1 材料与方法
1.1 试验设计
表1 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (air-dry basis) |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LEL | CON | MEL | HEL | ||||||
| 原料Ingredients/% | |||||||||
| 玉米Corn | 14.23 | 27.30 | 32.30 | 38.26 | |||||
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 3.72 | 1.25 | |||||||
| 红枣Jujube | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | |||||
| 麸皮Wheat bran | 15.80 | 12.89 | 12.00 | 9.87 | |||||
| 花生秸秆Peanut straw | 7.95 | 13.96 | 9.48 | ||||||
| 苜蓿干草Alfalfa hay | 5.00 | 26.88 | |||||||
| 玉米秸秆Corn straw | 55.02 | 33.85 | 35.00 | 16.29 | |||||
| 大豆油Soybean oil | 1.00 | ||||||||
| 磷酸钙Ca3(PO4)2 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.45 | |||||
| 食盐NaCl | 0.50 | 0.50 | 1.00 | ||||||
| 预混料Premix1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | |||||
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |||||||||
| 干物质DM/% | 90.75 | 90.49 | 90.28 | 90.34 | |||||
| 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) | 7.04 | 8.00 | 8.96 | 9.91 | |||||
| 粗蛋白质CP/% | 7.50 | 8.59 | 9.51 | 10.64 | |||||
| 粗脂肪EE/% | 1.63 | 1.72 | 2.04 | 3.34 | |||||
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF/% | 27.12 | 22.88 | 21.44 | 19.60 | |||||
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF/% | 55.46 | 43.20 | 38.90 | 34.05 | |||||
| 钙Ca/% | 0.66 | 0.64 | 0.66 | 0.67 | |||||
| 磷P/% | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.36 | |||||
| 钙磷比Ca/P | 1.88 | 1.83 | 1.88 | 1.86 | |||||
1.2 饲养管理
1.3 样品采集与指标测定
1.3.1 饲粮营养成分
1.3.2 生长性能和繁殖性能
1.3.3 血清生化指标
1.3.4 乳成分
1.3.5 瘤胃微生物
1.4 数据统计分析
2 结果
2.1 不同营养水平饲粮对泌乳期母羊生长性能、繁殖性能及羔羊生长性能的影响
表2 不同营养水平饲粮对泌乳期母羊生长性能和繁殖性能的影响Table 2 Effects of diets with different nutrient levels on growth performance and reproductive performance of lactating female goats |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LEL | CON | MEL | HEL | |||
| 干物质采食量DMI/(kg/d) | 1.39 | 1.35 | 1.37 | 1.37 | ||
| 初始体重IBM/kg | 43.40 | 43.40 | 43.40 | 43.40 | 1.279 | 0.945 |
| 终末体重FBW/kg | 36.91b | 38.78ab | 39.81ab | 42.06a | 1.497 | 0.016 |
| 体增重BWG/kg | -6.11b | -5.03b | -3.53ab | -1.36a | 1.365 | 0.011 |
| 产后首次发情时间First postpartum estrus time/d | 90.50a | 89.13a | 85.00b | 85.00b | 1.901 | 0.011 |
| 产后发情率Postpartum estrus rate/% | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | ||
| 妊娠率Pregnancy rate/% | 50.00 | 50.00 | 75.00 | 87.50 | ||
同行数据肩标无字母或相同小写字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with no letter or the same small letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), and with different capital letter superscripts mean extremely significant difference (P<0.01). The same as below. |
表3 不同营养水平饲粮对羔羊生长性能的影响Table 3 Effects of diets with different nutrient levels on growth performance of lambs |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LEL | CON | MEL | HEL | |||
| 初生重Birth weight/kg | 3.02 | 3.06 | 3.08 | 3.07 | 0.096 | 0.906 |
| 平均日增重ADG/(kg/d) | 0.15Bb | 0.15Bb | 0.16Aa | 0.15Bb | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| 断奶日龄Weaning age | 62.00Aa | 60.00Aa | 55.50Bb | 59.00Aa | 1.558 | 0.003 |
| 成活率Survival rate/% | 75.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | ||
2.2 不同营养水平饲粮对泌乳期母羊血清生化指标的影响
表4 不同营养水平饲粮对泌乳期母羊血清生化指标的影响Table 4 Effects of diets with different nutrient levels on serum biochemical indexes of lactating female goats |
| 项目 Items | 时间 Time | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LEL | CON | MEL | HEL | ||||||||||||
| 葡萄糖GLU/(mg/L) | 第1天Day 1 | 3.41 | 3.37 | 3.51 | 3.35 | 0.091 | 0.340 | ||||||||
| 第30天Day 30 | 3.63 | 3.70 | 3.68 | 3.72 | 0.106 | 0.868 | |||||||||
| 第60天Day 60 | 3.61b | 3.73ab | 3.82a | 3.90a | 0.079 | 0.012 | |||||||||
| 总蛋白TP/(g/L) | 第1天Day 1 | 65.56 | 64.54 | 65.94 | 66.96 | 1.467 | 0.449 | ||||||||
| 第30天Day 30 | 66.22 | 68.36 | 69.74 | 70.60 | 3.120 | 0.538 | |||||||||
| 第60天Day 60 | 70.42 | 71.28 | 73.30 | 75.22 | 3.868 | 0.614 | |||||||||
| 白蛋白ALB/(g/L) | 第1天Day 1 | 28.02 | 28.38 | 28.50 | 28.48 | 0.640 | 0.865 | ||||||||
| 第30天Day 30 | 27.88 | 28.46 | 28.56 | 28.42 | 0.353 | 0.252 | |||||||||
| 第60天Day 60 | 28.40 | 28.38 | 27.80 | 27.92 | 0.297 | 0.131 | |||||||||
| 总胆固醇TC/(mmol/L) | 第1天Day 1 | 2.42 | 2.34 | 2.41 | 2.30 | 0.122 | 0.702 | ||||||||
| 第30天Day 30 | 2.36 | 2.52 | 2.39 | 2.48 | 0.072 | 0.148 | |||||||||
| 第60天Day 60 | 2.77 | 2.60 | 2.56 | 2.51 | 0.198 | 0.588 | |||||||||
| 谷丙转氨酶ALT/(U/L) | 第1天Day 1 | 17.18 | 17.16 | 17.04 | 17.06 | 0.491 | 0.989 | ||||||||
| 第30天Day 30 | 19.82 | 20.80 | 21.10 | 22.00 | 1.138 | 0.326 | |||||||||
| 第60天Day 60 | 22.12 | 21.24 | 21.98 | 22.92 | 0.925 | 0.375 | |||||||||
| 谷草转氨酶AST/(U/L) | 第1天Day 1 | 92.74 | 89.72 | 89.12 | 95.46 | 3.073 | 0.184 | ||||||||
| 第30天Day 30 | 99.44 | 98.42 | 97.94 | 100.74 | 3.548 | 0.865 | |||||||||
| 第60天Day 60 | 92.14 | 96.88 | 96.10 | 96.52 | 4.657 | 0.722 | |||||||||
| 甘油三酯TG/(mmol/L) | 第1天Day 1 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.013 | 0.310 | ||||||||
| 第30天Day 30 | 0.25 | 0.27 | 0.26 | 0.25 | 0.015 | 0.775 | |||||||||
| 第60天Day 60 | 0.27a | 0.25ab | 0.24b | 0.23b | 0.011 | 0.031 | |||||||||
| 高密度脂蛋白 HDL/(mmol/L) | 第1天Day 1 | 1.37 | 1.43 | 1.35 | 1.55 | 0.092 | 0.162 | ||||||||
| 第30天Day 30 | 1.37 | 1.37 | 1.45 | 1.32 | 0.086 | 0.468 | |||||||||
| 第60天Day 60 | 1.38 | 1.41 | 1.33 | 1.35 | 0.127 | 0.925 | |||||||||
| 低密度脂蛋白 LDL/(mmol/L) | 第1天Day 1 | 0.55 | 0.55 | 0.60 | 0.58 | 0.028 | 0.236 | ||||||||
| 第30天Day 30 | 0.63 | 0.66 | 0.63 | 0.67 | 0.022 | 0.173 | |||||||||
| 第60天Day 60 | 0.63 | 0.68 | 0.65 | 0.62 | 0.044 | 0.560 | |||||||||
| 尿素氮UN/(mmol/L) | 第1天Day 1 | 6.01 | 6.04 | 5.96 | 6.13 | 0.323 | 0.963 | ||||||||
| 第30天Day 30 | 6.02 | 5.90 | 5.94 | 6.03 | 0.308 | 0.968 | |||||||||
| 第60天Day 60 | 5.81 | 5.71 | 5.63 | 5.59 | 0.145 | 0.466 | |||||||||
2.3 不同营养水平饲粮对泌乳期母羊乳成分的影响
表5 不同营养水平饲粮对泌乳期母羊乳成分的影响Table 5 Effects of diets with different nutrient levels on milk composition of lactating female goats |
| 项目 Items | 时间 Time | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LEL | CON | MEL | HEL | ||||
| 乳脂率 Milk fat percentage/% | 第1天Day 1 | 6.71 | 7.07 | 6.94 | 7.18 | 0.476 | 0.778 |
| 第30天Day 30 | 6.54 | 6.31 | 6.40 | 6.37 | 0.339 | 0.915 | |
| 第60天Day 60 | 6.13 | 6.05 | 6.09 | 5.94 | 0.245 | 0.869 | |
| 乳蛋白率 Milk protein percentage/% | 第1天Day 1 | 4.61 | 4.69 | 4.68 | 4.64 | 0.158 | 0.960 |
| 第30天Day 30 | 4.36 | 4.28 | 4.43 | 4.55 | 0.146 | 0.348 | |
| 第60天Day 60 | 4.03b | 4.05b | 4.20a | 4.21a | 0.061 | 0.014 | |
| 乳糖率 Milk lactose percentage/% | 第1天Day 1 | 4.80 | 4.92 | 4.88 | 4.84 | 0.313 | 0.983 |
| 第30天Day 30 | 5.04 | 5.17 | 4.98 | 5.09 | 0.154 | 0.663 | |
| 第60天Day 60 | 4.76 | 4.88 | 4.91 | 4.80 | 0.162 | 0.773 | |
| 乳总固形物含量 Milk TS content/% | 第1天Day 1 | 16.18 | 15.99 | 16.82 | 17.11 | 1.574 | 0.878 |
| 第30天Day 30 | 16.49 | 15.77 | 16.04 | 16.33 | 0.729 | 0.763 | |
| 第60天Day 60 | 17.02 | 15.23 | 16.31 | 15.32 | 1.063 | 0.314 | |
| 乳尿素氮含量 Milk urea nitrogen content/(mg/dL) | 第1天Day 1 | 18.96 | 18.02 | 19.02 | 18.74 | 1.078 | 0.780 |
| 第30天Day 30 | 21.64 | 20.22 | 21.45 | 20.26 | 0.813 | 0.201 | |
| 第60天Day 60 | 20.00 | 20.34 | 19.88 | 22.06 | 1.031 | 0.166 | |
2.4 不同营养水平饲粮对泌乳期母羊瘤胃微生物区系的影响
2.4.1 瘤胃微生物多样性
图1 瘤胃微生物多样性分析a:alpha多样性分析;b:主成分分析;c:非度量多维尺度分析。a: alpha diversity analysis; b: principal component analysis; c: non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis. *表示差异显著(P<0.05),**表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。下图同。* indicated significant difference (P<0.05), and ** indicated extremely significant difference (P<0.01). The same as below. Fig.1 Rumen microbial diversity analysis |
2.4.2 瘤胃微生物组成
图2 瘤胃微生物组成分析a:门水平瘤胃微生物组成;b:属水平瘤胃微生物组成;c:种水平瘤胃微生物组成;d:门水平排名前10瘤胃微生物的差异分析;e:属水平排名前10瘤胃微生物的差异分析;f:种水平排名前10瘤胃微生物的差异分析。数据柱形标注不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。a: rumen microbial composition at phylum level; b: rumen microbial composition at genus level; c: rumen microbial composition at species level; d: differential analysis of top 10 rumen microorganisms at phylum level; e: differential analysis of top 10 rumen microorganisms at genus level; f: differential analysis of top 10 rumen microorganisms at species level. Value columns with different small letters mean significant difference (P<0.05). Bacillota:芽孢杆菌门;Bacteroidota:拟杆菌门;Euryarchaeota:广古菌门;Pseudomonadota:变形菌门;Actinomycetota:放线菌门;Fibrobacterota:纤维杆菌门;Spirochaetota:螺旋体门;Chytridiomycota:壶菌门;Verrucomicrobiota:疣微菌门;Mucoromycota:毛霉菌门;Others:其他;Prevotella:普雷沃氏菌属;Selenomonas:月形单胞菌属;Methanobrevibacter:甲烷短杆菌属;Bacteroides:拟杆菌属;Ruminococcus:瘤胃球菌属;Fibrobacter:纤维杆菌属;Clostridium:梭菌属;Sarcina:八叠球菌属;Butyrivibrio:丁酸弧菌属;Mitsuokella:光冈菌属;Synergistota:互养菌门;Lentisphaerota:黏胶球形菌门;Acidobacteriota:酸杆菌门;Candidatus Melainabacteria:候选级黑色素细菌门;Chlamydiota:衣原体门;Anaerovibrio:厌氧弧菌属;Alistipes:别样杆菌属;Lachnoclostridium:毛螺菌属;Eubacterium:真杆菌属;Treponema:密螺旋体属;Selenomonas_ruminantium:反刍月形单胞菌;Prevotella_ruminicola:栖瘤胃普雷沃氏菌;Methanobrevibacter_millerae:米勒甲烷短杆菌;Succiniclasticum_ruminis:瘤胃解琥珀酸菌;Sharpea_azabuensis:阿扎布夏普氏菌。图3同 the same as Fig.3。 Fig.2 Rumen microbial composition analysis |
图3 瘤胃微生物群落LEfSe分析a:LEfSe分析进化分支图;b:线性判别分析(LDA)评分分布直方图(LDA评分>3.5分)。a: evolutionary branching diagram of LEfSe analysis; b: histogram of linear discriminant analysis (LDA) score distribution (LDA score>3.5). Bifidobacterium_merycicum:瘤胃双歧杆菌;Actinomycetes:放线菌纲;Anaerovibrio_lipolyticus:解脂厌氧弧菌;Schwartzia_succinivorans:食琥珀酸施氏菌;Schwartzia:施氏菌属;Bacteroidaceae:拟杆菌科;Tannerellaceae:坦纳菌科;Fibrobacteraceae:纤维杆菌科;Fibrobacterales:纤维杆菌目;Fibrobacteria:纤维杆菌纲。 Fig.3 LEfSe analysis of rumen microbiota |
2.4.3 瘤胃微生物的代谢途径和功能注释
图4 瘤胃微生物KEGG通路分析a:level 1水平KEGG通路相对丰度堆叠条形图;b:level 2水平KEGG通路相对丰度堆叠条形图;c:level 3水平排名前10 KEGG通路的差异检验分析柱形图。a: stacked bar chart of relative abundance of KEGG pathways at level 1; b: stacked bar chart of relative abundance of KEGG pathways at level 2; c: difference test analysis histogram of top 10 KEGG pathways at level 3. Metabolism:代谢;Genetic information processing:遗传信息处理;Environmental information processing:环境信息处理;Cellular processes:细胞过程;Human diseases:人类疾病;Organismal systems:生物系统;nucleotide metabolism:核苷酸代谢;membrane transport:膜转运;translation:翻译;energy metabolism:能量代谢;signal transduction:信号转导;glycan biosynthesis and metabolism:聚糖生物合成与代谢;metabolism of cofactors and vitamins:辅因子与维生素代谢;amino acid metabolism:氨基酸代谢;carbohydrate metabolism:碳水化合物代谢;global and overview maps:一体化概述网络;Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism:氨基糖和核苷酸糖代谢;Pyruvate metabolism:丙酮酸代谢;Drug metabolism-other enzymes:药物代谢-其他酶类;Other glycan degradation:其他聚糖降解;Sphingolipid metabolism:鞘脂代谢;Exopolysaccharide biosynthesis:胞外多糖的生物合成;Insulin resistance:胰岛素抵抗;Central carbon metabolism in cancer:癌症中的中心碳代谢;Glycosaminoglycan degradation:糖胺聚糖的降解;Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis-globo and isoglobo series:鞘糖脂的生物合成-球系列和异球系列;Others:其他。 Fig.4 Rumen microbial KEGG pathway analysis |
