M R J, MORADI H R, et al. Effects of drinking water supplemented with apple vinegar,essential oils,or colistin sulfate on growth performance,blood lipids,antioxidant status,intestinal morphology,and gut microflora of broiler chickens[J]. Poultry Science, 2025, 104(2):104801.

DOI

[31]
ABUBAKAR J O, UCHECHI N C, OLAYINKA ABOSEDE O, et al. Role of oral phytogenic supplementation to protect cardiac,hepatic,nephrotic,and splenic oxidative stress in broiler chickens[J]. Translational Animal Science, 2023, 7(1):txad106.

[32]
ZHANG A W, LEE B D, LEE S K, et al. Effects of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cell components on growth performance,meat quality,and ileal mucosa development of broiler chicks[J]. Poultry Science, 2005, 84(7):1015-1021.

DOI

[33]
SU G Q, WANG L, ZHOU X W, et al. Effects of essential oil on growth performance,digestibility,immunity,and intestinal health in broilers[J]. Poultry Science, 2021, 100(8):101242.

DOI

[34]
徐静, 张子儒, 王德贺, 等. 饮水中添加大蒜精油对蛋鸡生长性能、肠道组织形态及盲肠菌群的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2021, 33(1):308-316.

DOI

XU J, ZHANG Z R, WANG D H, et al. Effects of adding garlic essential oil into drinking water on growth performance,intestinal tissue morphology and cecum microbial flora of layer hens[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2021, 33(1):308-316. (in Chinese)

[35]
LU C, LV J W, JIANG N, et al. Protective effects of Genistein on the cognitive deficits induced by chronic sleep deprivation[J]. Phytotherapy Research, 2020, 34(4):846-858.

DOI PMID

[36]
HE Y, AYANSOLA H, HOU Q H, et al. Genistein inhibits colonic goblet cell loss and colorectal inflammation induced by Salmonella typhimurium infection[J]. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 2021, 65(16):e2100209.

[37]
张利环, 张若男, 贾浩, 等. 3种不同益生菌对肉鸡生长性能、肠道消化吸收功能的影响[J]. 中国畜牧杂志, 2021, 57(5):188-192.

ZHANG L H, ZHANG R N, JIA H, et al. Effects of three different probiotics on growth performance and intestinal digestion-absorption function in broilers[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Science, 2021, 57(5):188-192. (in Chinese)

[38]
姜伟炜, 张文远. 紧密连接蛋白与炎症性肠病[J]. 国际消化病杂志, 2010, 30(2):99-100,114.

JIANG W W, ZHANG W Y. Tight junction and inflammatory bowel disease[J]. International Journal of Digestive Diseases, 2010, 30(2):99-100,114. (in Chinese)

[39]
GE C Y, LUO X Y, WU L C, et al. Plant essential oils improve growth performance by increasing antioxidative capacity,enhancing intestinal barrier function,and modulating gut microbiota in Muscovy ducks[J]. Poultry Science, 2023, 102(8):102813.

DOI

[40]
LIU S D, SONG M H, YUN W, et al. Effects of oral administration of different dosages of carvacrol essential oils on intestinal barrier function in broilers[J]. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 2018, 102(5):1257-1265.

DOI PMID

[41]
YOCKEY L J, IWASAKI A. Interferons and proinflammatory cytokines in pregnancy and fetal development[J]. Immunity, 2018, 49(3):397-412.

DOI PMID

[42]
LIU Y L, CHEN F, ODLE J, et al. Fish oil enhances intestinal integrity and inhibits TLR4 and NOD2 signaling pathways in weaned pigs after LPS challenge[J]. The Journal of Nutrition, 2012, 142(11):2017-2024.

DOI

[43]
NEURATH M F, BECKER C, BARBULESCU K. Role of NF-kappaB in immune and inflammatory responses in the gut[J]. Gut, 1998, 43(6):856-860.

PMID

[44]
FORTINGO N, MELNYK S, SUTTON S H, et al. Innate immune system activation,inflammation and corneal wound healing[J]. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2022, 23(23):14933.

DOI

[45]
BRUNING E E, COLLER J K, WARDILL H R, et al. Site-specific contribution of Toll-like receptor 4 to intestinal homeostasis and inflammatory disease[J]. Journal of Cellular Physiology, 2021, 236(2):877-888.

DOI

[46]
刘娇, 常文环, PIRZADO S A, 等. 植物精油对大肠杆菌攻毒肉鸭生长性能、血清生化指标和免疫功能的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2020, 32(8):3670-3680.

DOI

LIU J, CHANG W H, PIRZADO S A, et al. Effects of plant essential oil on growth performance,serum biochemical indexes and immune function of ducks challenged by Escherichia coli[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2020, 32(8):3670-3680. (in Chinese)

[47]
杜恩存. 百里香酚和香芹酚对肉仔鸡肠上皮屏障和免疫功能的调节作用[D]. 博士学位论文. 北京: 中国农业大学, 2016.

DU E C. Effects of thymol and carvacrol on intestinal epithelial barrier and immune functions of broiler chickens[D]. Ph.D. Thesis. Beijing: China Agricultural University, 2016. (in Chinese)

[48]
LIU S D, SONG M H, YUN W, et al. Effect of carvacrol essential oils on immune response and inflammation-related genes expression in broilers challenged by lipopolysaccharide[J]. Poultry Science, 2019, 98(5):2026-2033.

DOI PMID

Options
Outlines

/

〈 〉

京ICP备17050989号-2
Copyright © Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, All Rights Reserved.
Tel: 010－62817823　E-mail: cjan@vip.163.com
Powered by Beijing Magtech Co., Ltd.