Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2025 , Vol. 37 >Issue 12: 8291 - 8299

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2025.675

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Monascus Pigments on Laying and Hatching Performance,Egg Quality, Nutrient Utilization and Blood Biochemical Indicators of Guizhou Yellow-Feather Breeders

  • LIN Jiale , 1, 2 ,
  • XU Tao 1, 2 ,
  • GU Huailong 3 ,
  • HUANG Yanhua 1, 2 ,
  • LU Shengtao 1, 2 ,
  • ZHOU Panhong 1, 2 ,
  • HUANG Yifan 1, 2 ,
  • HAN Yan 3 ,
  • SHI Xiaoli , 1, 2, *
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  • 1 Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Highland Mountain Animals of Ministry of Education,College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
  • 2 Nayong County Agriculture and Rural Affairs Bureau, Nayong 553300, China
* professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2025-05-08

  Online published: 2025-12-13

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Abstract

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of Monascus pigments (MP) on laying and hatching performance, egg quality, nutrient utilization and blood biochemical indicators of Guizhou yellow-feather breeders. A total of 564 Guizhou yellow-feather breeders aged 200 days were randomly divided into 3 groups with 4 replicates in each group and 47 hens in each replicate, including 4 cocks and 43 hens. Breeders in control group were fed a basal diet, and those in MP200 and MP400 group fed experimental diets which were supplemented with 200 and 400 mg/kg MP, respectively. The trial included a 1-week pre-experimental period and an 8-week formal experimental period. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with the control group, diet supplemented with 400 mg/kg MP did not significantly affect the average daily feed intake (ADFI) of breeders (P>0.05). However, it significantly improved the laying rate and feed/egg ratio (P<0.05), significantly increased the fertilization rate and hatchability (P<0.05), and significantly reduced the embryo mortality (P<0.05). 2) Dietary supplemented with different levels of MP had no significant effects on egg quality indexes such as yolk ratio, yolk color, albumen height, Haugh unit, egg shape index, eggshell strength, and eggshell thickness, etc. (P>0.05). 3) Compared with the control group, diet supplemented with 400 mg/kg MP significantly increased the apparent metabolizabilities of crude protein and calcium (P<0.05). 4) Compared with the control group, dietary supplemented with 400 mg/kg MP significantly reduced plasma triglyceride, total cholesterol, uric acid, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol contents (P<0.05), while significantly increased plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol content (P<0.05). It also significantly decreased serum immunoglobulin A content (P<0.05). Furthermore, dietary supplemented with 400 mg/kg MP significantly enhanced the activities of serum glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase (P<0.05), and significantly reduced the contents of serum reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, and tumor necrosis factor-α (P<0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplemented with 400 mg/kg MP can enhance immunity, antioxidant capacity, and anti-inflammatory ability of Guizhou yellow-feather breeders, also can promote the utilization of dietary nutrients, thereby improving laying and hatching performance.

Key words： Monascus pigment; Guizhou yellow-feather breeders; laying performance; hatching performance; nutrient utilization; immunity

Cite this article

LIN Jiale , XU Tao , GU Huailong , HUANG Yanhua , LU Shengtao , ZHOU Panhong , HUANG Yifan , HAN Yan , SHI Xiaoli . Effects of Monascus Pigments on Laying and Hatching Performance,Egg Quality, Nutrient Utilization and Blood Biochemical Indicators of Guizhou Yellow-Feather Breeders[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2025 , 37(12) : 8291 -8299 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2025.675

红曲色素(Monascus pigments,MP)是以大米为主要原料由丝状真菌红曲霉固态发酵产生的一类聚酮类天然色素,为红、橙、黄多种色素的混合物,年产量可达万吨以上[1]。MP的应用有千年历史,被认为是最安全、着色效果优良的食用色素,早期主要应用于食品、药品、化装品和纺织等工业[1-3]。除色素外,MP中还含有淀粉酶等消化酶、莫纳可林K(monacolin K,MK)、二聚尿酸(dimerumic acid)、麦角甾醇和γ-氨基丁酸等生物活性物质[1-6]。现代医学和生物学研究显示,MP具有抑菌、抗氧化、消炎、降血脂和降血糖等多种功能[2-7],提示MP是很有应用前景的功能性饲料添加剂,但其在畜牧行业的应用研究相对较少,有待于深入挖掘。研究显示,畜禽生产中因高温环境、拥挤、免疫接种等多种因素诱发畜禽体内发生过氧化和炎症反应,进而引发包括食欲减退、生长速度减慢、饲料利用效率降低、畜产品品质下降、肠道机能受损、卵泡发育受阻以及精子产量减少等一系列问题[8-10]。采取措施减少畜禽的氧化应激和炎症反应,意味着生产性能的改善。因此,本试验以贵州黄鸡种鸡为试验动物,探讨MP对黄鸡种鸡产蛋和孵化性能、蛋品质、养分利用、机体代谢的调节效应,为MP在家禽生产中的应用提供参考。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

试验所用MP购于福建省古田振源红曲有限公司,其粗蛋白质含量26.10%,红色价696.03 U/g,黄色价682.15 U/g,橙色价417.20 U/g,莫纳可林K含量0.235%,麦角甾醇含量2.52 mg/kg,γ-氨基丁酸含量0.63 mg/g,桔霉素含量40.71 mg/kg。

1.2 试验设计

动物试验由贵州大学实验动物伦理委员会批准,批准号为:EAE-GZU-2024-T063。
采用单因素完全随机区组试验设计,将体重[(1.85±0.15) kg]、产蛋率[(39.00±2.38)%]相近的健康200日龄贵州黄鸡种鸡564只,随机分为3组,每组4个重复,每个重复47只鸡,其中母鸡43只、公鸡4只。对照组种鸡饲喂基础饲粮,MP200组和MP400组种鸡分别饲喂含200和400 mg/kg MP的试验饲粮。预试期1周,正试期8周。
参照《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2017年第28版)》和《黄羽肉鸡营养需要量》(NY/T 3645—2020)中黄羽肉鸡种鸡的营养需要设计玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮,试验饲粮中按照试验设计的添加量添加MP,略微调整玉米用量,以使各组饲粮营养水平相近。基础饲粮组成及营养水平见表1。
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis) %

项目Items 含量Content
原料Ingredients
玉米Maize 63.41
麦麸Wheat bran 2.00
大豆油Soybean oil 0.41
豆粕Soybean meal 17.00
玉米干全酒糟及其可溶物Corn DDGS 7.80
磷酸氢钙CaPHO4 1.25
石粉Limestone 3.38
颗粒钙Granular calcium 3.50
赖氨酸硫酸盐Lysine·H2SO4 (70%) 0.24
蛋氨酸Methionine 0.15
色氨酸Tryptophan 0.01
食盐NaCl 0.17
碳酸氢钠NaHCO3 0.23
氯化胆碱Choline chloride 0.10
植酸酶Phytase 0.01
矿物质预混料Mineral premix1) 0.10
维生素预混料Vitamin premix2) 0.04
防霉剂Mold inhibitor 0.20
合计Total 100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels3)
干物质DM 86.33
总能GE/(MJ/kg) 15.38
代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) 11.19
粗脂肪EE 3.43
粗蛋白质CP 15.31
钙Ca 3.19
磷P 1.43
钠Na 0.16
氯Cl 0.16
赖氨酸Lysine 0.82
蛋氨酸Methionine 0.42
苏氨酸Threonine 0.58
色氨酸Tryptophan 0.18

1)矿物质预混料为每千克饲粮提供Mineral premix provided the following per kilogram of the diet:Cu 10 mg,Fe 90 mg,Mn 50 mg,Zn 75 mg,I 0.8 mg,Se 0.3 mg。

2)维生素预混料为每千克饲粮提供Vitamin premix provided the following per kilogram of the diet:VA 10 000 IU,VD3 2 000 IU,VE 70 mg,VK3 30 mg,VB1 3 mg,VB2 7.0 mg,VB3 32 mg,VB5 20 mg,VB6 3 mg,生物素 biotin 0.64 mg,叶酸 folic acid 2.0 mg,VB12 0.04 mg。

3)干物质、总能、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、钙和磷均为实测值,其余营养水平根据原料组成和《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2017年第28版)》数据计算得到。DM, GE, CP, EE, Ca and P were measured values, while the other nutrient levels were calculated based on the composition of raw materials and Tables of Feed Composition and Nutritive Values in China (28th edition,2017).

1.3 饲养管理

饲养试验在贵州大学动物科学系科研种鸡场进行。试验鸡采用半开放式网上平养,鸡舍自然通风,以自然光照为主,辅以人工光照方法,每天光照16 h,保持栏舍清洁卫生。每天07:00和14:00喂料,自由采食和饮水。

1.4 代谢试验

饲养试验结束后开展代谢试验。从各组分别挑选16只种鸡,分成4个重复,每个重复4只鸡,单笼饲养,自由采食和饮水,准确记录每只鸡的喂料量、抛洒量和剩余量,并准确收集粪便3 d,并清除粪便中的皮屑、鸡毛和颗粒饲料,称重,按100 g鲜粪添加10%盐酸10 mL固氮,混匀后置于-20 ℃冰柜进行保存。试验结束后,将3 d收集的粪样混合均匀,置于55 ℃烘箱中烘干并回潮24 h,直至恒重。

1.5 测定指标和方法

1.5.1 产蛋性能

每日11:00、15:00和17:00收集鸡蛋,以重复为单位记录产蛋数,称量蛋重,准确记录喂料量、剩料量和抛洒料量,计算采食量,并以周为单位计算产蛋率(ER)、平均蛋重(EW)、平均日采食量(ADFI)和料蛋比(F/E),计算公式如下:
ER(%)=(产蛋总数/存栏母鸡总数)×100;
EW(g)=产蛋总重/产蛋个数;
ADFI(g/d)=(喂料量-剩余料-抛洒量)/鸡只数;
F/E=(喂料量-剩余料-抛洒量)/产蛋总重。

1.5.2 孵化性能

在试验第6周,连续收集7 d鸡蛋,每个重复随机选取60枚鸡蛋(每组共240枚)进行孵化,孵化温度37.8 ℃,相对湿度55%,出雏温度37.2℃,相对湿度75%。于孵化第7天照蛋,记录无精蛋数并剔除死胚蛋数,计算受精率和死胚率;于孵化第21天记录出雏数,计算孵化率。受精率、死胚率和孵化率的计算公式如下:
受精率(%)=[(入孵蛋数-无精蛋数)/入孵蛋数]×100;
死胚率(%)=[死胚蛋数/(入孵蛋数-无精蛋数)]×100;
孵化率(%)=[出雏数/(入孵蛋数-无精蛋数)]×100。

1.5.3 蛋品质

试验最后1周,连续收集3 d鸡蛋,每个重复随机取8枚鸡蛋(每组32枚鸡蛋),测定蛋品质。用DL90150数显游标卡尺(得力集团有限公司)测量鸡蛋纵径和横径后,计算蛋形指数(蛋形指数=纵径/横径);用KQ-01蛋壳强度测定仪(北京天翔飞域科技有限公司)测定蛋壳强度;用EA-01蛋品质分析仪(ORKA,以色列)测定蛋重、蛋白高度、哈氏单位和蛋黄颜色;用螺旋测微仪(东莞市奥锐特精密测量科技有限公司)对蛋壳的锐端、中间、钝端的3个部位分别测定厚度,计算平均值;用分析天平[奥豪斯仪器(上海)有限公司]测定蛋重和蛋黄重量后,计算蛋黄比例[蛋黄比例(%)=(蛋黄重/蛋重)×100]。

1.5.4 养分表观代谢率

用HL-500A粉碎机(天津市泰斯特仪器有限公司)粉碎饲粮和粪样,过60目筛,制备风干样本,并置于4 ℃冰箱中保存以备分析饲粮和粪样中的干物质(GB/T 6435—2014)、总能(ISO 9831:1998)、粗蛋白质(GB/T 6432—2018)、粗脂肪(GB/T 6433—2006)、钙(GB/T 6436—2018)和磷(GB/T 6437—2018),并计算养分表观代谢率,计算公式如下:
养分表观代谢率(%)=[(养分总摄入量-养分排泄量)/养分总摄入量]×100。

1.5.5 血液生化指标

饲养试验结束后,种鸡自由饮水,空腹16 h后每个重复随机选择3只种鸡(每组12只),分别用真空普通和肝素钠采血管采集翅静脉血2 mL,以3 000×g离心15 min制备血清和血浆,于-80 ℃的冰箱保存。
使用试剂盒测定血浆中葡萄糖(GLU,葡萄糖氧化酶法)、甘油三酯(TG,分光光度法)、总胆固醇(TC,分光光度法)、尿酸(UA,分光光度法)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C,微量法)和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C,微量法)含量,试剂盒购自上海酶联生物科技有限公司。
采用分光光度法测定血清中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性与丙二醛(MDA)含量;采用WST-8法测定血清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性;采用双抗体夹心法测定血清中免疫球蛋白Y(IgY)、免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)含量;采用免疫荧光法测定血清中活性氧(ROS)含量;采用酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)法测定血清中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST)活性。上述指标测定所用试剂盒均购自上海酶联生物科技有限公司。

1.6 数据统计与分析

试验数据用SPSS 18.0统计软件进行单因素方差分析,并用Duncan氏法进行多重比较,结果以平均值和均值标准误(SEM)表示。P<0.05表示差异显著,0.05<P<0.10表示差异有显著趋势。

2 结果与分析

2.1 MP对贵州黄鸡种鸡产蛋和孵化性能的影响

由表2可知,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加200和400 mg/kg MP对种鸡的ADFI和蛋重均无显著影响(P>0.05),但添加400 mg/kg MP有提高种鸡产蛋率的趋势(0.05<P<0.10),并显著降低料蛋比(P<0.05),同时还显著提高了种鸡的受精率和孵化率(P<0.05),并显著降低了死胚率(P<0.05)。
表2 红曲色素对贵州黄鸡种鸡产蛋和孵化性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of MP on laying and hatching performance of Guizhou yellow-feather breeders

项目
Items		 组别Groups SEM P值
P-value
对照Control MP200 MP400
产蛋率Laying rate/% 44.26 45.11 49.97 1.805 0.065
蛋重Egg weight/(g/枚) 51.56 51.71 52.12 0.237 0.210
平均日采食量ADFI/(g/d) 118.24 118.73 122.51 2.663 0.175
料蛋比F/E 5.05a 4.98a 4.29b 0.162 0.002
受精率Fertilization rate/% 93.33b 96.67ab 99.38a 1.041 0.038
死胚率Embryo mortality/% 15.86a 13.15ab 9.39b 1.401 0.048
孵化率Hatchability/% 84.14b 86.65ab 90.61a 1.382 0.043

同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。

Values in the same row with different lowercase letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below.

2.2 MP对贵州黄鸡种鸡蛋品质的影响

由表3可知,饲粮中添加不同水平的MP对种鸡的蛋黄重、蛋黄比例、蛋形指数、蛋黄颜色、蛋白高度、哈氏单位、蛋壳强度和蛋壳厚度均无显著影响(P>0.05)。
表3 红曲色素对贵州黄鸡种鸡蛋品质的影响

Table 3 Effects of MP on egg quality of Guizhou yellow-feather breeders

项目
Items		 组别Groups SEM P值
P-value
对照Control MP200 MP400
蛋黄重Yolk weight/g 16.03 17.53 16.03 0.515 0.216
蛋黄比例Yolk ratio/% 30.00 29.61 29.90 0.003 0.693
蛋形指数Egg shape index 37.93 35.17 39.17 0.023 0.748
蛋黄颜色Yolk color 9.00 9.33 9.00 0.192 0.444
蛋白高度Albumen height/mm 5.37 5.40 5.57 0.703 0.234
哈氏单位Haugh unit 73.67 73.13 74.63 0.661 0.362
蛋壳强度Eggshell strength/(kg/cm2) 3.87 3.59 4.00 2.557 0.573
蛋壳厚度Eggshell thickness/mm 0.30 0.31 0.32 0.007 0.280

2.3 MP对贵州黄鸡种鸡养分表观代谢率的影响

由表4可知,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加MP虽对种鸡饲粮中粗脂肪和磷的表观代谢率无显著影响(P>0.05),但添加400 mg/kg MP能显著提高粗蛋白质和钙的表观代谢率(P<0.05),并有提高干物质和总能表观代谢率的趋势(0.05<P<0.10)。
表4 红曲色素对贵州黄鸡种鸡养分表观代谢率的影响

Table 4 Effects of MP on nutrient apparent metabolizabilities of Guizhou yellow-feather breeders %

项目
Items		 组别Groups SEM P值
P-value
对照Control MP200 MP400
干物质DM 84.60 84.80 86.64 0.422 0.079
总能GE 85.90 86.10 87.32 0.274 0.061
粗蛋白质CP 54.68b 56.18b 61.06a 1.142 0.038
粗脂肪EE 85.56 85.23 88.81 0.890 0.203
钙Ca 38.03c 41.78b 46.77a 1.240 0.002
磷P 44.10 45.25 46.35 0.770 0.536

2.4 MP对贵州黄鸡种鸡血液生化指标的影响

由表5可知,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加400 mg/kg MP显著降低种鸡血浆中TG、TC和UA含量(P<0.05),有降低血浆中GLU含量的趋势(0.05<P<0.10),并显著提高血浆中HDL-C含量(P<0.05),显著降低血浆中LDL-C含量(P<0.05);对血清中免疫球蛋白含量的测定结果显示,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加400 mg/kg MP虽然对IgM含量无显著影响(P>0.05),但有增加IgY含量的趋势(0.05<P<0.10),并显著降低IgA含量(P<0.05);与对照组相比,饲粮中添加400 mg/kg MP显著增强血清中GSH-Px和SOD活性(P<0.05),并显著降低血清中MDA和ROS含量(P<0.05);与对照组相比,饲粮中添加400 mg/kg MP虽对血清中炎症因子IL-1β和IL-6含量无显著影响(P>0.05),但显著降低血清中TNF-α含量(P<0.05);此外,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加400 mg/kg MP还显著降低血清中ALT活性(P<0.05),同时显著升高血清中AST活性(P<0.05)。
表5 红曲色素对贵州黄鸡种鸡血液生化指标的影响

Table 5 Effects of MP on blood biochemical indicators of Guizhou yellow-feather breeders

项目
Items		 组别Groups SEM P值
P-value
对照Control MP200 MP400
血浆中糖与脂代谢Glucose and lipid metabolism indicators in plasma/(mmol/L)
葡萄糖GLU 338.26 327.53 274.21 13.593 0.057
甘油三酯TG 13.13a 14.85a 8.38b 0.641 0.015
总胆固醇TC 4.87a 3.18b 3.02b 0.282 0.006
尿酸UA 328.64a 136.51b 106.18c 29.841 <0.001
高密度脂蛋白胆固醇HDL-C 2.89b 3.27ab 3.62a 0.340 0.009
低密度脂蛋白胆固醇LDL-C 1.23a 0.84b 0.61c 0.152 0.016
血清中免疫指标Immune indicators in serum/(μg/mL)
免疫球蛋白Y IgY 317.79 345.71 399.25 15.763 0.087
免疫球蛋白A IgA 47.46a 50.29a 40.00b 1.497 0.001
免疫球蛋白M IgM 79.35 85.75 77.00 2.312 0.304
血清中抗氧化指标Antioxidant indicators in serum
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(U/mL) 58.01b 71.64a 77.14a 2.756 0.018
超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(U/mL) 9.30b 10.00ab 10.71a 0.214 0.007
丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mL) 3.15a 2.87a 2.18b 0.160 0.019
活性氧ROS/(ng/mL) 76.34a 66.59b 54.62c 1.407 0.037
血清中炎症因子Inflammatory factors in serum/(pg/mL)
肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α 12.46a 11.96a 11.28b 0.182 0.008
白细胞介素-1β IL-1β 94.61 91.74 90.27 2.182 0.748
白细胞介素-6 IL-6 4.73 4.71 4.96 0.071 0.349
血清中肝脏功能指标Liver function indicators in serum/(U/mL)
谷丙转氨酶ALT 5.37a 6.26a 3.31b 0.413 <0.001
谷草转氨酶AST 4.25b 5.21b 8.59a 0.627 <0.001

3 讨论

本试验结果显示,饲粮中添加400 mg/kg MP可改善贵州黄鸡种鸡的产蛋性能,提高产蛋率和饲料转化效率。MP含有淀粉酶、糖化酶和果胶酶等多种酶类,并可延长食糜在肠道滞留时间[11-12],促进小肠发育,改变肠道菌群[13-14],从而提高黄鸡种鸡对饲粮中干物质、粗蛋白质和钙表观代谢率,同时降低血浆LDL-C并增加HDL-C含量,减少血浆中GLU、TG和UA含量,表明MP增强了黄鸡种鸡机体对三大养分的利用,增加了用于产蛋的养分,与Sun等[15]的研究结果相似。本试验结果还显示,MP激活抗氧化酶活性,降低血清中ROS的含量以及脂质氧化生成的MDA的量,缓解了氧化应激和炎症反应,而大量研究显示,增强抗氧化能力和减少炎症因子的生成,往往有利于养分向生产的分配[16-17],从而提高产蛋率。然而,在40周龄罗曼蛋鸡饲粮中添加500~1 000 mg/kg MP并不能增加产蛋率,在MP添加量提升至5 000 mg/kg时才能增加产蛋率和蛋重[9]。在海兰蛋鸡上的研究显示,1% MP即可改善海兰蛋鸡的产蛋率和饲料转化效率,而MP添加量提高至2%~3%时却降低产蛋性能[10]。然而,还有研究显示,0.5%~1% MP[18]或0.5% MP合生元[19]均不能改善海兰蛋鸡的产蛋性能,添加更高水平(6%~12%)MP亦不能提高仙居鸡的产蛋性能[20]。由此可见,改善蛋鸡生产性能的MP适宜添加量存在较大差异,较低剂量的MP往往对产蛋有促进作用。导致MP添加剂量和效应存在差异的原因很可能与MP中莫纳可林K、γ-氨基丁酸、色素等活性成分或有害物质桔霉素含量不同有关[2,21],因生产MP的菌株和工艺不同,MP中有效活性成分和橘霉素含量存在明显差异[2,21],橘霉素可导致肝脏、肾脏和卵巢的损伤[22]。本试验中,MP添加量从200 mg/kg增加至400 mg/kg时,血清中ALT活性显著降低,而AST活性却显著升高,并且IgA含量显著降低,意味着不同剂量的MP对机体免疫能力的调节不同,400 mg/kg MP对黄鸡种鸡肝脏和免疫功能有一定损伤,如果再提高MP添加量可能会降低产蛋性能。因此,为保证MP在畜禽生产中安全使用,应检测橘霉素含量并严格控制添加量以避免负面影响。综合上述结果,本试验条件下,贵州黄鸡种鸡饲粮中MP适宜添加量为400 mg/kg。
繁殖性能是衡量种蛋鸡经济价值最重要的指标[21]。产蛋过程中,由于营养、环境、管理等因素,种蛋鸡易发生氧化应激,产生大量ROS,ROS增多可损害卵巢功能,诱导细胞损伤,引发炎症反应[23],造成繁殖性能下降[24]。研究显示,抗氧化剂可减少精子细胞膜脂质氧化,增加受精率[23],能有效缓解繁殖性能下降。MP中的二聚尿酸和色素多酚类等多种物质均有抗氧化活性,可直接清除自由基,清除1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基,缓解脂质过氧化[5],减轻氧化损伤[25]。MP还可抑制炎症因子的产生,下调炎症基因表达,缓解炎症反应[26]。本试验结果显示,饲粮中添加400 mg/kg MP后贵州黄鸡种鸡血清GSH-Px和SOD活性增加,炎症因子TNF-α的分泌被抑制,MDA生成减少,且受精率和孵化率提高,死胚率减少,表明MP通过提高机体抗氧化能力,减轻炎症反应,从而改善了贵州黄鸡种鸡繁殖性能。
家禽无法自行合成色素,仅由外源添加获得[27]。MP是一种天然、安全的食用色素,对温度敏感,当温度高于70 ℃时,其结构被破坏[28],MP已在食品、医药及化妆品等多个行业得到广泛应用[29]。相关研究显示,0.5% MP可提高蛋壳的红色度[19],1 000 mg/kg MP可改善红白锦鲤的体色[30]。但在本试验中,饲粮中添加200或400 mg/kg MP时蛋黄颜色均无显著变化,推测可能是MP添加量及加工方式导致的,MP在加工过程中因温度过高分解。蛋壳中的钙来源于饲粮(60%~70%)和骨骼(30%~40%)[31],MP中麦角固醇转化为维生素D2后,可促进钙在蛋鸡肠黏膜细胞中与钙结合蛋白结合,促进钙吸收,增加蛋壳钙含量,提高蛋壳厚度,减少软破蛋率[32]。本试验中,饲粮中添加400 mg/kg MP虽提高了钙的表观代谢率,但蛋壳强度和蛋壳厚度无变化,表明MP仅提高Ca的消化吸收,减少骨骼钙动用,但不影响蛋壳钙沉积。

4 结论

本试验条件下,饲粮中添加400 mg/kg MP增强了贵州黄鸡种鸡对养分的消化吸收,提高了机体的免疫力、抗氧化能力和抗炎症能力,改善了产蛋和孵化性能。

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