Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2025 , Vol. 37 >Issue 12: 8300 - 8310

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2025.676

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Different Levels of Sanghuang Extract in Diets on Growth Performance, Slaughter Performance, Meat Quality, and Serum Immune and Antioxidant Indexes of White-Feather Broilers

  • ZHANG Haoyu ,
  • HAN Shuang ,
  • CHEN Xiaole ,
  • TAN Yanxiao ,
  • ZHANG Chao ,
  • WANG Hongdong , *
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  • Dezhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dezhou 253015, China
* senior agronomist, E-mail:

Received date: 2025-06-06

  Online published: 2025-12-13

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Abstract

This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of different levels of Sanghuang extract on the growth performance, slaughter performance, meat quality, muscle texture characteristics, serum immune, and antioxidant indexes of white-feather broilers, and to compare them with the effects of the same levels of hawthorn leaf extract and velvet antler extract. A total of 72 healthy 21-day-old 817 white-feather broiler male chicks with no significant difference (P>0.05) in initial body weight were randomly divided into 6 groups, with 3 replicates per group and 4 chicks per replicate. The control group was fed a basal diet, and the experimental groups were supplemented with 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg of Sanghuang extract, 400 mg/kg of hawthorn leaf extract, and 400 mg/kg of velvet antler extract, respectively. The experimental period lasted for 21 days. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with the control group, the feed-to-gain ratio was significantly reduced in all Sanghuang extract groups, and the hawthorn leaf group had a significantly lower feed-to-gain ratio than both Sanghuang 3 and velvet antler groups (P<0.05). 2) The muscle brightness (L*) value was significantly higher in the hawthorn leaf group compared with all Sanghuang extract groups (P<0.05). 3) Compared with the control group, the drip loss rate was significantly reduced in the Sanghuang 2 group (P<0.05). 4) Compared with the control group, the muscle fiber cross-sectional area was significantly decreased in Sanghuang 1 group (P<0.05), while it significantly increased in Sanghuang 3 group (P<0.05). The fiber diameter was significantly reduced in Sanghuang 1 and 2 groups (P<0.05), while it was significantly increased in Sanghuang 3 group (P<0.05). The hawthorn leaf group had significantly lower fiber diameter and cross-sectional area compared with both Sanghuang 3 and velvet antler groups (P<0.05). 5) Compared with the control group, the contents of serum immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin M (IgM), and immunoglobulin G (IgG) were significantly increased in all Sanghuang extract groups (P<0.05). The serum content of interleukin-4 (IL-4) was significantly higher in Sanghuang 2 and 3 groups (P<0.05), while the serum content of interleukin-6 (IL-6) was significantly lower in Sanghuang 2 and 3 groups (P<0.05). The serum content of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) was significantly lower in the Sanghuang 3 group (P<0.05). The serum contents of IgA, IgM, IgG, and IL-4 in the Sanghuang 3 group were significantly lower than those in the hawthorn leaf group (P<0.05), but there were no significant differences in serum immune indexes compared with the velvet antler group (P>0.05). 6) Compared with the control group, serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was significantly increased in all Sanghuang extract groups (P<0.05), and the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT) activities were significantly increased in Sanghuang 2 and 3 groups (P<0.05). The malondialdehyde (MDA) content in serum was significantly reduced in Sanghuang 1 and 3 groups (P<0.05). The antioxidant effect in the hawthorn leaf group was more significant than in Sanghuang 3 group (P<0.05), and there were no significant differences in serum antioxidant indexes between the velvet antler and control groups (P>0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation with an appropriate level of Sanghuang extract can reduce the feed-to-gain ratio in white-feather broilers, enhance immune function and antioxidant capacity, and improve muscle texture characteristics. Compared with other novel green additives, it shows comparable immunomodulatory effects. Under the conditions of this experiment, the optimal supplementation level of Sanghuang extract in the diets of white-feather broilers is 200 mg/kg.

Key words： Sanghuang extract; white-feather broilers; growth performance; slaughter performance; meat quality; immune performance; antioxidant

Cite this article

ZHANG Haoyu , HAN Shuang , CHEN Xiaole , TAN Yanxiao , ZHANG Chao , WANG Hongdong . Effects of Different Levels of Sanghuang Extract in Diets on Growth Performance, Slaughter Performance, Meat Quality, and Serum Immune and Antioxidant Indexes of White-Feather Broilers[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2025 , 37(12) : 8300 -8310 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2025.676

随着抗生素被广泛用于畜禽养殖,畜禽抵抗力下降、耐药性增加及药物残留等问题加剧。目前我国已停止在畜禽养殖生产中添加促生长类药物的饲料添加剂,因此,寻找绿色、安全的抗生素替代品,是克服禁抗衍生的问题、保障畜产品安全、促进养殖业健康发展的关键。
桑黄是一种珍稀药用真菌,含有多糖、萜类和黄酮类等生物活性物质[1-3],具有抗肿瘤[1]、抗氧化[4]、抑菌[5]、免疫调节[6]、降血糖[7]等功效,作为饲料添加剂在畜禽生产中潜力巨大。现有研究表明,对海兰褐等品系蛋鸡饲喂桑黄多糖可显著提高日增重、胫骨长度、产蛋率等,改善血清代谢、抗氧化和免疫性能[8-10]。孙雨晴等[11]研究表明,在断奶仔猪饲粮中添加0.5%桑黄菌丝体,可显著提高断奶仔猪的平均日增重,改善肠道菌群结构。目前,桑黄提取物在畜禽上的应用较少,且对于桑黄提取物作为替抗产品与其他新型绿色添加剂如原花青素[12-13]、鹿茸提取物[14]、山楂黄酮[15-16]相比较的研究更少。因此,本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加不同水平桑黄提取物对白羽肉鸡生长性能、屠宰性能、肉品质、肌肉质构特性、血清免疫和抗氧化指标的影响。同时,将桑黄提取物与山楂叶提取物和鹿茸提取物在相同添加水平下进行对比,以期评估桑黄提取物相对于其他新型绿色添加剂的效果,为其在畜禽生产中的开发和应用提供理论支持。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验动物与材料

试验鸡为817白羽肉鸡公雏,由山东德州某养殖场提供;桑黄提取物购自陕西某生物科技有限公司,桑黄多糖含量≥50%,为粉末制剂;山楂叶提取物购自陕西某生物科技有限公司,山楂黄酮含量≥50%,为粉末制剂;鹿茸提取物购自陕西某生物科技有限公司,鹿茸多糖含量≥50%,为粉末制剂。

1.2 试验设计与饲粮

本试验经德州市农业科学研究院实验动物福利伦理委员会审批通过,批准编号为DZAAS-202401。试验采用单因素试验设计,选用状态良好、体重平均在506.40 g的21日龄817白羽肉鸡公雏72只,根据体重一致原则随机分成6组,每组3个重复,每个重复4只鸡。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,桑黄1组、桑黄2组、桑黄3组、山楂叶组和鹿茸组分别在基础饲粮中添加100、200和400 mg/kg桑黄提取物及400 mg/kg山楂叶提取物、400 mg/kg鹿茸提取物,试验期21 d,其中预试期7 d,正试期14 d。试验组白羽肉鸡在预试期内由基础饲粮过渡到试验饲粮。根据NRC(1994)和《鸡饲养标准》(NY/T 33—2004)配制玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮,其组成及营养水平见表1。试验分别采用GB/T 6432—2018、GB/T 6436—2018和GB/T 18246—2019中方法检测饲粮粗蛋白质、钙和氨基酸含量,饲粮中代谢能、有效磷含量参照《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2024年第35版)》进行计算。
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis) %

项目Items 含量Content
原料Ingredients
玉米Corn 61.70
豆粕Soybean meal 25.00
鱼粉Fish meal 6.00
石粉Limestone 1.00
豆油Soybean oil 4.00
磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 1.00
氯化钠NaCl 0.30
预混料Premix1) 1.00
合计Total 100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels2)
代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) 12.89
粗蛋白质CP 20.00
钙Ca 0.92
有效磷AP 0.43
赖氨酸Lys 1.10
蛋氨酸+胱氨酸Met+Cys 0.70

1)每千克预混料含有 Each kilogram of the premix contained the following: VA 4 800 IU,VD3 600 IU,VE 36 IU,VK3 0.72 mg,VB1 6 mg,VB2 9.6 mg,烟酰胺 nicotinamide 36 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.72 mg,生物素 biotin 0.3 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 30 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 96 mg,Cu (as ferrous sulfate) 6 mg,Zn (as ferrous sulfate) 72 mg,Mn (as ferrous sulfate) 72 mg,Se (as ferrous sulfate) 0.36 mg。

2)代谢能和有效磷为计算值,其他营养水平为实测值。ME and AP were calculated values, while other nutrient levels were measured values.

1.3 饲养管理

试验采用单层笼养的方式饲养,试验前对鸡舍和笼具进行清洁消毒,高锰酸钾进行熏蒸后通风。日常管理参照《商品肉鸡生产技术规程》(GB/T 19664—2005),自由采食和饮水,每天饲喂2次,分别在07:00和14:00,每天清粪2次,每周进行消毒1次。按常规进行免疫。

1.4 指标测定及方法

1.4.1 生长性能

分别于21和42日龄对肉鸡进行空腹称重,每天记录各个重复的饲粮添加量和剩余料重,计算平均日增重(ADG)、平均日采食量(ADFI)和料重比(F/G)。

1.4.2 屠宰性能和免疫器官指数

于42日龄时,从每个重复选取1只肉鸡进行屠宰试验,参照《家禽生长性能名词术语和度量统计方法》(NY/T 823—2020)分别测定屠体重、半净膛重和全净膛重,计算屠宰率、半净膛率和全净膛率。
此外,取每只屠宰的肉鸡胸腺、脾脏、法氏囊组织,称重,计算免疫器官指数。
免疫器官指数(g/kg)=免疫器官重量(g)/活体重(kg)。

1.4.3 肉品质

于42日龄时,从每个重复选取1只肉鸡进行胸肌样品采集,参照《畜禽肉质的测定》(NY/T 1333—2007)测定肉品质。

1.4.4 肌肉质构特性

于42日龄时,从每个重复选取1只肉鸡,采集胸肌样品固定,进行苏木精-伊红染色。每组内每张切片随机3个200倍视野进行拍照。选择组织完整、背景光相同的视野,使用Image-Pro Plus 6.0分析软件测量肌纤维直径和横截面积,并记录数据。

1.4.5 血清免疫指标

于42日龄时,从每个重复选取1只肉鸡进行翅静脉采血,用75%酒精棉球擦拭内侧翼肱静脉处的表皮,采血针尖斜面朝上斜向下刺入,抽取5 mL血液注入促凝管中。将促凝管放在避光常温处静止90 min,1 100×g离心15 min,收集血清于离心管中,在-20 ℃下保存,用于测定血清免疫指标,包括免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-4(IL-4)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)。血清免疫指标均采用微板法并使用上海酶联生物科技有限公司的试剂盒进行测定。

1.4.6 血清抗氧化指标

于42日龄时,从每个重复选取1只肉鸡,以1.4.5中方法收集血清于离心管中,在-20 ℃下保存,用于测定血清抗氧化指标,包括总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和丙二醛(MDA)。血清抗氧化指标均采用微板法并使用苏州格锐思生物科技有限公司的试剂盒进行测定。

1.5 数据统计分析

采用SPSS 27.0软件对试验数据进行方差分析和Tukey’s HSD法多重比较,结果用“平均值±标准差”表示,P<0.05为差异显著。

2 结果与分析

2.1 桑黄提取物对白羽肉鸡生长性能的影响

由表2可知,各试验组肉鸡的初体重无显著差异(P>0.05),表明具有良好的一致性,同时,各试验组的平均日采食量也未呈现显著差异(P>0.05),这一结果完全契合试验标准。与对照组相比,桑黄1、2、3组肉鸡的末体重和平均日增重显著提高(P<0.05);桑黄1、2、3组料重比均显著低于对照组和鹿茸组(P<0.05),而山楂叶组肉鸡的料重比显著低于桑黄3组(P<0.05);桑黄1、2、3组肉鸡的料重比呈现出先降低后提高的趋势,桑黄2组显著低于其他2组(P<0.05)。
表2 桑黄提取物对白羽肉鸡生长性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of Sanghuang extract on growth performance of white-feather broilers

项目
Items		 对照组
Control
group		 山楂叶组
Hawthorn leaf
group		 鹿茸组
Deer antler
group		 桑黄1组
Sanghuang
group 1		 桑黄2组
Sanghuang
group 2		 桑黄3组
Sanghuang
group 3
初体重IBW/g 506.43
±0.65		 505.73
±1.79		 507.13
±0.70		 506.47
±0.70		 506.50
±0.89		 506.13
±1.70
末体重FBW/g 1 122.10
±35.61d		 1 256.15
±17.67a		 1 144.46
±16.83cd		 1 194.40
±41.77bc		 1 250.02
±30.29a		 1 215.70
±20.30ab
平均日增重ADG/g 51.40
±1.74c		 62.53
±0.67a		 53.11
±1.20c		 57.32
±0.80b		 61.96
±1.06a		 59.13
±1.29b
平均日采食量ADFI/g 89.21
±2.31		 90.29
±3.61		 88.81
±2.18		 91.37
±5.38		 92.81
±3.93		 91.56
±4.08
料重比F/G 1.71
±0.01a		 1.44
±0.02c		 1.67
±0.04a		 1.59
±0.03b		 1.50
±0.03c		 1.55
±0.03b

同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。

In the same row,values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05),while with different letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below.

2.2 桑黄提取物对白羽肉鸡屠宰性能和免疫器官指数的影响

由表3可知,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加山楂叶提取物、鹿茸提取物以及不同水平桑黄提取物对白羽肉鸡的屠宰率、半净膛率和全净膛率均无显著影响(P>0.05);与对照组相比,饲粮中添加山楂叶提取物、鹿茸提取物以及不同水平桑黄提取物对白羽肉鸡的免疫器官指数也均无显著影响(P>0.05)。
表3 桑黄提取物对白羽肉鸡屠宰及免疫器官指数的影响

Table 3 Effects of Sanghuang extract on slaughter performance and immune organ indexes of white-feather broilers

项目
Items		 对照组
Control
group		 山楂叶组
Hawthorn leaf
group		 鹿茸组
Deer antler
group		 桑黄1组
Sanghuang
group 1		 桑黄2组
Sanghuang
group 2		 桑黄3组
Sanghuang
group 3
屠宰率Slaughter rate/% 90.07±0.76 91.09±0.89 89.38±2.49 91.01±0.71 88.36±1.83 90.50±1.22
半净膛率
Half eviscerated rate/%		 83.50±0.88 84.21±0.92 83.94±1.39 83.85±1.15 82.14±2.41 83.58±1.27
全净膛率
All eviscerated rate/%		 65.18±1.40 67.45±1.94 66.95±3.00 67.18±1.70 64.86±1.97 66.37±1.92
免疫器官指数
Immune organ
indexes/(g/kg)		 7.82±1.30 9.96±0.67 8.62±0.79 8.90±0.71 9.18±0.44 9.24±0.54

2.3 桑黄提取物对白羽肉鸡肉品质和肌肉质构特性的影响

不同组别胸肌的形态学结果如图1所示。由表4可知,与对照组相比,桑黄2组白羽肉鸡胸肌的滴水损失率显著降低(P<0.05),桑黄3组和山楂叶组的滴水损失率同样呈现出降低趋势。与对照组相比,饲粮中添加山楂叶提取物、鹿茸提取物以及不同水平桑黄提取物对白羽肉鸡的蒸煮损失率均无显著影响(P>0.05)。与对照组相比,饲粮中添加山楂叶提取物对白羽肉鸡亮度有显著提高(P<0.05),而饲粮中添加不同水平桑黄提取物对白羽肉鸡亮度、红度和黄度的影响均不显著(P>0.05)。与对照组相比,桑黄1组白羽肉鸡的肌纤维横截面积和直径显著降低(P<0.05),桑黄2组肌纤维直径显著降低(P<0.05),而桑黄3组横截面积和直径则显著增加(P<0.05);桑黄3组白羽肉鸡肌纤维横截面积和直径相较于山楂叶组和鹿茸组显著提高(P<0.05)。
图1 不同提取物胸肌HE染色切片图

A:桑黄1组 Sanghuang group 1;B:桑黄2组 Sanghuang group 2;C:桑黄3组 Sanghuang group 3;D:对照组 control group;E:山楂叶组 hawthorn leaf group;F:鹿茸组 deer antler group。

Fig.1 HE staining section images of breast muscle from different extracts(200×)

表4 桑黄提取物对白羽肉鸡肉品质和肌肉质构特性的影响

Table 4 Effects of Sanghuang extract on meat quality and muscle texture characteristics of white-feather broilers

项目
Items		 对照组
Control
group		 山楂叶组
Hawthorn leaf
group		 鹿茸组
Deer antler
group		 桑黄1组
Sanghuang
group 1		 桑黄2组
Sanghuang
group 2		 桑黄3组
Sanghuang
group 3
亮度L* 50.27
±2.08b		 56.63
±2.25a		 49.17
±3.43b		 48.07
±1.69b		 45.17
±2.32b		 49.33
±4.60b
红度a* 1.96
±0.21		 3.10
±0.44		 2.30
±0.53		 2.73
±0.06		 2.70
±0.17		 2.33
±0.21
黄度b* 6.33
±1.10		 4.33
±0.86		 5.93
±0.21		 5.83
±0.12		 5.60
±0.26		 5.00
±1.01
滴水损失率
Drip loss rate/%		 3.14
±0.36a		 2.50
±0.46ab		 3.01
±0.19ab		 3.24
±0.25a		 2.21
±0.25b		 2.56
±0.36ab
蒸煮损失率
Cooking loss rate/%		 24.84
±2.50		 22.53
±2.95		 22.44
±1.33		 22.90
±3.34		 23.81
±1.50		 25.02
±3.70
肌纤维横截面积
Muscle fiber cross-
sectional area/μm2		 1 731.72
±128.24bc		 1 060.02
±16.49e		 1 780.05
±88.08b		 1 426.06
±112.22d		 1 461.28
±111.81cd		 2 257.21
±140.69a
肌纤维直径
Muscle fiber diameter/μm		 43.92
±1.37b		 34.28
±0.51d		 44.09
±1.53b		 40.14
±1.08c		 40.38
±1.27c		 50.39
±1.61a

2.4 桑黄提取物对白羽肉鸡血清免疫指标的影响

由表5可知,各试验组白羽肉鸡血清IgA、IgM和IgG含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。在血清IgA含量上,桑黄3组相较于桑黄1、2组显著提高(P<0.05);在血清IgM含量上,桑黄3组显著高于桑黄1组(P<0.05),与桑黄2组无显著差异(P>0.05);在血清IgG含量上,桑黄2、3组均显著高于桑黄1组(P<0.05);山楂叶组在血清免疫球蛋白含量上显著高于桑黄3组和鹿茸组(P<0.05),而桑黄3组相较于鹿茸组则无显著差异(P>0.05)。与对照组相比,桑黄3组血清中IL-1β含量显著降低(P<0.05),而山楂叶组、鹿茸组和桑黄3组组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。与对照组相比,桑黄2、3组血清IL-4含量显著提高(P<0.05),而山楂叶组较鹿茸组和桑黄3组提高更为显著(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,桑黄2、3组血清中IL-6含量显著降低(P<0.05),而山楂叶组、鹿茸组和桑黄3组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。
表5 桑黄提取物对白羽肉鸡血清免疫指标的影响

Table 5 Effects of Sanghuang extract on serum immune indexes of white-feather broilers

项目
Items		 对照组
Control
group		 山楂叶组
Hawthorn leaf
group		 鹿茸组
Deer antler
group		 桑黄1组
Sanghuang
group 1		 桑黄2组
Sanghuang
group 2		 桑黄3组
Sanghuang
group 3
免疫球蛋白A
IgA/(μg/mL)		 388.92
±16.31d		 670.32
±37.82a		 574.93
±7.18b		 490.77
±23.38c		 446.40
±22.45c		 601.73
±21.37b
免疫球蛋白M
IgM/(μg/mL)		 1 270.86
±67.21d		 1 718.19
±48.42a		 1 558.87
±23.20bc		 1 491.13
±17.78c		 1 525.29
±33.61bc		 1 605.50
±50.95b
免疫球蛋白G
IgG/(g/L)		 1.27
±0.03e		 2.24
±0.09a		 1.96
±0.07b		 1.45
±0.05d		 1.74
±0.07c		 1.84
±0.04bc
白细胞介素-1β
IL-1β/(pg/mL)		 23.82
±0.28a		 15.66
±0.36b		 16.49
±0.70b		 23.14
±0.27a		 22.90
±0.26a		 16.63
±0.42b
白细胞介素-4
IL-4/(pg/mL)		 172.70
±2.75c		 250.55
±7.33a		 195.98
±4.60b		 182.70
±1.44c		 195.10
±3.68b		 205.98
±6.17b
白细胞介素-6
IL-6/(pg/mL)		 59.28
±0.89a		 43.51
±1.82b		 51.15
±3.09b		 57.60
±1.36a		 47.46
±1.14b		 49.16
±1.02b

2.5 桑黄提取物对白羽肉鸡血清抗氧化指标的影响

由表6可知,与对照组相比,桑黄2、3组血清T-AOC、GSH-Px和CAT活性显著提高(P<0.05),其中桑黄3组血清GSH-Px活性显著高于桑黄2组(P<0.05);与对照组相比,饲粮中添加不同水平的桑黄提取物可显著提高血清SOD活性并降低血清MDA含量(P<0.05),且随着饲粮中桑黄提取物添加水平的提高,对血清SOD活性和MDA含量的影响也更加显著(P<0.05)。饲粮中添加山楂叶提取物在提高血清抗氧化指标上显著高于鹿茸组和桑黄3组(P<0.05),而鹿茸组在各项指标上与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表6 桑黄提取物对白羽肉鸡血清抗氧化指标的影响

Table 6 Effects of Sanghuang extract on serum antioxidant indexes of white-feather broilers

项目
Items		 对照组
Control
group		 山楂叶组
Hawthorn leaf
group		 鹿茸组
Deer antler
group		 桑黄1组
Sanghuang
group 1		 桑黄2组
Sanghuang
group 2		 桑黄3组
Sanghuang
group 3
总抗氧化能力
T-AOC/(U/mL)		 1.91
±0.01e		 3.80
±0.27a		 1.94
±0.04e		 2.06
±0.04de		 2.22
±0.01cd		 2.33
±0.03bc
超氧化物歧化酶
SOD/(U/mL)		 49.38
±0.50e		 83.64
±1.53a		 47.66
±0.72e		 56.37
±0.25d		 58.71
±0.10c		 65.11
±0.96b
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶
GSH-Px/(U/L)		 203.01
±5.73d		 392.58
±3.09a		 188.88
±15.63cd		 209.08
±11.85cd		 237.29
±3.47c		 271.38
±2.20b
过氧化氢酶
CAT/(U/mL)		 10.36
±0.07c		 23.96
±0.59a		 10.76
±0.30c		 10.13
±0.48c		 14.74
±0.99b		 15.09
±0.82b
丙二醛
MDA/(nmol/mL)		 5.30
±0.10a		 3.41
±0.11d		 5.50
±0.04a		 4.83
±0.13b		 4.81
±0.26abc		 4.32
±0.05c

3 讨论

3.1 饲粮中添加桑黄提取物对白羽肉鸡生长性能的影响

生长性能是评估畜禽养殖经济效益的关键指标,料重比更能直观反映其生长表现。研究表明,添加桑黄多糖可以显著提高脂多糖诱导蛋鸡的平均日增重[10]。詹勋等[17]在黄羽肉种鸡饲粮中添加5、10 mg/kg山楂叶总黄酮使肉种鸡平均日增重显著增加。孙耀贵等[18]研究表明,在肉鸡饲粮中添加300 mg/kg山楂叶总黄酮显著降低了肉鸡前期的料重比。本试验结果表明,饲粮中添加桑黄提取物可显著提高白羽肉鸡的平均日增重,降低其料重比,与以上研究结果一致。此外,桑黄提取物相较于对照组和鹿茸组显著提高了白羽肉鸡的生长性能,但其效果仍没有山楂叶提取物显著。桑黄提取物对肉鸡的生长发育具有促进作用,其原因可能是桑黄多糖不仅可以增强动物肠道消化酶活性,提高消化吸收效率[11],还可以丰富肠道菌群的多样性,调节肠道菌群丰度[19-20],从而促进动物机体生长发育。

3.2 饲粮中添加桑黄提取物对白羽肉鸡屠宰性能和免疫器官指数的影响

肉鸡的屠宰性能是生产实践中衡量生产效益的一个重要指标。研究表明,饲粮中添加250 mg/kg黄芪多糖使樱桃谷鸭全净膛率和半净膛率显著提高,对屠宰率无显著影响[21]。刘平平等[22]发现,在饲粮中添加不同水平的黄芪多糖对肉仔鸡屠宰性能无显著影响。汪炎池等[23]在饲粮中添加0.2 g/kg黄芪多糖使湖羊屠宰率提高,但差异并不显著。本研究中,饲粮中添加不同水平桑黄提取物对白羽肉鸡屠宰性能没有显著影响,结果与上述文献报道结果相一致。曹楠等[24]在饲粮中添加白术多糖对岭南黄鸡的免疫器官指数无显著影响,本研究中各组白羽肉鸡免疫器官指数无显著差异与之相符。也有研究表明,饲粮中添加0.16%辣木叶多糖可促进广西三黄鸡的免疫器官发育[25],这可能与试验周期较短有关,具体原因还有待进一步分析。

3.3 饲粮中添加桑黄提取物对白羽肉鸡肉品质的影响

肉色是决定消费者视觉接受程度的重要因素。Brewer等[26]表明,亮度与视觉上的色度最相关。本试验结果表明,饲粮中添加不同水平桑黄提取物对亮度、红度、黄度无显著影响,而添加400 mg/kg山楂叶提取物使鸡肉颜色更亮。系水力是影响肉品质的重要因素,能够反映肌肉的多汁性、嫩度和营养保持[27]。本试验以滴水损失率和蒸煮损失率对鸡肉的系水力进行评估,发现饲粮中添加不同水平桑黄提取物对蒸煮损失率无显著影响,而添加200 mg/kg桑黄提取物可显著降低滴水损失率,保持更多的水分和蛋白质,提升鸡肉嫩度,添加山楂叶提取物和400 mg/kg桑黄提取物同样在滴水损失率上呈现出降低趋势,但差异不显著,这一结论与邬理洋等[28]的研究结果相一致。肌纤维组织学特性是衡量肌肉嫩度及品质的重要指标,纤维直径和横截面积越小,肉质越嫩,优质肌肉通常由更小直径的纤维组成[29-30]。与对照组相比,饲粮中添加100 mg/kg桑黄提取物能够显著降低白羽肉鸡肌纤维直径和横截面积,从而提升肉品质,而400 mg/kg桑黄提取物则显著提高。在同样添加400 mg/kg水平下,仅山楂叶提取物显著降低了肌纤维直径和横截面积,提高肌肉嫩度。

3.4 饲粮中添加桑黄提取物对白羽肉鸡血清免疫指标的影响

动物血清中免疫球蛋白及细胞因子的表达水平体现了机体对抗外部病毒和微生物的能力,是免疫系统调控的重要环节。IL-1β和IL-6作为关键的促炎细胞因子,通过激活免疫细胞和介导炎症信号通路来促进炎症反应。IL-4作为抗炎细胞因子,通过诱导Th2型免疫反应、促进B细胞分化和抗体生成来调节免疫平衡,抑制促炎反应。研究表明,桑黄多糖可显著降低IL-1β、IL-6等促炎细胞因子的含量,增加IL-4等抗炎细胞因子的表达水平[10,31]。本研究中,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加桑黄提取物可显著降低血清IL-1β、IL-6含量,提高IL-4含量,与上述研究结果一致,说明桑黄提取物对白羽肉鸡的炎症反应有抑制作用。此外,在相同添加水平下,3种添加剂在抗炎反应上的效果相似,仅在血清IL-4含量方面,山楂叶提取物显著高于其他2组。免疫球蛋白作为体液免疫中不可或缺的抗体之一,在机体免疫过程中具有重要作用。研究表明,桑黄多糖可显著提高育成期蛋鸡血清IgA、IgM和IgG含量[8]。贾冬舒等[10]研究发现,饲粮中添加桑黄多糖能够显著提高脂多糖诱导炎症蛋鸡的血清IgA、IgM和IgG含量。本试验中,饲粮中添加桑黄提取物显著提高了白羽肉鸡血清免疫球蛋白含量,与上述结果一致。此外,在相同添加水平下,桑黄提取物与鹿茸提取物在免疫调节功能上效果相同,而山楂叶提取物效果要优于另外2组。桑黄提取物的替抗效果及其潜力仍需通过与抗生素的对比研究进一步验证。

3.5 饲粮中添加桑黄提取物对白羽肉鸡血清抗氧化指标的影响

活性氧作为一种关键的自由基,会干扰机体正常代谢过程而引发代谢紊乱。在实际生产中,应激会导致畜禽生长性能降低和肉品质下降。研究表明,桑黄多糖可显著提高蛋鸡血清T-AOC及CAT、SOD、GSH-Px活性,降低血清MDA含量[8]。陈巍等[9]研究发现,饲粮中添加桑黄多糖显著提高了海兰褐蛋鸡体内抗氧化酶活性,进而提高机体的抗氧化功能。王芷涵等[32]结果表明,黄芪党参厚朴粗提物显著提高了广西灵山香鸡血清T-AOC和GSH-Px活性,显著降低了MDA含量,抑制氧化。本试验结果与以上研究结果类似,饲粮中添加桑黄提取物能够显著提高白羽肉鸡血清T-AOC及CAT、SOD、GSH-Px活性,降低血清MDA含量。在相同添加水平下,山楂叶提取物在调节机体抗氧化能力上优于桑黄提取物,而鹿茸提取物对白羽肉鸡的血清抗氧化指标没有显著影响。

4 结论

饲粮中添加桑黄提取物能够降低白羽肉鸡的料重比,提高机体免疫功能和抗氧化能力,且对免疫器官指数无不良影响,与其他新型绿色添加剂相比,桑黄提取物在免疫调节作用上可达到相当水平,同时添加适量桑黄提取物还可以改善肉鸡肌肉品质。综合料重比、肉品质和血清免疫因子等各项指标,白羽肉鸡饲粮中桑黄提取物的适宜添加水平为200 mg/kg。

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